Serum Glutamic Acid Research Articles

Tirofiban influences serum inflammatory factors and neurotransmitter levels in acute cerebral infarction patients

This study investigated the effects of tirofiban on serum inflammatory factors and neurotransmitter levels in 122 patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) at a Nigerian teaching hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. Patients were divided into conventional and study groups, with the study group receiving tirofiban in addition to standard treatment. Clinical efficacy and levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and glutamic acid (Glu) were compared. Result findings showed that the research group (RG) had a significantly higher total effective rate of treatment (93.44%) compared to the conventional group. While IL-6 and TNF-α levels were similar between groups initially and at 7 days post-treatment, they were lower in the study group at 14 days post-treatment. Levels of 5-HT, DA, and Glu did not differ initially and at 7 days post-treatment but were higher in the study group at 14 days for 5-HT and DA, while Glu was lower. In conclusion, tirofiban improved clinical efficacy, reduce serum inflammatory responses, and impact neurotransmitter levels in patients with ACI.

Gracilaria chorda subcritical water ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation and regulates glucose homeostasis in a hepatic steatosis cell model and obese C57BL/6J mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRed seaweed, known as Rhodophyta, has a long history of use in traditional Asian medicine, including Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurveda. It is believed to have cooling and detoxification properties. Red seaweed species, such as Gracilaria, have been used in traditional remedies to address various conditions, such as inflammation, thyroid disorders, and digestive issues. Aim of the studyObesity is a risk factor of hepatic steatosis, a hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that affects nearly 25% of the worldwide population. Gracilaria chorda (GC) contains bioactive peptides that may be applicable in the prevention of metabolic syndrome diseases. This study investigated the effects of GC subcritical water extract at 210 °C (GCSW210) on preventing liver injury and lipid and glucose dysregulation in an oleic acid (OA)-induced hepatic steatosis cell model (HepG2) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese animal model (C57BL/6J mice). Materials and methodsHuman hepatoma HepG2 cells were exposed to 0.1 mM OA for 24 h to induce hepatic steatosis and C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD for 13 weeks. For lipid accumulation, triglyceride (TG) content was measured in both models, along with free fatty acid (FFA), plasma glucose, and insulin levels in HFD-fed mice. Protein expression of master regulators of adipogenesis and lipogenesis, as well as cholesterol and mitochondrial biosynthesis, was studied via western blotting in hepatic steatosis-induced in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, protein expression of the insulin signaling cascade in skeletal muscle tissues of HFD-fed mice was studied. ResultsGCSW210 significantly decreased lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to OA and suppressed the expression of lipogenic factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and fatty acid synthase. In addition, GCSW210 abrogated transcription factors related to cholesterol biosynthesis, such as SREBP-2 and low-density lipoprotein receptor. Similarly, FFA, TG, serum glutamic acid, aspartate transaminase, alanine transferase, plasma glucose, and insulin levels were also significantly reduced in GCSW210-treated HFD-fed mice, which were comparable to the positive control mice treated with Garcinia cambogia extract. Additionally, GCSW210 enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the hepatic tissues of HFD-fed mice. Moreover, GCSW210 treatment improved insulin signal transduction by reducing insulin receptor substrate 1 Ser307 phosphorylation and elevated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and glucose transporter type 4 protein expression in muscle tissue. 5-Hdroxymethylfufural (5-HMF) was confirmed to be active substances isolated from GCSW210 through LC-PDA and LC-MS. ConclusionsGCSW210 significantly regulated glucose metabolism, alleviated insulin resistance (IR) induced by high fatty acid synthesis and lipid accumulation, and elevated de novo lipogenesis by activating AMPK phosphorylation in both the liver and muscle tissues of HFD-fed mice. GCSW210 may be a potential functional food for preventing HFD-induced metabolic diseases, such as IR, NAFLD, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Cross-Sectional Study: New Approach for Diagnostic Identification of Non-Robust Older Adult.

