Serum S100B Protein Research Articles

OP.3B.02] CORRELATION BETWEEN BLOOD LEVELS OF S100B PROTEIN AND INCIDENCE OF HEART FAILURE OR IMA IN A CARDIOLOGY UNIT

Objective: Chronic heart failure is one of the most common consequence of myocardial infarction, and is characterized by a reduction of the heart ability to face peripheral blood distribution. Chronic heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (IMA) are often associated to the augmentation of inflammation markers. S100B is an alarmin secreted by damaged cardiomyocites. Serum S100B levels were increased in the pathogenesis of heart disease and involved their pathogenetic mechanisms. S100B is a tissue-specific protein (chondrocytes, adipocytes, skeletal myofibers, cardiomyocytes, dendritic cells, etc.); it was largely demonstrated to be released after a damage and the consequent remodelling involving cardiac tissue. We examined the correlation between S100B protein serum levels and the incidence of acute heart failure and IMA in symptomatic patients.Design and method: We conducted a prospective study on 90 patients aged between 50 and 72 years accepted to our Unit referring cardiac associated symptoms (thorax pain, dyspnea, arrhythmic symptoms). They were divided in three groups: healthy subjects (group A), chronic heart failure patients (group B) and IMA patients (group C). CRP, NT-proBNP, and routine exam were performed in every patient. Moreover it was made a S100B dosage was made. Results: Results demonstrated different levels among healthy subjects. However in chronic heart failure patients the alarmin levels were higher but not significantly augmented. Instead AMI patients had mean values of S100B doubled than the other two groups and significantly augmented. Conclusions: According to our data S100B as the potential to be, in a near future, be considered as an acute myocardial infaction marker in addiction to the ones existing. However more studies are needed to identify possible byas elements in S100B serum dosage. This together with other elements are guiding us to a better understand of micro-structural changes in damaged heart in order to consider new therapeutic targets.

Elevated Serum Protein S100B and Neuron Specific Enolase Values as Predictors of Early Neurological Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury.

SummaryBackgroundThe objective of our study was to determine the serum concentrations of protein S100B and neuron specific enolase (NSE) as well as their ability and accuracy in the prediction of early neurological outcome after a traumatic brain injury.MethodsA total of 130 polytraumatized patients with the associated traumatic brain injuries were included in this prospective cohort study. Serum protein S100B and NSE levels were measured at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the injury. Early neurological outcome was scored by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) on day 14 after the brain injury.ResultsThe protein S100B concentrations were maximal at 6 hours after the injury, which was followed by an abrupt fall, and subsequently slower release in the following two days with continual and significantly increased values (p<0.0001) in patients with poor outcome. Secondary increase in protein S100B at 72 hours was recorded in patients with lethal outcome (GOS 1). Dynamics of NSE changes was characterized by a secondary increase in concentrations at 72 hours after the injury in patients with poor outcome.ConclusionBoth markers have good predictive ability for poor neurological outcome, although NSE provides better discriminative potential at 72 hours after the brain injury, while protein S100B has better discriminative potential for mortality prediction.

Serum S100B: A possible biomarker for severity of obstructive sleep apnea

IntroductionObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by upper airway collapsibility and intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep. It has neurological complications and it has been associated with morbidity and mortality. Increased serum levels of S100B protein indicates brain injury. Early detection of possible complications of OSA patients could improve management of the disease. Study objectiveMeasurement of serum S100B protein in OSA patients with correlation to the severity of the disease. Patients and methodsFifty five OSA patients (24 females; 43.6% and 31 males; 56.4%) and 34 control individuals (17 females; 50% and 17 males; 50%) had a sleep apnea monitoring using the SAM equipment, Inter care technologies, model 100, USA, and S100B serum levels were measured after the sleep study at 6.30–7.30 am. ResultsS100B serum levels were higher in patients than controls (P<0.001) and the levels correlated with the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) (P<0.001), lowest oxygen saturation (LOS) (P<0.001), and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (P<0.001). ConclusionSerum S100B protein was significantly elevated in OSA patients and its serum levels correlated with the severity of the disease. Increased serum S100B could indicat brain injury and could be a potential serum biomarker for detection of early neurological complications in OSA patients that could improve the management and care of these patients.

