Human Papillomavirus Seroprevalence Research Articles

Seroprevalence of human papilloma virus 6, 11, 16 and 18 among pregnant women in Mwanza-Tanzania

IntroductionHigh-risk human-papilloma viruses 16 and 18 (HR-HPV 16 and HR-HPV-18) are well known to be associated with carcinoma of the cervix, head and neck, penis, and anus. Low-risk human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 (LR-HPV 6 and LR 11) infection has been associated with anogenital warts, oral papilloma, and laryngeal papillomatosis in children. HPV infection during pregnancy (HR-HPV and LR-HPV) increases the risk of vertical transmission from infected pregnant women to unborn children. The burden of HR-HPV type 16 and 18 and LR-HPV 6 and 11 is not well documented among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANC). This study determined the seroprevalence and distributions of HR-HPV 16, 18, and LR –HPV 6, 11 antibodies among pregnant women attending ANC at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) in Mwanza, Tanzania.MethodologyA cross-sectional study involving 255 pregnant women enrolled in obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinics was conducted between November 2020 and March 2021 at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) in Mwanza. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain patients’ information. Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to detect HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) from sera. Stata version 15v1 was used for the descriptive data analysis.ResultsThe median age was 27(IQR: 22–31) years. The overall HPV seropositivity for any of the four serotypes was 63.9% (165/255), 95% CI: 58.0-69.7, whereby 37.6%(97/255), 32.2%( 83/255), 15.5% (40/255) and 27.1% (70) were positive for HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 respectively. Eight participants (3.1%) were positive for all 4 genotypes.ConclusionAbout two-thirds of pregnant women had antibodies against HPV 6, 11 16, and 18 indicating previous HPV exposure. Vaccination programs should be emphasized to reduce the HPV-related manifestations in this population.

Empirical sample-specific approaches to define HPV16 and HPV18 seropositivity in unvaccinated, young, sexually active women.

Given low seroconversion rates following human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, fixed external cutoffs may lead to errors in estimating HPV seroprevalence. We evaluated finite mixture modeling (FMM) and group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) among unvaccinated, sexually active, HPV-exposed women to determine study-specific HPV16 and HPV18 seropositivity thresholds. We included 399 women (aged 18-24 years) enrolled in the HPV Infection and Transmission Among Couples Through Heterosexual Activity (HITCH) cohort study between 2005 and 2011 in Montreal, Canada. Participants' blood samples from up to six visits spanning 2 years were tested by multiplex serology for antibodies [median fluorescence intensity (MFI)] specific to bacterially expressed HPV16 and HPV18 L1 glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. We applied FMM and GBTM to baseline and longitudinal antibody titer measurements, respectively, to define HPV type-specific seronegative and seropositive distributions. Study-specific thresholds were generated as five standard deviations above the mean seronegative antibody titers, mimicking cutoffs (HPV16: 422 MFI; HPV18: 394 MFI) derived from an external population of sexually inactive, HPV DNA-negative Korean women (aged 15-29 years). Agreement (kappa) of study-specific thresholds was evaluated against external cutoffs. Seroprevalence estimates using FMM (HPV16: 27.5%-43.2%; HPV18: 21.7%-49.5%) and GBTM (HPV16: 11.8%-11.8%; HPV18: 9.9%-13.4%) thresholds exceeded those of external cutoffs (HPV: 10.2%; HPV18: 9.7%). FMM thresholds showed slight-to-moderate agreement with external cutoffs (HPV16: 0.26%-0.46%; HPV18: 0.20%-0.56%), while GBTM thresholds exhibited high agreement (HPV16: 0.92%-0.92%; HPV18: 0.82%-0.99%). Kappa values suggest that GBTM, used for longitudinal serological data, and otherwise FMM, for cross-sectional data, are robust methods for determining the HPV serostatus without prior classification rules.IMPORTANCEWhile human papillomavirus (HPV) seropositivity has been employed as an epidemiologic determinant of the natural history of genital HPV infections, only a fraction of women incidentally infected with HPV respond by developing significant antibody levels. HPV seropositivity is often determined by a dichotomous fixed cutoff based on the seroreactivity of an external population of women presumed as seronegative, given the lack of evidence of HPV exposure. However, considering the variable nature of seroreactivity upon HPV infection, which arguably varies across populations, such externally defined cutoffs may lack specificity to the population of interest, causing inappropriate assessment of HPV seroprevalence and related epidemiologic uses of that information. This study demonstrates that finite mixture modeling (FMM) and group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) can be used to independently estimate seroprevalence or serve as the basis for defining study-specific seropositivity thresholds without requiring prior subjective assumptions, consequently providing a more apt internally valid discrimination of seropositive from seronegative individuals.