The aging biomarkers are alternatives and none of them can act as a strong predictor of frailty during the progression of aging. Several studies reveal the relationship between metabolites and frailty or gut microbiota and frailty. However, the connection between metabolites and gut microbiota in non-robust older adults has not been discussed yet. The study aims to combine the findings of serum metabolites and gut microbiota in non-robust subjects as a possible diagnostic biomarker. Frailty-related assessments are conducted to ensure the discrimination of non-robustness. The serum and fecal are collected for serum metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis. Robust and non-robust subjects show very different gut microbial compositions. Among the gut microbial differences, Escherichia/Shigella and its higher taxonomic ranks are found to have the most discriminative abundance among compared groups. More importantly, the abundance of Escherichia/Shigella is found to be positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the level of discriminant metabolites, such as serum oxoglutarate, glutamic acid, and 1-methyladenosine. These results indicate the obvious interrelation between gut microbiota and serum metabolites in non-robust older adults. Besides, the findings suggest that Escherichia/Shigella can be a potential biomarker candidate for robustness sub-phenotypic identification.

Electroacupuncture attenuates LPS-induced depression-like behavior through kynurenine pathway.

A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation and changes in glutamate neurotransmission are two pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a common therapeutic tool for the treatment of depression. However, the potential antidepressant mechanism of EA remains obscure. The change of the kynurenine pathway (KP) is the research priority of antidepressant mechanisms. This study will investigate the role of EA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior and explore its possible mechanism of action. Lipopolysaccharide was used to induce depression-like behavior, and EA was given at Hegu (L14) and Taichong (LR3) acupoints in C57BL/6J mice. Depression-like behaviors were measured by behavioral tests, including tail suspension test (TST), sucrose preference test (SPT), force swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT). The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and KP enzyme IDO1 were measured by qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to detect the content of prefrontal cortex and hippocampal as well as serum glutamate, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenic (KYN), and quinolinic acid (QA). The results showed that (1) as evidenced by increased spontaneous locomotor activities, decreased immobility duration, and a stronger preference for sucrose in the sucrose preference test, EA reversed LPS-challenged depressive-like behavior. (2) EA at L14 and LR3 decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, inhibited IDO1, and regulated KP metabolisms, as well as lowered the concentration of glutamate. (3) EA may exert anti-depression effects by acting on the kynurenine pathway. This study evaluated the effects of EA on depression-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its regulation of inflammation and the glutamatergic system. Our results suggest that EA can ameliorate depression-like behaviors, lower the level of inflammation, and reduce the release of glutamate, possibly through the regulation of the kynurenine pathway in the brain.

Serum IL-17A concentration and a IL17RA single nucleotide polymorphism contribute to the risk of autoimmune type 1 diabetes.

Interleukin (IL)-17 is associated with autoimmunity. This study aimed to affirm the role of IL-17A, IL-17F and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to them and their receptors in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) for Chinese population. In this study, 130 patients with autoimmune T1D and 140 non-T1D controls were included for analysis. Clinical and biochemical data were collected, and serum levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6, and high-sensitivity C reactive protein were measured using ELISA. The SNPs rs2275913, rs8193036, rs3819025, rs763780, rs879577, rs4819554, and rs708567 were genotyped using the SNaPshot assay. IL-17A levels were higher in patients with autoimmune T1D than in controls (median [IQR] 28.83[37.38] vs. 16.68[8.10], p<0.001) and high IL-17A was a risk factor for autoimmune T1D (odds ratio (OR), 1.013; 95% CI, 1.003-1.023; p=0.013) after adjusting for confounding factors. Linear regression analysis revealed that log10 IL-17A levels were independently associated with fasting C-peptide, IL-6, body mass index, and IL-17F. However, no independent association was found between IL-17F and autoimmune T1D. The GG genotype of SNP rs4819554 in the interleukin 17 receptor A (IL17RA) gene was associated with a decreased risk of autoimmune T1D (OR, 0.458; 95% CI, 0.246-0.852; p=0.014) after adjusting for other confounders. The IL17RA rs4819554GG genotype was negatively correlated with serum glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody appearance (p<0.05). Increased serum IL-17A, but not IL-17F, is a risk factor for autoimmune T1D. The GG genotype of IL17RA rs4819554 might decrease the risk for autoimmune T1D.