The Insertion of Electrodes in the Brain for Electrophysiological Recording or Chronic Stimulation Is Not Associated With Any Biochemically Detectable Neuronal Injury

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of brain tissue injury that could be potentially induced by the introduction of a) microrecording electrodes, b) macrostimulation electrodes, or c) chronic stimulation electrodes. We aimed to evaluate whether the use of five simultaneous microrecording tracks is associated with any brain injury not detectable by conventional imaging such as CT or MRI. The study included 61 patients who underwent surgery for implantation of 121 DBS leads. In all cases, five simultaneous tracts were utilized for microelectrode recordings. All patients underwent measurements of serum S-100b at specific time points as follows: a) prior to the operation, and b) intraoperatively at specific stages of the procedure: 1) after opening the burr hole, 2) after the insertion of microrecording electrodes, 3) during macrostimulation, 4) at the end of the operation, and 5) on the first postoperative day. The levels of serum S-100B protein remained within the normal range during the entire period of investigation in all patients with the exception of two cases. In both patients, the procedure was complicated by intraparenchymal hemorrhage visible in neuro-imaging. The first patient developed a small intraparenchymal hemorrhage, visible on the postoperative MRI, with no neurological deficit. The second patient experienced a focal epileptic seizure after the insertion of the right DBS chronic lead and the postoperative CT scan revealed a right frontal lobe hemorrhage. These results strongly indicate that the insertion of either multiple recording electrodes or the implantation of chronic electrodes in DBS does not increase the risk of brain hemorrhage or of other intracranial complications, and furthermore it does not cause any biochemically detectable brain tissue damage.

Topical application of the hematostatic agent Surgiflo® could attenuate brain injury in experimental TBI mice

Object: The pathologies resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been thoroughly studied, but rarely have the effects of bleeding and coagulation in the early stage of TBI been considered. In this study, we investigated the effects of topical Surgiflo® application on brain injury in experimental TBI mice using S100β, MAP-2 and mNSS scores.Methods: TBI was induced by modified weight drop injury in male C57BL/6 mice. The mice were then randomly divided into (i) the sham group, (ii) TBI mice applied with saline (vehicle), and (iii) TBI mice applied with Surgiflo® in the same volume. Modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) were measured on days 0 (before surgery), 1, 3, 7, and 28 to evaluate neurologic functional deficits. At day 28, the mice were sacrificed, and the forebrains were sliced. The effects of Surgiflo® on microtubule-associated protein 2 and serum S100β protein were examined by immunohistochemistry and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay.Results: Serum S100β protein levels were significantly elevated at different time points (24 h, 3 days, 7 days) in the TBI groups (p < 0.01) compared to normal control groups. Surgiflo® induced a lower concentration of serum S100β protein levels at day 3 (p < 0.05) and day 7 (p < 0.05) compared to the TBI group applied with saline. H&E staining showed that Surgiflo® treatment led to a 45% decrease in cortical brain lesion volume and in subcortical white matter 28 days after TBI. Compared with the saline-treated group, the number of MAP2-positive cells was significantly increased in the perilesional area of the Surgiflo®-treated group. The Surgiflo®-treated group exhibited lower mNSS scores on days 7 and 28 than did the saline-treated group.Discussion: Surgiflo® treatment produced a significant decrease in serum S100β protein levels in TBI mouse models, which may lead to an improvement in the recovery of TBI models.

Effect of nimodipine combined with 7.5% hypertonic saline on postoperative cognitive function in aged rats

Objective To evaluate the effect of nimodipine combined with 7.5% hypertonic saline(HS)on postoperative cognitive function in aged rats. Methods Ninety-six healthy male Wistar rats, aged 18 months, weighing 450-500 g, were assigned into 4 groups(n=24 each)using a random number table: splenectomy group(group S), nimodipine group(group N), group HS and nimodipine plus HS group(group N+ HS). Nimodipine 1 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group N. In group HS, 7.5% HS 4 ml/kg was injected via the caudal vein.The equal volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally or via the caudal vein in group S. Splenectomy was performed under sevoflurane anesthesia at 30 min after the end of administration.On 1 day before operation and 3 and 7 days after operation, Morris water maze test was performed, and blood samples from the caudal vein were simultaneously collected for determination of the concentrations of serum S100β protein and neuron-specific enolase(NSE)by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with group S, the frequency of crossing the original platform was significantly increased, the escape latency was shortened, and the concentrations of serum S100β protein and NSE were decreased at each time point after operation in N, HS and N+ HS groups(P<0.05). Compared with group N or group HS, the frequency of crossing the original platform was significantly increased, the escape latency was shortened, and the concentrations of serum S100β protein and NSE were decreased at each time point after operation in group N+ HS(P<0.05). Conclusion Nimodipine combined with 7.5% HS exerts better efficacy than either alone in improving postoperative cognitive function in aged rats. Key words: Nimodipine; Hypertonic saline; Aged; Cognition disorders