Effect of a Second Pregnancy on the HPV Serology in Mothers Followed Up in the Finnish Family HPV Study.

The impact of pregnancy on human papillomavirus (HPV) natural antibody levels is not fully understood. We tested the seroprevalence and levels of HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 and 45 antibodies at different time points among 89 women with a second pregnancy and 238 nonpregnant women during their 36-month followup. All participants were unvaccinated for HPV and pregnant at the enrollment of the study. Serum samples were collected from the mothers at baseline and at the 12-month, 24-month, and 36-month followup visits. No statistically significant differences in mean antibody levels were observed in women who developed a second pregnancy compared to their nonpregnant counterparts. Between these two groups, statistically significant differences in serostatus were observed, particularly if the second pregnancy was ongoing at the 24-month timepoint. Accordingly, women with a second pregnancy were more likely to be seronegative for HPV 6, 11, 18, and 45 as compared to the nonpregnant women, the reverse being true for HPV16. In contrast, the women with an ongoing second pregnancy showed a higher prevalence of HPV16 seropositivity at the 36-month followup. These data suggest that a second pregnancy does not seem to have a major impact on the levels of HPV antibodies, but it might influence the serological outcomes.

CLINICAL STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) BY ELISA METHOD IN FEMALES ATTENDING GYNAECOLOGY OPD

Background: Women with normal cervical cytology, who are infected with high-risk HPV type, have an approximately 100-fold increased risk of developing cervical cancer compared with uninfected women. Present study was conducted to study seroprevalence of Human Papilloma Virus by ELISA method in female patients attending in Gynecology OPD of in a tertiary care hospital. Present study was cross- Material and Methods: sectional study, observational study, conducted female patients clinically suspected of having HPV infections like bleeding per vagina, irregular menstruation, pain in lower abdomen or post-coital bleeding or had any abnormal ndings on per vaginal examination. Among 160 Results: patients, majority of were from age group 31-40 years (39.38%), married (88.75 %), married at 18-20 years age (54.36 %), had parity of 2-4 (83.75%). All females had gynecological problems followed by women who were smoker ( 33.13 %), suffering from STD's (29.37 %), had alcohol drinking habit (25 %), had multiple sexual partner (5 %) and family history of cervical cancer (2.5 %). The patients who used homemade napkins had a highest seroprevalence of HPV 68.18% followed by patients who are suffering from STD's (63.83 %), had a family history of cervical cancer (50 %), women who used to smoke (37.7 %), drink (25 %), had multiple sex partners (25 %) and the least number seropositivity was among patient who had gynecological problems 23.12%. The sero-prevalence among patients for HPV was 23.12%. Conclusion: The prevalence increased with early marriages, high parity, and middle socio-economic status group. So, our study will guide for planning and implementation of governmental HPV infection control measures and the consequences of infection around the world. ELISA method is an important diagnostic method in future in HPV infection detection as it has several advantages over other existing diagnostic methods in respect of early detection, reliability, cost effectiveness and patients compliance as blood can be easily accessible.

Human papillomavirus seroprevalence and seroconversion following baseline detection of nine human papillomavirus types in young women

BackgroundEstimates of the humoral immune response to incident human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are limited. MethodsIn this post hoc analysis of 3875 women aged 16–23 years from a 4-valent HPV vaccine trial (NCT00092482), HPV seroprevalence on day 1 was measured with a 9-valent HPV (HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) competitive Luminex immunoassay and compared with cervical/external genital HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction. In the control group, among women who were HPV DNA‒negative on day 1, seroconversion following initial HPV detection was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods. ResultsType-specific HPV seropositivity among women with no day 1 cervical/external genital HPV detection was 0.6%–3.6%. Women with any 9-valent HPV (9vHPV) cervical/external genital detection (796/3875; 20.5%) had concordant seropositivity ranging from 13.4% (HPV 45) to 38.5% (HPV 6). Among women in the control group who were negative for all HPV types on day 1, seroconversion by month 30 after initial detection ranged from 29% (HPV 45) to 75% (HPV 16). ConclusionsHumoral immune response to HPV is variable and dynamic, depending on type-specific exposure. This longitudinal analysis provides insight into the relationship between incident infection and seropositivity.ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT00092482 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00092482.