Endurance exercise improves avoidance learning and spatial memory, through changes in genes of GABA and relaxin-3, in rats

Different exercise patterns, neurotransmitters, and some genes have numerous effects on learning and memory. This research aims to investigate the long-term effects of submaximal aerobic exercise on spatial memory (SM), passive avoidance learning (PAL), levels of serum relaxin-3, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), RLN3 gene, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67 genes) in the brainstem of adult male Wistar rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: aerobic exercise groups, performed on a treadmill running (TR), for 5 weeks (Ex5, n = 10), 10 weeks (Ex10, n = 10), involuntary running wheel group for 5 weeks (IRW5, n = 10), sham (Sh, n = 10) and control (Co, n = 10). Consequently, SM, PAL, serum relaxin-3, GABA, and GAD65/67 and RLN3 genes were measured by ELISA and PCR. Ex5, Ex10 and IRW5 improved significantly SM (p ≤ 0.05), PAL (p ≤ 0.001) and decreased significantly relaxin-3 (p ≤ 0.001). RLN3 in the brain also decreased. However, it was not significant. GABA and GAD65/GAD67 increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in Ex5, Ex10 compared to Sh and Co. Aerobic exercise enhanced SM and PAL in Ex compared to Co and Sh. However, duration and type of exercise affected the level of enhancement. The serum relaxin-3 and RLN3 gene displayed reverse functions compared to GABA and GAD65/67 genes in Ex. Therefore, the changes of neurotransmitters in serum relaxin-3, GABA, and their genes: RLN3 and GAD65/67 respectively, influenced learning and memory meaningfully.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective activity of Ethanolic Extract of Garuga pinnata Roxburgh leaves against Carbon tetrachloride induced Hepatotoxicity in rats.

In this study we investigated the in vivo Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Garuga pinnata (EEGP) leaves in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity using wistar rats of either sex as model. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the administration of CCl4 intraperitoneally (0.125ml CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:1) per 100g body weight). Garuga pinnata leaves extract at different dose levels (200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) showed the dose dependant hepatoprotective effect and was compared with well known standard hepatoprotective Silymarain (100mg/kg). When groups were treated with CCl4, significant increase in serum biochemical parameters such as Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphate (ALP), Acid Phosphate (ACP), Creatinine and alteration of tissue biochemical parameters such as reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and the total proteins were observed. The histopathological examination of the CCl4 treated groups showed sinusoidal congestion, centrilobular necrosis, marked vacuolations and congestion. However, pretreatment with extract of leaves of Garuga pinnata significantly reduced the increased serum levels of biochemical parameters and restored antioxidant defense enzymes level to its normal. Moreover, histopathology of leaves extract treated groups showed normal architecture with minimal sinusoidal congestion. Taken together, our study concludes that EEGP to be a more potential agent for caring liver from CCl4 induced damage.

Extent reflecting overall dietary amino acids composition adherence to the human requirement amino acids pattern is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes.