Change in Serum Protein S100B Following a Collegiate American Football Game

Change in Serum Protein S100B Following a Collegiate American Football Game

LO93: Prognostic value of S-100B protein for prediction of post-concussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury: systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major cause of morbidity but there are no validated tools to help clinicians predict post-concussion symptoms. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prognostic value of S-100B protein to predict post-concussion symptoms following a mTBI in adults. Methods: The protocol of this systematic review was registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42016032578). A search strategy was performed on seven databases (CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, PyscBITE, PsycINFO) from their inception to October 2016. Studies evaluating the association between S-100B protein level and post-concussion symptoms assessed at least seven days after the mTBI were eligible. Individual patient data were requested. Studies eligibility assessment, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by two researchers. Analyses were done following the meta-analysis using individual participant data or summary aggregate data guidelines from the Cochrane Methodology Review Group. Results: Outcomes were dichotomised as persistent (≥3 months) or early (≥7 days &amp;lt;3 months). Our search strategy yielded 23,298 citations of which 29 studies presenting between seven and 223 patients (n=2505) were included. Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) (16 studies), neuropsychological symptoms (9 studies) and health-related quality of life (4 studies) were the most frequently presented outcomes. The S-100B protein serum level of patients with no PCS was similar to that of patients experiencing persistent PCS (mean difference 0.00 [-0.05, 0.04]) or early PCS (mean difference 0.03 [-0.02, 0.08]). The odds of having persistent PCS (OR 0.56 (95% CI: 0.29-1.10) or early PCS (OR 1.67 (95% CI: 0.98-2.85) in patients with an elevated S-100B protein serum level was not significantly different from that of patients with normal values. No meta-analysis was performed for other outcomes than PCS due to heterogeneity and small samples. Studies’ overall risk of bias was considered moderate. Conclusion: Results suggest that the prognostic value of S-100B protein serum level to predict persistent and early post-concussion symptoms is limited. Variability in injury to S-100B protein sample time and outcomes assessed could potentially explain the lack of association and needs further evaluation.

Effects of the Rabdosia rubescens total flavonoids on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion model in rats

The effect of the Rabdosia rubescens total flavonoids on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion model in rats was observed. The model group, nimodipine group, cerebral collateral group, and large, medium and small dose group of the Rabdosia rubescens total flavonoids were administered with corresponding drugs but sham operation group and model group were administered the same volume of 0.5%CMC, 1 times a day, continuous administration of 7 d. After 1h at 7 d to medicine, left incision in the middle of the neck of rats after anesthesia, we can firstly expose and isolate the left common carotid artery (CCA), and then expose external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery (ICA). The common carotid artery and the external carotid artery are ligated. Then internal carotid artery with arterial clamp is temporarily clipped. Besides, cut the incision of 0.2mm from 5cm of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. A thread Line bolt is inserted with more than 18–20mm from bifurcation of CCA into the internal carotid artery until there is resistance. Then the entrance of the middle cerebral artery is blocked and internal carotid artery is ligated (the blank group only exposed the left blood vessel without Plugging wire). Finally it is gently pulled out the plug line after 2h. Results: Compared with the model mice, Rabdosia rubescens total flavonoids can significantly relieve the injury of brain in hippocampus and cortex nerve cells; experimental rat focal cerebral ischemia was to improve again perfusion model of nerve function defect score mortality; significantly reduce brain homogenate NOS activity and no content, MDA, IL-1, TNF-a, ICAM-1 content; increase in brain homogenate SOD and ATPase activity (P<0.05, P<0.01); and reduce the serum S-100β protein content. Each dose group of the Rabdosia rubescens total flavonoids has a better Improvement effect on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion model in rats.