HPV types 16/18 L1 E6 and E7 proteins seropositivity and cervical cancer risk in HIV-positive and HIV-negative black South African women

BackgroundIn populations with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfection, the nature of the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and -18 (L1, E6 and E7) antibodies and cervical cancer is still uncertain. We measured the association between seropositivity to HPV (L1, E6 and E7) proteins and cervical cancer among black South African women with and without HIV co-infection.MethodsWe used questionnaire data and serum collected from consecutively recruited patients with a newly diagnosed cancer from the Johannesburg Cancer Study from 1346 cervical cancer cases and 2532 controls (diagnosed with other non-infection related cancers). Seropositivity to HPV proteins was measured using a multiplex serological assay based on recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. We measured associations between their presence and cervical cancer using unconditional logistic regression models and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of these HPV biomarkers.ResultsAmong controls, HIV-negative women from rural areas compared to urban had significantly higher HPV seroprevalence, HPV16 E7 (8.6% vs 3.7%) and HPV18 E7 (7.9% vs 2.0%). HPV16 E6 and E7 antibodies were positively associated with cervical cancer in HIV-positive (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 33; 95% CI 10–107) and HIV-negative women (AOR = 97; 95% CI 46–203). In HIV-positive women, HPV E6/E7 antibodies had low sensitivity (43.0%) and high specificity (90.6%) for cervical cancer detection. In HIV-negative women, HPV E6/E7 antibodies sensitivity was 70.6% and specificity was 89.7%.ConclusionsOur data show that HPV (L1, especially E6 and E7) antibody positivity is associated with cervical cancer in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Nonetheless, being HIV-positive plays an important role in the development of cervical cancer.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) seroprevalence, cervical HPV prevalence, genotype distribution and cytological lesions in solid organ transplant recipients and immunocompetent women in Sao Paulo, Brazil

IntroductionSolid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection and disease. This study aimed to evaluate HPV seroprevalence, cervical HPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and frequency of HPV-related cervical lesions in SOT recipients in comparison to immunocompetent women.MethodsCross-sectional study including SOT and immunocompetent women aged 18 to 45 years who denied previous HPV-related lesions. Cervical samples were screened for HPV-DNA by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA microarray system (PapilloCheck®) and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) by liquid-based cytology. A multiplexed pseudovirion-based serology assay (PsV-Luminex) was used to measure HPV serum antibodies.Results125 SOT and 132 immunocompetent women were enrolled. Cervical samples were collected from 113 SOT and 127 immunocompetent women who had initiated sexual activity. HPV-DNA prevalence was higher in SOT than in immunocompetent women (29.6% vs. 20.2%, p = 0.112), but this difference was not statistically significant. High-risk (HR)-HPV was significantly more frequent in SOT than in immunocompetent women (19.4% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.014). Simultaneous infection with ≥2 HR-HPV types was found in 3.1% of SOT and 0.9% of immunocompetent women. HPV seropositivity for at least one HPV type was high in both groups: 63.8% of 105 SOT and 69.7% of 119 immunocompetent women (p = 0.524). Low-grade (LSIL) and high-grade SIL (HSIL) were significantly more frequent in SOT (9.7% and 5.3%, respectively) than in immunocompetent women (1.6% and 0.8%, respectively) (p = 0.001).ConclusionsThese results may reflect the increased risk of HPV persistent infection and disease progression in SOT women due to chronic immunosuppression.

Seroprevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types among children and adolescents in the general population in Germany