This study aimed to elucidate whether dietary amino acids (AAs) composition is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to investigate how serum AAs profiles mediated this association. Two prospective cohorts of 1750 and 4024 adults were enrolled. Dietary AAs compositions index (AACI) was developed to reflect the overall quality of dietary AAs composition. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression models were used to examine associations of AACI and T2DM. The AACI was associated with the incidence of T2DM with the relative risk and 95%CI from the bottom to the top tertiles being 1.00, 1.49 (0.88-2.51) and 2.27 (1.20-4.28), and 1.00, 1.58 (1.13-2.19) and 2.33 (1.56-3.47) in the two cohorts, respectively. The AACI was positively associated with serum valine, isoleucine, glutamic acid and phenylalanine, and it was negatively associated with serum glycine and histidine in both cohorts (P<0.01). Valine, glutamic acid and histidine consistently and partially mediated the association between the AACI and T2DM in the two cohorts, with total mediation effects of 33.4% and 54.6%, respectively. Dietary AAs composition was associated with the incidence of T2DM, meanwhile, the relationship was mediated by some degree of serum AAs. Future dietary strategies should focus on the improvement of the overall quality of dietary AAs compositions.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extracts of Allophylus Cobbe (L.) Raeusch leaves against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Liver disorders are one of the major concerns globally. Various conventional therapeutics used in the treatment of liver diseases are sometimes not enough and associated with serious side effects. Therefore, herbal medicines could be promising to defeat the above problems, and to treat diseases effectively. Aim of the current investigation is to screen the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of Allophylus cobbe (EEAC) leaves against Paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. EEAC (200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered to the rats for 7 days and hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of PCM (3 g/kg) on the 8th day. After 24 h of toxicity induction, the blood samples were collected and serum and tissue biochemical parameters like- serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), Creatinine, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total proteins were analyzed. Livers of the animals were isolated and were studied for histopathological changes. The extract treated animals were compared with the animals treated with standard hepatoprotective Silymarin (100 mg/kg). Administration of PCM causes hepatotoxicity to the animals, EEAC and silymarin prevented the PCM induced hepatotoxicity. The level of the increased blood biochemical parameters were significantly decreased by oral administration of EEAC and silymarin. PCM hepatotoxicity raised the LPO activity of the liver tissue which was significantly decreased by EEAC and silymarin. Decrease in protective tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH) and the proteins by the PCM hepatotoxicity were significantly increased by the EEAC and silymarin. Histopathological observation of the PCM treated group showed the marked degeneration of the liver cells and liver damage which was significantly restored when the animals were treated with the EEAC and silymarin. Allophylus cobbe showed the presence of bioactive components in the plant having the antioxidant potential; which might be responsible for hepatoprotective activity of the plant. The present study showed that EEAC restored the levels of altered biochemical parameters and prevented the liver from the toxic effects of PCM revealing the hepatoprotective potential of Allophyluscobbe.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extracts of Allophylus Cobbe (L.) Raeusch Leaves against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Objective: Aim of the current investigation is to screen the hepatoprotective activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Allophylus Cobbe (EEAC) leaves against Paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: EEAC was administered to the rats for 7 days (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of PCM (3 g/k day . After 24 h of toxicity induction, the blood samples were collected by retro orbital plexus method and different serum and tissue biochemical parameters were analyzed. Livers of the animals were isolated and were studied for histopathological changes. The extract treated animals were compared with Silymarin (100 mg/kg). Results: Treatment of animals with EEAC at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed dose dependant significant decrease in Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Creatinine and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) levels and significant increase in protective enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) and total proteins levels in serum and tissue biochemical parameters when compared with the PCM treated rats. In histopathological study of liver, animals pretreated with EEAC showed minimal liver damage with distinct protection of structures and the architectural frame of the hepatic cells as observed by the liver section showing mild degree of liver damage, sinusoidal congestion, and mild inflammation. Allophylus Cobbe showed the presence of bioactive components having antioxidant potential; which might be responsible for hepatoprotective activity of the EEAC. Conclusion: The present study showed that EEAC restored the levels of altered biochemical parameters and prevented the liver from the toxic effects of PCM concludes that Allophylus Cobbe possess hepatoprotective activity.

Vitamin D status and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Norwegian HUNT cohort study: does family history or genetic predisposition modify the association?

IntroductionWe sought to investigate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults who participated in the Trøndelag Health Study...

Effects of Arteriovenous Thrombolysis Combined with Mechanical Thrombectomy on Efficacy and Neurological Function of Acute Cerebral Infarct Patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of arteriovenous thrombolysis combined with mechanical thrombectomy on clinical efficacy, neurological function, and the changes of nerve injury markers of acute cerebral infarct (ACI) patients. Methods A total of 143 cases with ACI admitted to our hospital from June 2017 to June 2019 were elected as research subjects. Among them, 69 cases of patients who received treatment of arteriovenous thrombolysis were considered as group A, and 74 cases of patients who received treatment of arteriovenous thrombolysis combined with mechanical thrombectomy were considered as group B. NIHSS score, clinical efficacy, vascular recanalization, adverse reactions, hemodynamics, neurological injury indexes, duration of coma, length of hospital stay, and prognosis of patients in the two groups were compared. Results After treatment, the NIHSS score of group A was higher than that of group B (P < 0.05), the clinical efficacy of group B was better than that of group A, and the incidence of adverse reactions was lower than that of group A (P < 0.05). There was no difference in vascular recanalization rate, duration of coma, and prognosis between the two groups (P > 0.05). Length of hospital stay, maximum peak velocity after treatment (Vs), and mean flow rate (Vm) of group A were lower than those of group B, while vascular resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), serum glutamic acid (Glu), neuron-specific enolase (NES), and S100β protein detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of group A were higher than those of group B (P < 0.05). Conclusion Arteriovenous thrombolysis combined with mechanical thrombectomy has a significant effect on ACI, with high safety and quick effect. In addition, it has a stronger effect on improving and protecting the neurological function of patients, which is worth promoting in clinical practice.