The therapeutic effect of nano-encapsulated and nano-emulsion forms of carvacrol on experimental liver fibrosis

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficiency of nano-encapsulated and nano-emulsion carvacrol administration on liver injury in thioacetamide (TAA) treated rats. MethodsTo fulfill our target, we used sixty male albino rats classified into six groups as follow: control, nano-encapsulated carvacrol, nano-emulsion carvacrol, thioacetamide, treated nano-encapsulated carvacrol and treated nano-emulsion carvacrol groups. Blood samples were collected from all groups and the separated serum was used for analysis of the following biochemical parameters; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), S100 B protein, alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and caspase-3. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) and hydroxyproline content were all evaluated in liver tissue homogenate. Histopathological examinations for liver tissues were also performed. ResultsThioacetamide induced hepatic damage in rats as revealed by the significant increase in the levels of serum ALT, AST and produced oxidative stress as displayed by the significant elevation in the levels of hepatic MDA and NO concomitant with a significant decrease in GSH. In addition, thioacetamide significantly increased serum S100B protein, alpha fetoprotein and caspase-3 along with hepatic MCP-1 and hydroxyproline; these results were confirmed by the histopathological investigation. In contrast, nano-encapsulated and nano-emulsion carvacrol were able to ameliorate these negative changes in the thioacetamide injected rats. However, the effect of the nano-encapsulated form of carvacrol was more prominent than the nano-emulsion form. ConclusionNano-encapsulated and nano-emulsion carvacrol can ameliorate thioacetamide induced liver injury. These results could be attributed to the potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities of carvacrol in addition to the effectiveness of the encapsulation technique that can protect carvacrol structure and increase its efficiency and stability. Moreover, nano-encapsulation of carvacrol is more efficient than nano-emulsion.

Effect of depth of anesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in noncardiac surgical patients: a Meta analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective Summarizing the related published articles about depth of anesthesia and postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD) in noncardiac surgical patients, and observing the effect of depth of anesthesia on short-term or long-term POCD. Methods The literature searching indentified 352 articles related to the topic from PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Springer, Ovid, National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang data library and VIP network(by February 2016). As our aim tended to focus on the effect of depth of anesthesia on POCD and S100β protein level, twenty randomized controlled trials were finally included and the Meta analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 2665 patients from 20 randomized controlled trials(RCT) was enrolled. The Meta analysis showed that, deep anesthesia decreased POCD incidence significantly compared with light anesthesia postoperative day 1[odds ratio(OR)=0.31, 95%CI: 0.24-0.40], from day 3 to 5(OR=0.35, 95%CI: 0.24-0.51), day 7 (OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.27-0.74), or within the 1st to 3rd month(OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.45-0.99) after surgery. S100β protein level in patients receiving deep anesthesia was much lower than that in patients receiving light anesthesia[mean deviation(MD)=-270.29, 95%CI:-295.81--244.77] on postoperative day 1. Conclusions Deep anesthesia can significantly reduce the incidence of POCD within postoperative 7th day, 1st to 3rd month after surgery. Serum S100β protein level which may be closely related to POCD incidence could be reduced by deep anesthesia on postoperative day 1. Key words: Depth of anesthesia; Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; S100βprotein; Meta analysis

Correlation between serum S100β protein levels and cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral small vessel disease: a case-control study.

The present study was designed to explore the correlation between serum S100β levels and cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). A total of 172 SVD patients participated in the study, and they were assigned to patients with no cognitive impairment (NCI group) and those with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (VCIND group). In total, 105 people were recruited into the normal control group. Serum S100β protein level was detected by ELISA. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed for the predictive value of serum S100β in diagnosing SVD with cognitive dysfunction. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the association of S100β level with mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and the association of S100β levels with hypertension. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors of SVD. The serum S100β levels in the VCIND group were higher than those in the NCI and normal control groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a high serum S100β protein level, hypertension, and high low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level were the independent risk factors for SVD. In addition, hypertension patients showed higher S100β levels than those with normal blood pressure and the normal control group, and there was a positive correlation between S100β level and blood pressure. The concentration of serum S100β level was related to impairment of cognition function of VCIND patients, therefore, early detection of serum S100β was of great value for diagnosis of SVD.