BackgroundIn Germany, HPV vaccination of adolescent girls was introduced in 2007. Nationally representative data on the distribution of vaccine-relevant HPV types in the pre-vaccination era are, however, only available for the adult population. To obtain data in children and adolescents, we assessed the prevalence and determinants of serological response to 16 different HPV types in a representative sample of 12,257 boys and girls aged 1–17 years living in Germany in 2003–2005.MethodsSerum samples were tested for antibodies to nine mucosal and seven cutaneous HPV types. The samples had been collected during the nationally representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents in 2003–2006. We calculated age- and gender-specific HPV seroprevalence. We used multivariable regression models to identify associations between demographic and behavioral characteristics and HPV seropositivity.ResultsWe found low but non-zero seroprevalence for the majority of tested HPV types among children and adolescents in Germany. The overall seroprevalence of HPV-16 was 2.6%, with slightly higher values in adolescents. Seroprevalence of all mucosal types but HPV-6 ranged from 0.6% for HPV-33, to 6.4% for HPV-31 and did not differ by gender. We found high overall seroprevalence for HPV-6 with 24.8%. Cutaneous HPV type seroprevalence ranged from 4.0% for HPV-38 to 31.7% for HPV-1. In the majority of cutaneous types, seroprevalence did not differ between boys and girls, but increased sharply with age, (e.g., HPV-1 from 1.5% in 1–3-years-old to 45.1% in 10–11-years-old). Associations between behavioral factors and type-specific HPV prevalence were determined to be heterogeneous.ConclusionsWe report the first nationally representative data of naturally acquired HPV antibody reactivity in the pre-HPV-vaccination era among children and adolescents living in Germany. These data can be used as baseline estimates for evaluating the impact of the current HPV vaccination strategy targeting 9–14-years-old boys and girls.

Human papillomavirus seroprevalence in young Thai men

ABSTRACT Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in men and women. Most HPV studies have focused on vaccination toward women to prevent consequences of developing cervical cancer. However, persistent infections can cause penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers in men. Therefore, recent public health recommendations toward vaccination in men have been raised. There is limited HPV prevalence data among men in many countries, including Thailand. We conducted HPV sera IgG ELISA testing on a repository sera of Thai men (average age 21 years old) entering the Royal Thai Army as recruits in 2013 (n = 1000). HPV IgG antibodies against virus-like particles of HPV- type 6, 11, 16e, and 18 were evaluated using a commercial ELISA kit. Overall, the anti-HPV IgG was 47% (95% CI: 44%-50%). HPV seroprevalence was significantly associated with residence regions with the highest prevalence in South (64%), but not associated with educational level, marital status, or type of residence. This data suggested that almost half of the Thai men in this cohort were exposed to HPV by the age of 21. Thus, HPV vaccination provided to male adolescents should be considered for disease prevention and minimizing transmission to sexual partners.

HPV16 and HPV18 seropositivity and DNA detection among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study conducted in a sexual health clinic in London

ObjectivesMen who have sex with men (MSM) have an increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related diseases compared with men who have sex exclusively with women. From April...

Human papillomavirus seroprevalence in pregnant women following gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination programs in Finland: A cross-sectional cohort analysis following a cluster randomized trial.

Cervical cancer elimination through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs requires the attainment of herd effect. Due to its uniquely high basic reproduction number, the vaccination coverage required to achieve herd effect against HPV type 16 exceeds what is attainable in most populations. We have compared how gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination strategies create herd effect against HPV16 under moderate vaccination coverage achieved in a population-based, community-randomized trial. In 2007-2010, the 1992-1995 birth cohorts of 33 Finnish communities were randomized to receive gender-neutral HPV vaccination (Arm A), girls-only HPV vaccination (Arm B), or no HPV vaccination (Arm C) (11 communities per trial arm). HPV16/18/31/33/35/45 seroprevalence differences between the pre-vaccination era (2005-2010) and post-vaccination era (2011-2016) were compared between all 8,022 unvaccinated women <23 years old and resident in the 33 communities during 2005-2016 (2,657, 2,691, and 2,674 in Arms A, B, and C, respectively). Post- versus pre-vaccination-era HPV seroprevalence ratios (PRs) were compared by arm. Possible outcome misclassification was quantified via probabilistic bias analysis. An HPV16 and HPV18 seroprevalence reduction was observed post-vaccination in the gender-neutral vaccination arm in the entire study population (PR16 = 0.64, 95% CI 0.10-0.85; PR18 = 0.72, 95% CI 0.22-0.96) and for HPV16 also in the herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive core group (PR16 = 0.64, 95% CI 0.50-0.81). Observed reductions in HPV31/33/35/45 seroprevalence (PR31/33/35/45 = 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.97) were replicated in Arm C (PR31/33/35/45 = 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.90). In this study we only observed herd effect against HPV16/18 after gender-neutral vaccination with moderate vaccination coverage. With only moderate vaccination coverage, a gender-neutral vaccination strategy can facilitate the control of even HPV16. Our findings may have limited transportability to other vaccination coverage levels. ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00534638, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00534638.

Predictors of Human Papillomavirus Seropositivity in Appalachian Women Aged 18 to 26 Years.