MODULATORY ROLE OF SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS EXPOSED SUB-CHRONICALLY TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

Objective: The present study assessed the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure to a very low environmentally relevant dose of hexavalent chromium along with the ameliorative potential of selenium and Vitamin E in male rats.&#x0D; Methods: Twenty-four male albino rats were divided into four groups. Animals of control group received only distilled water. The treated group received solution of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w./day. The third group received sodium selenate (0.25 mg/kg bw) plus Vitamin E (100 mg/kg bw). The supplemented group received sodium selenate plus Vitamin E along with K2Cr2O7 solution. The animals were treated for 90 consecutive days.&#x0D; Results: There was a significant decrease in body weight gain and an increase in liver and kidney weight along with an increase in serum glucose, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine; a decrease in protein and albumin levels in the rats treated with K2Cr2O7. The activities of serum enzymes, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase, were also increased in treated animals. The activities of enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, GPx and the levels of GSH reduced significantly and level of malondialdehyde increased in K2Cr2O7 treated rats. Liver and kidney tissues exhibited features of toxicity in chromium treated animals. All the effects were reversed in supplemented group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Chronic exposure to K2Cr2O7 at a very low environmentally relevant dose caused hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by oxidative stress in male albino rats; the effects were ameliorated by supplementation with selenium and Vitamin E in combination.

Attenuated Tregs increase susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in prenatal nicotine exposed female offspring mice

The recession of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is pivotal for type 1 diabetes (T1D) progressing. Our previous study observed the decreased Tregs in prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) offspring, but whether this led to the onset of T1D remains uncertain. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of PNE on T1D susceptibility and the role of PNE-suppressed Tregs in T1D of female offspring. The decreased body weights and elevated blood glucose levels from postnatal day (PND) 21 to PND 42 indicated that PNE caused persistent impaired glucose homeostasis in offspring. The elevated serum glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody, the “Gold Standard” for the detection of T1D, was observed on PND 42, suggesting the early stage of T1D in PNE offspring during adolescence. The reduced pancreatic islet areas and beta cells number in PNE offspring were observed at neonatal period and became more severe during adolescence. In addition, PNE caused immune dysfunction in offspring, manifested as suppressed thymic Tregs percentage from PND 4 to PND 42 and splenic Tregs/Th17 ratio on PND 42. In conclusion, PNE resulted in metabolic changes of offspring that were consistent with T1D characteristics, which could be the consequence of Tregs recession from early life to adolescence.

PSIII-23 Characterization of oxidized oil-elicited disruption of amino acid metabolism in nursery pigs through metabolomic analysis

Abstract Feeding oxidized lipids compromises growth performance of pigs, but the metabolic events contributing to this adverse effect are not well defined. In this study, oxidized corn oil (OCO) was prepared by heating control corn oil (CCO) at 185 oC for 12 h. Weanling pigs (initial BW = 6.3 ± 1.4 kg) were fed 4 isocaloric diets containing 9% CCO, 6% CCO + 3% OCO, 3% CCO + 6% OCO, and 9% OCO, respectively. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to experimental diets in 3 phases (phase 1 = 4 d, phase 2 = 10 d and phase 3 = 21 d) for 35 d. Pig body weight (BW) and feed disappearance were determined at the d 0, 4, 14 and 35 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (G:F) ratio. Serum and liver samples collected on d 35 of feeding were analyzed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis. Growth performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and metabolomics data were analyzed by two-tailed student’s t test for comparison between different doses of OCO and CCO treatments. The result showed that dietary OCO decreased G:F ratio (P &lt; 0.05) dose-dependently, but did not ADFI. Metabolomics analysis showed that OCO fed pigs decreased the levels of serum alanine (P &lt; 0.01), tryptophan (P &lt; 0.05), carnosine (P &lt; 0.01), and glutamic acid (P &lt; 0.05), while the levels of threonine (P &lt; 0.05) was increased compared to CCO. Moreover, consuming OCO decreased the hepatic metabolites from threonine catabolism pathways, including α-ketobutyrate (P &lt; 0.01), α-amino-butyrate (P &lt; 0.05), and propionic acid (P &lt; 0.05), compared to CCO treatment. In addition, OCO increased hepatic NAD level by activating tryptophan-NAD+ metabolic pathway. Overall, OCO selectively modulated amino acid metabolism in nursery pigs, which may further affect growth performance.