Serum Protein S100B, a Biomarker for Head Injury or Skeletal Muscle Damage?

Serum Protein S100B (S100B) is a calcium‐binding protein that is found in astrocyte cells of the central nervous system. Past research has shown that levels of S100B peak hours within a traumatic brain injury and can be used to assess the severity of brain injury. There has been a debate as to whether or not serum S100B is a good biomarker for head injury because it is also found in skeletal muscle and may indicate skeletal muscle damage. Creatine Kinase (CK) is an enzyme found in skeletal muscle that has been shown to be a reliable marker for muscle damage. Since CK is an indicator of muscle damage it will be used to determine if there is a relationship between muscle damage and the appearance of S100B in serum. We aimed to test the following hypothesis: S100B will have no correlation with CK, showing that S100B is not released during muscle damage and can be used as an indicator for head injury.MethodsTo determine if S100B is released during muscle damage, male and female subjects were recruited from the University of Wisconsin‐Platteville student population (n=12) to perform various muscle damage inducing exercises. During the first workout researchers determined each subject's one rep max for dumbbell squat, dumbbell bicep curl to shoulder press, dumbbell bench chest press, leg press, and kneeling overhead tricep extension. During the second workout subjects were asked to perform the exercises mentioned above using a weight determined by their one rep max and the workout intensity group they were randomly assigned. The control group walked on the treadmill for 30 minutes at a comfortable pace, whereas the low, moderate, and high intensity groups performed the exercises at a weight equal to 30%, 60%, and 90% of their one repetition max, respectively. Each exercise was performed for 30 seconds followed by 30 seconds of rest. This cycle was completed four times for each exercise. In between each exercise circuit the subjects rested for one minute. Immediately before, after, and 24 hours after the workout session four milliliters of blood was drawn from a prominent vein in the antecubital space of each subject for analysis of serum S100B and CK concentrations.ResultsCK and S100B levels increased as exercise intensity increased but there was no significant difference among the different exercise intensities (p&gt;0.05). However, the correlation between exercise intensity and S100B levels was found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.05, R2= 0.433). Neither the correlation between exercise intensity and CK (p&gt;0.05, R2= 0.118) nor the correlation between S100B and CK (p&gt;0.05, R2= 0.183) were found to be statistically significant.ConclusionThe lack of correlation between serum S100B and serum CK concentrations indicates that S100B may not be a marker of muscle damage. However, the significant correlation between serum S100B concentration and exercise intensity suggests that S100B may not be a good indicator of head injury in sport since exercise can increase serum S100B independent of head injury.Support or Funding InformationPioneer Undergraduate Research Fellowship

Serum S100 protein could predict altered consciousness in glyphosate or glufosinate poisoning patients

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) complications such as seizures and reduced consciousness are important in glufosinate and may occur in severe glyphosate poisoning. The aim of this study was to assess the possible role of serum S100B protein as a biochemical marker of CNS complications associated with glyphosate or glufosinate poisoning.Methods: The study enrolled 40 patients (23 glyphosate poisoning and 17 glufosinate poisoning). Altered consciousness and seizure were observed during hospitalization. S100B level was measured with fully automated modular analytic E170 system using electrochemoluminometric immunoassay.Results: Among 40 patients, neurologic features were observed in 12 patients with a median time to onset of 21.5 (IQR 8.25–24.75) h. Serum S100B concentrations measured on admission were higher in the group with neurologic features than in the group without neurologic features [0.148 μg/L (IQR 0.128–0.248) vs. 0.072 μg/L (IQR 0.047–0.084), p < .001]. Univariate analysis of measured patient raw parameters using a ROC curve showed that S100B was a significant predictor of neurologic features in glyphosate and glufosinate poisoning. The area under the ROC curve was 0.894 (95% confidential interval 0.791–0.998). When S100B was set at 0.0965, its sensitivity and specificity for predicting neurologic features in glyphosate and glufosinate poisoning were 92% and 82%, respectively.Conclusions: In our pilot study, S100B was a significant predictor of neurologic complications in patients with glyphosate and glufosinate poisoning. Large prospective cohorts are needed to confirm this finding.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative brain injury in pediatric patients undergoing living-related liver transplantation