Key informants of the Appalachian community questioned whether their unique environmental stressors would alter their immune response to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The primary aim of this study is to determine predictors of HPV seroprevalence to at least 1 of the 4 vaccine-related HPV types before vaccination using a psychoneuroimmunologic model in Appalachian women. Women aged 18 to 26 years (n = 185) who had not received HPV vaccination provided cervical HPV DNA and blood samples. Human papillomavirus DNA was identified through Hybrid Capture 2 assay and then genotyped for HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 by Roche Linear Array. Competitive Luminex Immunoassay measured the type-specific antibodies to HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in milli-Merck units per milliliter. Nine psychoneuroimmunology scales measuring attributes of stress were self-completed. Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 50% (92/183) of participants, with only 14% (26/183) positive for HPV-6/11/16/18 DNA. Seropositivity for at least one anti-HPV-6/11/16 or 18, on the other hand, was present in 35% (64/183) of women, with only 10% (19/183) concomitantly infected and seropositive for the vaccine-related types. The Perceived Stress Scale was not a strong predictor of HPV seropositivity. Both HPV infection and vaccine-related HPV type seropositivity is common among Appalachian women aged 18 to 26 years. The anticipated effect of environmental stressors on HPV seropositivity was not seen when multiple predictors were considered.

Changes in HPV Seroprevalence from an Unvaccinated toward a Girls-Only Vaccinated Population in the Netherlands.

In the Netherlands, bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination was included in the National Immunization Program for 12-year-old girls in 2010 (vaccination coverage, 45%-60%). We examined possible changes in HPV seroprevalence in the HPV-unvaccinated Dutch population aged 0-89 years, comparing prevaccination data with data of approximately 6 years after implementation of national vaccination. Serum samples of men and women were used from two cross-sectional population-based serosurveillance studies performed before (2006-07, n = 6,384) and after (2016-17, n = 5,645) implementation of HPV vaccination in the Netherlands. Seven high-risk HPV-specific antibodies (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) were tested in a virus-like particle-based multiplex immunoassay. Type-specific HPV seroprevalence increased in women between 2006-07 and 2016-17. Also, a higher seroprevalence for at least one type in women >15 years was found in 2016-17 (31.7%) compared with 2006-07 (25.2%). In men, overall HPV seroprevalence remained similar; however, a lower seroprevalence was found for HPV16 in 2016-17 (7.5%) compared with 2006-07 (10.6%). Our results indicate an increase in high-risk HPV types in women and a rather stable exposure in men. No clear effects of the strategy of girls-only vaccination were observed in men, probably because of the short time after introduction combined with suboptimal coverage. No herd immunity has been observed yet in a population with suboptimal HPV vaccination coverage.

SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HPV INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS IN KOGI EAST SENATORIAL ZONE

Analysis of prevalence and risk factors for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the basis for prophylactic strategies against HPV infections. This study was to determine the seroprevalence of human papillomavirus, sociodemographic and risk factors associated with acquiring the virus among the study population. A total of 195 samples were collected by simple random sampling technique from three major hospitals in the zone. Serum from blood samples was used for ELISA and analyzed for IgM. Overall prevalence of 3.08% (6/195) was established for HPV infection. Patients with early sexual activity and those with multiple sexual partners were likely to be infected than their counterparts with 15.8%: 3/19 (χ 2 =16.4, df=3, p=0.001) and 50%: 2/4 (χ 2 =30.2, df=1, p=0.005) respectively. The infection was more among those who got married at age range of 26-30 years with prevalence of 5.4%: 2/37 (χ 2 =1.30, df = 5, p=0.82). On the basis of sex, female were found to have higher prevalence of 3.6%: 6/167(χ 2 =1.04, df = 1, p=0.6). Subjects with sexually transmitted disease (STD) had a higher prevalence of 8%: 2/25(χ 2 =2.45, df=2, p=0.32). The study shows that infection with HPV was strongly associated with age of sexual debut and number of sexual partners. It also reveals the occurrence of HPV infection in Kogi East, Nigeria. Hence, there is need for routine screening, public education and vaccination to prevent the spread of the virus which is a threat to public health.

Long-term follow-up of human papillomavirus type replacement among young pregnant Finnish females before and after a community-randomised HPV vaccination trial with moderate coverage.