Immunosensor for Early Diabetes Markers

To increase detection sensitivity, sensor surface modifications with various nanomaterials or selective isolation of analytes from complex clinical sample matrices by nanomaterials for amplified detection have been developed. As a novel class of two-dimensional nanocarbon material, graphene has recently attracted researchers in biomedical sciences for the development of electrochemical and optical devices. The high surface area to volume ratio, electrical conductivity, and aqueous dispersibility suitable for screen-printed electrode surfaces, thin structure and apparent biocompatibility of carboxylated graphene makes it a unique carbon nanomaterial for biosensing applications. Although, glucose and insulin biosensors are useful for diabetes management, non-glucose biomarkers are critical for potentially enabling early diabetes detection in children and adults. We present herein a quantitative comparison between carboxylated graphene and mercapto-monolayer surface for measuring serum glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 autoantibody, a biomarker of type 1 diabetes, by an electrochemical immunoassay design combined with surface plasmon binding kinetics. Knowledge gained from the combined sensing and binding assessment is useful for reliable large-scale production of clinical immunosensors for biomarker based diagnostic assays.

SUN-124 Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult (LADA): Is It Gestational Diabetes?

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), is a recognized form of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), that initially presents in middle-aged adults and sometimes it is misdiagnosed as type 1 or 2 DM. However, patients often have autoantibodies directed against pancreatic islet-cells, and the progression to insulin dependence is much faster. Studies indicate that 10% of patients who present with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) have a positive serum glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody titer. The subsequent case report will demonstrate the progression of Gestational Diabetes, complicated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and later diagnosed with LADA due to positive GAD antibodies in a patient without history of autoimmune predisposition. It is important to address that DKA is an extremely rare complication of women with Gestational Diabetes, occurring in only about 0.5 -3.0 %. DKA usually is associated with T1DM but also it can occur in T2DM under extreme conditions, unwantedly on pregnancy could lead to a fetal mortality up to 35% and risks of preterm birth. The following case presents a 27 year old female G2P2A0 on week 25 of pregnancy that came to our institution after a high blood glucose level detected before performing routine 75g OGTT screening for Gestational Diabetes. Patient had a previous history of Gestational Diabetes four years ago and referred that after vaginal delivery blood glucose levels were within normal limits, but denied routine outpatient screening for DM after delivery. Patient referred that 1 week before arrival to the hospital developed a generalize weakness associated with anorexia, nausea, vomits, polydipsia and polyuria. Besides previous Gestational Diabetes, patient denied any other medical conditions and denied family history of autoimmune conditions as well. At physical examination pertinent findings were a BMI of 18.3, dry oral mucosa, fruity breath odor, drowsiness, and evidence of vaginosis at pelvic examination. At hospital arrival patient had ABGs with a pH of 7.2, with serum HCO3 in 7, serum glucose in 605, and large ketones fulfilling criteria for DKA. Patient was admitted to ICU for DKA management with success and subsequently discharged on tight subcutaneous insulin regimen. This case reveals the importance of screening for postpartum DM after a Gestational Diabetes, and when the diagnosis does not fit, further investigation should be made. Taking in consideration the previous case report, a focused family history, risk factors, and demographics an autoimmune workup should be ordered for patients who do not have the classic presentation of T2DM. This case made a statement in which early identification makes the difference, recertifying what studies have shown that identifying LADA early and initiating insulin therapy helps preserve beta cell function, improve quality of life and may prevent a potentially life threatening condition such as DKA.