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative brain injury in pediatric patients undergoing living-related liver transplantation. Methods Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ pediatric patients of both sexes, aged 5-12 months, weighing 5-10 kg, were divided into dexmedetomidine group (group D, n=20) and control group (group C, n=20) using a random number table.After induction of anesthesia, dexmedetomidine was infused in a loading dose of 1 μg/kg for 10 min followed by a continuous infusion of 0.3 μg·kg-1·h-1 in group D. The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group C. Immediately before skin incision (T1), at 30 min of anhepatic phase (T2), at 1 h of neohepatic phase (T3), immediately after peritoneum closure (T4) and at 24 h after operation (T5), the blood samples were collected from the central vein to detect the concentrations of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100β protein in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Postoperative delirium was assessed at 1 day after surgery using Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale.At 1 day before surgery and 1 week after surgery, the Mental Development Index(MDI)and Psychomotor Development Index were recorded using Bayley Scale of Infant Development Ⅱ. Results The concentrations of serum NSE and S-100β protein were significantly higher at T2-5 than at T1 in the two groups (P<0.05). Compared with group C, the concentrations of serum NSE and S-100β protein were significantly decreased at T2-5, and the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale score and incidence of delirium were decreased after surgery in group D (P<0.05). The MDI and Psychomotor Development Index were significantly lower at 1 week after surgery than at 1 day before surgery in the two groups (P<0.05). The MDI was significantly higher at 1 week after surgery in group D than in group C (P<0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce postoperative brain injury in pediatric patients undergoing living-related liver transplantation. Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Liver transplantation; Brain injuries

The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Oxidative Stress Response Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats and the Expression of Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and S100B

BackgroundIschemia-reperfusion injury of whole brain involves a complicated pathophysiology mechanism. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been shown to have neuro protective functions. This study observed the effect of Dex on serum S100B and cerebral intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.Material/MethodsHealthy Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (males, 7 weeks old) were randomly divided into sham, model, and Dex groups (n=20 each). A cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was prepared by clipping of the bilateral common carotid artery combined with hypotension. Dex (9 μg/kg) was infused intravenously immediately after reperfusion in the Dex group, while the other two groups received an equal volume of saline. Neural defect score (NDS) was measured at 6 hours, 24 hours, and 72 hours after surgery, with pathological observation of brain tissues. ELISA was then used to test serum S100B protein level. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed by spectrometry. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and ICAM-1 levels were determined by real-time (RT)-PCR.ResultsModel rats had significant injury in the hippocampal CA1 region as shown by elevated NDS, S100B, and MDA levels, higher NF-κB and ICAM-1 mRNA expression, and lower SOD levels (p<0.05). Dex treatment improved pathological injury, decreased NDS, S100B, and MDA levels, decreased expression of mRNA of NF-κB and ICAM-1, and increased SOD levels.ConclusionsDex alleviated ischemia-reperfusion damage to rat brains, and inhibited NF-κB and ICAM-1 expression in brain tissues, possibly via inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response.

Day/night changes in serum S100B protein concentrations in acute paranoid schizophrenia

There are day/night and seasonal changes in biological markers such as melatonin and cortisol. Controversial changes in serum S100B protein levels have been described in schizophrenia. We aim studying whether serum S100B levels present day/night variations in schizophrenia patients and whether S100B levels are related to psychopathology. Sixty-five paranoid schizophrenic inpatients participated in the study. Psychopathology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at admission and discharge. Blood was drawn at 12:00 (midday) and 00:00 (midnight) hours at admission and discharge. Sixty-five healthy subjects matched by age, gender and season acted as control group. At admission and discharge patients had significantly higher serum S100B concentrations at midday and midnight than healthy subjects. At admission, patients showed a day/night variation of S100B levels, with higher S100B levels at 12:00 than at 00:00h (143.7±26.3pg/ml vs. 96.9±16.6pg/ml). This day/night difference was not present in the control group. Midday and midnight S100B at admission decreased when compared to S100B at discharge (midday, 143.7±26.3 vs. 83.0±12, midnight 96.9±16.6 vs. 68.6±14.5). There was a positive correlation between the PANSS positive subscale and S100B concentrations at admission. This correlation was not present at discharge. Conclusions: acute paranoid schizophrenia inpatients present a day/night change of S100B serum levels at admission that disappears at discharge. The correlation between serum S100B concentrations and the PANSS positive scores at admission as well as the decrease of S100B at discharge may be interpreted as an acute biological response to the clinical state of the patients.