Large scale human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination against the most oncogenic high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16/18 is rapidly reducing their incidence. However, attempts at assessing if this leads to an increase of nonvaccine targeted HPV types have been hampered by several limitations, such as the inability to differentiate secular trends. We performed a population-based serological survey of unvaccinated young women over 12 years. The women were under 23-years-old, residents from 33 communities which participated in a community-randomised trial (CRT) with approximately 50% vaccination coverage. Serum samples were retrieved pre-CRT and post-CRT implementation. Seropositivity to 17 HPV types was assessed. HPV seroprevalence ratios (PR) comparing the postvaccination to prevaccination era were estimated by trial arm. This was also assessed among the sexual risk-taking core group, where type replacement may occur more rapidly. In total, 8022 serum samples from the population-based Finnish Maternity Cohort were retrieved. HPV types 16/18 showed decreased seroprevalence among the unvaccinated in communities only after gender-neutral vaccination (PR16/18A = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9). HPV6/11 and HPV73 were decreased after gender-neutral vaccination (PR6/11A = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9, PR73A = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, respectively) and girls-only vaccination (PR6/11B = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9, PR73B = 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-1.0). HPV68 alone was increased but only after girls-only vaccination (PR68B = 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.7, PRcore68B = 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.3). A large-scale, long-term follow-up found no type replacement in the communities with the strongest reduction of vaccine HPV types. Limited evidence for an increase in HPV68 was restricted to girls-only vaccinated communities and may have been due to secular trends (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00534638).

Human Papillomavirus Seroprevalence and Seroconversion Among Men Living With HIV: Cohort Study in South Africa.

Men living with HIV (MLHIV) have a high burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer. Understanding serological dynamics of HPV in men can guide decisions on introducing HPV vaccination and monitoring impact. We determined HPV seroprevalence and evaluated factors associated with HPV seroconversion among MLHIV in Johannesburg, South Africa. We enrolled 304 sexually active MLHIV 18 years and older and collected sociobehavioral data, blood samples (CD4 counts, HIV-1 plasma viral load, and HPV serology), and genital and anal swabs [HPV DNA and HPV viral load (VL)] at enrollment and 6-monthly for up to 18 months. Antibodies to 15 HPV types were measured using HPV pseudovirions. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate correlates of HPV seroconversion. Median age at enrollment was 38 years (IQR: 22-59), 25% reported >1 sexual partner in the past 3 months, and 5% reported ever having sex with other men. Most participants (65%) were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with median CD4 count of 445 cells/µL (IQR: 328-567). Seroprevalence for any HPV type was 66% (199/303). Baseline seropositivity for any bivalent (16/18), quadrivalent (6/11/16/18), and nonavalent (6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) vaccine types was 19%, 37%, and 60%, respectively. At 18 months, type-specific seroconversion among 59 men whose genital samples were HPV DNA positive but seronegative for the same type at enrollment was 22% (13/59). Type-specific seroconversion was higher among men with detectable HIV plasma viral load (adjusted odds ratio = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.12 to 6.77) and high HPV VL (adjusted odds ratio = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.42 to 7.74). Seropositivity and exposure to nonavalent HPV types were high among MLHIV. HPV vaccination of boys before they become sexually active could reduce the burden of HPV infection among this at-risk population.

High Ambient Solar UV Correlates with Greater Beta HPV Seropositivity in New South Wales, Australia.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly prevalent worldwide and may have a role, with sun exposure, in causing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Little is known about the relationship of UV exposure and seroprevalence of cutaneous HPVs in the general population. Using multiplex serology, we estimated the seroprevalence of 23 beta and 7 gamma HPVs and 7 other antigens (mu HPV1, HPV63, nu HPV41, alpha HPV16; polyomaviruses HPyV7 and MCV; p53) in a population-based sample of 1,161 Australian 45 and Up Study participants with valid data from blood specimens collected from 2010 to 2012. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) for the association of each antigen with residential ambient solar UV and other UV-related variables. Seropositivity for at least one beta or gamma HPV was high at 88% (beta HPVs 74%, gamma HPVs 70%), and less in women than men [e.g., PR beta-2 HPV38 = 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.56-0.87; any gamma = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.97]. A high ambient UV level in the 10 years before study enrollment was associated with elevated seroprevalence for genus beta (PRtertile3vs1 any beta = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.07-1.28), and beta-1 to beta-3 species, but not for gamma HPVs. Other UV-related measures had less or no evidence of an association. Seroprevalence of cutaneous beta HPVs is higher with higher ambient UV exposure in the past 10 years. The observed association between ambient UV in the past 10 years and cutaneous HPVs supports further study of the possible joint role of solar UV and HPV in causing skin cancer.