EVALUATION OF THE AEROGENIC IMPACT OF PRIORITY CHEMICAL FACTORS ON THE HEALTH OF THE CHILD POPULATION IN THE ZONE OF THE EXPOSURE OF ALUMINUM ENTERPRISES

Introduction. There is actual development of scientific and methodological support for the formation of the evidence base of the negative impact of environmental factors on public health. Material and methods. The hygienic assessment of the air quality of the territory with the placement of aluminum production and the territory without similar sources of emissions was carried out, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk was estimated, chemical-analytical and clinical-laboratory examination of 235 children was carried out to study the negative effects of the influence of the studied risk factors on critical organs and systems. Results. In the conditions of the existing quality of the atmospheric air, conditioned by the economic activity of the enterprise producing aluminum, an unacceptable risk of developing non-carcinogenic effects for the central nervous system, bone system, respiratory system, blood system, liver, kidneys (HI to 33.4) is formed. Children in the zone of exposure to risk factors have an increased (up to 4.0 times) content both of manganese, nickel, chromium in blood, and as the aluminum as fluoride ion in urine (up to 5.5 times) relative to the indices in the comparison group. Children with an elevated content of these compounds in bio medias revealed reliable deviations of laboratory parameters relative to similar parameters in children in the comparison group: a 1.2-fold increase in serum glutamic acid, a 2.2-fold increase in eosinophilia in the nasal secretion, C-terminal telopeptides, total and direct bilirubin, ACAT in blood serum by 1.2 times, β2-microglobulin in blood serum - by 1.8 times. The established negative effects in children, proven to be associated with an increased content of toxic substances in the bio medias, are confirmed by the increased detectability of functional disorders of the autonomic and central nervous system (5.5 times more often), respiratory diseases (2.9 times), musculoskeletal diseases system (in 1.3-1.5 times). Substantiated indices of negative effects must be taken into account when conducting sanitary and epidemiological examinations and developing measures for the prevention of functional diseases of the central nervous system, bone system, respiratory system, liver, kidneys in children permanently residing in a residential building in the zone of emission sources of aluminum plants.

Electrochemical and Surface-Plasmon Correlation of a Serum-Autoantibody Immunoassay with Binding Insights: Graphenyl Surface versus Mercapto-Monolayer Surface.

We present here the correlation of picomolar affinities between surface-plasmon and electrochemical immunoassays for the binding of serum glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody (GADA), a biomarker of type 1 diabetes (T1D), to its antigen GAD-65. Carboxylated (∼5.0%)-graphene-modified immunoassembly on a gold surface-plasmon chip or on an electrochemical array provided significantly larger binding affinity, higher sensitivity, and lower detection limits than a self-assembled monolayer surface of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). Estimation of the relative surface -COOH groups by covalent tagging of an electroactive aminoferrocene showed that the graphenyl surface displayed a greater number of -COOH groups (9-fold) than the MPA surface. X-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy analysis showed more C-O and C═O functionalities on the graphene-COOH surface than on the MPA surface. The graphene-COOH coating on gold exhibited ∼5.5-fold enhancement of plasmon signals compared with a similar coating on a plain glass surface. In summary, this article provides a quantitative comparison of carboxylated graphene with a mercapto-monolayer immunoassembly. Additionally, we propose that the binding-constant value can be useful as a quality-control checkpoint for reproducible and reliable production of large-scale biosensors for clinical bioassays.

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody in a Patient with Myelitis: A Retrospective Study

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the positive rate of serum glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibody in patients with myelitis and to describe the clinical findings in patients with positive GAD antibody. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 390 patients with myelitis, including 210 patients positive for aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody and 180 patients negative for AQP4. GAD65 antibody was measured by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results: Only 1 serum and cerebral spinal fluid sample from 390 patients (0.26%) was positive for anti-GAD antibodies. The patient was a female with relapsing myelitis and a thymic mass. Thymic resection was undertaken, and pathological examination revealed a benign thymic cyst. Extensive infiltration of lymphocytes positive for CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD20 was found. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expression of GAD65 in the cyst. Conclusions: Although serum GAD65 antibodies were present in a patient, it is not recommended to routinely screen for GAD65 antibodies in patients with myelitis because of their rare occurrence. However, screening for GAD65 antibodies should be considered in patients who have been diagnosed with cancer or a thymic abnormality.