Serum S100B protein as a biomarker for prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma

Serum S100B protein as a biomarker for prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma

Hypocalcaemia as a Prognostic Factor of Mortality and Morbidity in Moderate and severe Traumatic Brain Injury and its role with Protein S-100b

Introduction: The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in severe disability or death and have an important social and economic impact. Its annual direct and indirect costs amount to roughly 2.5 billion euros. Our objective was to evaluate whether hypocalcaemia of serum ionized calcium (defined as <1.10 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) is a prognostic factor for mortality and morbidity (defined as GOS ≤ 3) in early moderate and severe TBI. Material and methods: Prospective study from January 2014 to December 2015. Patients were between 16 and 87 years old and had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 3-13 points following TBI, with demonstrable intracranial lesions in cranial computed tomography (CT). Results: We recruited 61 patients who suffered moderate and severe TBI with a median age of 42 years old (range: 17 to 86). Forty-three (70.50%) male 18 (29.50%) female. Twenty-one (34.42%) patients had a GOS ≤ 3 and 40 (65.58%) a GOS >3. We found a significant statistical difference (0.009) in ionized serum calcium, Protein S-100b (0.002), IL 6 (0.007) and Haemoglobin (0.011) on day three of admission between GOS ≤ 3 and >3 (disability/death). The best logistic regression model included: age, absent pupillary reactivity, hypocalcaemia of ionized serum calcium (<1.10 mmol/L), Protein S100 b and IL6 on day three. Conclusion: Hypocalcaemia looks like being an epiphenomenon of several factors. It seems to play a role as prognosticator, however not as leverage point for therapy.

Clinical Significance of Serum Biomarker S100B to Predict Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of death and disability, worldwide. Early recognition of patients with brain cellular damage allows for early rehabilitation and patient outcome improvement. Serum protein S-100B determinations have been widely suggested the most promising biomarker for TBI. It has been proposed that this marker is useful in a Neurointensive Care Unit (NICU) as a monitoring parameter. The main objective of this study is to assess the value of including acute S100B levels in standard clinical data as an early screening tool for brain death after severe TBI. Material and methods: In this prospective study, the clinical conditions of patients with mild to moderate TBI were assessed and patient serum S100B levels measured within 24h of injury were eligible for inclusion in the study using by electro chemiluminescence (ECL). Patients were admitted to The Govt. Trauma Centre, P.B.M. Hospital, Bikaner in NICU and followed up one month later and evaluated for level of consciousness, presence or absence of post-traumatic headache, and daily activity performance (using the Barthel scale). Student’s t-test and the chi-square test were used for the data analysis, which was performed using SPSS software. Result and discussion: The mean serum S100B value was significantly lower for patients with minor TBI than for patients with moderate TBI (20.4 ± 12.6 ng/dl and 124.0 ± 235.0 ng/dl, respectively). Patients with normal CT scans also had statistically significantly lower serum S100B levels than patients with abnormal CT findings. The mean S100B value was statistically significantly higher for patients with suspected diffused axonal injury (596.18 ± 502.1 ng/dl) than for patients with other abnormal CT findings (p=0.000): 20.97 ± 19.9 ng/dl in patients with normal CT results; 39.56 ± 21.7 ng/dl in patients with skull bone fracture; 50.38 ± 22.9 ng/dl in patients with intracranial haemorrhage; and 70.23 ± 31.3 ng/dl in patients with fracture plus intracranial haemorrhage. Conclusion: Serum S100B levels increase in patients with minor to moderate TBIs, especially in those with diffused axonal injury. However, serum S100B values cannot accurately predict one-month neuropsychological outcomes and performance. KEYWORDS: Skull bone fracture, Axonal injury, Haemorrhage, Neuropsychological, SPSS Software, Post-traumatic Headache, Abnormal CT