Mucosal and cutaneous Human Papillomavirus seroprevalence among adults in the prevaccine era in Germany — Results from a nationwide population-based survey

BackgroundHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of girls was introduced in Germany in 2007. However, data on the distribution of vaccine-relevant HPV types in the general population in Germany in the prevaccine era are limited. MethodsSerum samples collected during the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES98), a nationally representative study including men and women aged 18–79 years, were tested for antibodies to 19 mucosal and cutaneous HPV types. Multivariable regression models were developed to identify associations between demographic and behavioral characteristics and HPV seropositivity. ResultsOf the 6517 serum samples tested, almost a quarter was seropositive for at least one of the nine HPV vaccine types with no clear age-pattern. HPV-6 and HPV-59 were the most common mucosal types, while HPV-1 and HPV-4 were the most common cutaneous HPV types. Factors independently associated with HPV-16 seroprevalence were seropositive to other sexually transmitted infections and lifetime number of sex partners, as well as urbanity (only among females). ConclusionsPrevalence of naturally acquired antibodies to HPV types which can be prevented by vaccination is high in both sexes and all age groups. These data can serve as baseline estimates to evaluate the population-level impact of the current vaccination strategy.

Seroprevalence of Human Papilloma Virus in Aborted Women in Kirkuk City

The aimed of the study was to evaluate the Seroprevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in aborted women. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kirkuk city from 10th of March 2017 to 10th of July 2017 The number of aborted women understudy were 65 women who attended for curettage in Kirkuk general hospital. The control group who were matched to the patients studied included 30 normal pregnant women at the full term of pregnancy, women with Toxoplasma gondii , rubella and cytomegalovirus infections were excluded from the study. Five ml of blood was collected by vein puncture from each woman in the study, the obtained sera then organized to determine of HPV 16 E7 protein in patients and control using ELISA technique.The study showed that the highest rate of HPV infection (35.38%) was recorded among women with abortion comparing with the control group, with a highly significant relation. The study showed that 75.38% of women had aborted in the 1st trimester of pregnancy and the lowest rate of abortion 9.24% was in the 3rd trimester. The study showed that the highest rate of HPV infection was found in women with 1st trimester of abortion (38.78%) and the lowest rate was in the 3rd trimester of abortion. The study showed that the highest rate of HPV infection was recorded among aborted women who have suffered from one abortion during their marriage life. It was concluded that there was a significant relation of HPV with abortion spatially in women who were aborted in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Seroprevalence of Human Papillomavirus 6/11/16/18 Among Self-identified Gay/Bisexual Men Who Have Sex With Men, Men Who Have Sex With Women, and Females, United States, 2003–2010

Differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) seroprevalence by sex have been observed, likely due to differences in the anatomic site of HPV exposure. Seroconversion may be more likely after exposure at nonkeratinized (mucosal) compared to keratinized epithelium. We compared seroprevalence among self-identified gay/bisexual men who have sex with men (MSM) and females, 2 groups more likely exposed at mucosal epithelium, and men who only have sex with women (MSW), a group likely exposed primarily at keratinized epithelium, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2010. HPV 6/11/16/18 serum antibody was detected using a multiplexed, competitive luminex immunoassay. Weighted seroprevalence was estimated among unvaccinated, sexually experienced 18-59 year-old MSM, MSW, and females, overall and by demographic and sexual behavior characteristics. Seroprevalences were compared using prevalence ratios adjusted for sexual behavior (aPRs). Overall, seroprevalence in MSM, MSW, and females was 42.6%, 13.2%, and 37.1%, respectively. Seroprevalence in MSM was comparable to females (aPR: 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68-1.08) and higher than MSW (aPR: 2.72, 95% CI: 2.19-3.38). MSW had a significantly lower seroprevalence than females (aPR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.28-0.34). Similar associations were seen in all sociodemographic subgroups. Seroprevalence increased with number of lifetime sex partners in all groups. In this population-based survey, HPV seroprevalence among groups likely exposed at mucosal epithelium (MSM, females) was comparable; seroprevalence in both groups was higher than in MSW. Future research could explore whether differences in seropositivity following infection result in differential protection from future infection.