Series Resistance Of Inductor Research Articles

Dissipation and amplification management in an electrical model of microtubules: Hybrid behavior network

The control of dissipation and amplification of solitary waves in an electrical model of a microtubule is demonstrated. This model consists of a shunt nonlinear resistance–capacitance (J(V)–C(V)) circuit and a series resistance–inductance (R–L) circuit. Through linear dispersion analysis, two features of the network are found, that is, low bandpass and bandpass filter characteristics. The effects of the conductance’s parameter λ on the linear dispersion curve are also analyzed. It appears that an increase of λ induces a decrease (an increase) of the width of the bandpass filter for positive (negative) values of λ. By applying the reductive perturbation method, we derive the equation governing the dynamics of the modulated waves in the system. This equation is the well-known nonlinear Schrödinger equation extended by a linear term proportional to a hybrid parameter σ, i.e., a dissipation or amplification coefficient. Based on this parameter, we successfully demonstrate the hybrid behavior (dissipation and amplification) of the system. The exact and approximate solitary wave solutions of the obtained equation are derived, and the effects of the coefficient σ on the characteristic parameters of these waves are investigated. Using the analytical solutions found, we show numerically that the waves that are propagated throughout the system can be dissipated, amplified, or remain stable depending on the network parameters. These results are not only in agreement with the analytical predictions, but also with the existing experimental results in the literature.

Desain Closed-Loop Boost Converter Berbasis Voltage Lift Cell Untuk Implementasi Penguat Tegangan

In this new era the use of Photovoltaic (PV) is increasingly being used as an energy source. However, this technology has a drawback, namely, the intensity of the sun's light is always changing every time. This can cause the output voltage of the Photovoltaic (PV) Cell to be variable or indeterminate. In the Photovoltaic (PV) Cell, a dc-dc converter circuit is needed which functions to regulate and change the output of the Photovoltaic (PV) Cell. Conventional DC-DC boost converters are unable to provide a high step-up voltage boost due to the effects of switching power, rectifier diodes, and equivalent series resistance of inductors and capacitors. In this study, a closed loop design using a PID controller and analysis of a non-isolated boost dc-dc converter based voltage lift technique were carried out to achieve a high step-up voltage gain. In the presented converter two inductors, three capacitors and three power diodes are used. From this structure, this converter is referred to as a voltage lift cell-based boost converter. The structure of the presented converter is considered very simple, since it has only two stages of power. The voltage and current equations of each element with the converter voltage gain under continuous conduction mode (CCM) were extracted. In addition, the steady state analysis of the amplified stress and boundary conditions is discussed in this study. This boost converter circuit is simulated through the PSIM application. From the simulation results in the PSIM application, it is found that the boost converter circuit is able to increase the voltage from 100 V to 400 V and has an error value of 0. The specifications of the simulation results are a duty cycle of 0.6, and a frequency of 10,000 Hz.

Power quality improvement in single-phase transformerless semi-quasi-Z-source inverters for off-grid photovoltaic systems

The transformerless single-phase semi-quasi-Z-source inverter (SqZSI) provides several advantages over classical PWM converters. Reduced or eliminated leakage current, high power density, and low cost are important features making this topology an attractive choice for PV micro-inverter applications. Two drawbacks of this topology are DC and second harmonic injection in the output AC port, which in some cases prevent the fulfillment of standard requirements. To alleviate this power quality issue, four novel harmonic mitigation algorithms based on PI and PR controllers are proposed, analyzed, and experimentally verified with the 90 W SqZSI in this paper. Moreover, a modified modulation reference waveform strategy is introduced. Consequently, the converter performance, in terms of total harmonic distortion (THDV) is achieved at about 1.27% under full power load. Also, in this paper, the non-ideal state-space model of the SqZSI with the effect of the equivalent series resistance of inductors is developed and the generation origin of DC and second harmonic component is analyzed based on the obtained model. The achieved results confirms the significant THD reduction by more than 75%, the DC component suppression, the second harmonic mitigation, and the power quality improvement.

Desain Closed-Loop Boost Converter Berbasis Voltage Lift Cell Untuk Implementasi Penguat Tegangan

In this new era the use of Photovoltaic (PV) is increasingly being used as an energy source. However, this technology has a drawback, namely, the intensity of the sun's light is always changing every time. This can cause the output voltage of the Photovoltaic (PV) Cell to be variable or indeterminate. In the Photovoltaic (PV) Cell, a dc-dc converter circuit is needed which functions to regulate and change the output of the Photovoltaic (PV) Cell. Conventional DC-DC boost converters are unable to provide a high step-up voltage boost due to the effects of switching power, rectifier diodes, and equivalent series resistance of inductors and capacitors. In this study, a closed loop design using a PID controller and analysis of a non-isolated boost dc-dc converter based voltage lift technique were carried out to achieve a high step-up voltage gain. In the presented converter two inductors, three capacitors and three power diodes are used. From this structure, this converter is referred to as a voltage lift cell-based boost converter. The structure of the presented converter is considered very simple, since it has only two stages of power. The voltage and current equations of each element with the converter voltage gain under continuous conduction mode (CCM) were extracted. In addition, the steady state analysis of the amplified stress and boundary conditions is discussed in this study. This boost converter circuit is simulated through the PSIM application. From the simulation results in the PSIM application, it is found that the boost converter circuit is able to increase the voltage from 100 V to 400 V and has an error value of 0. The specifications of the simulation results are a duty cycle of 0.6, and a frequency of 10,000 Hz

Load Estimation for Induction Heating Cookers Based on Series RLC Natural Resonant Current

In domestic induction heating applications, cookware can be considered an equivalent load in a series resistor–inductor–capacitor resonant converter. Therefore, the electrical parameters of an equivalent circuit change according to the cookware material, size and the cookware position on the heating coil. This study proposes an online estimation method for detecting the cookware status, determining the material and estimating the equivalent heating resistance of cookware on an induction heating cooker (IHC) for power control. The proposed method could turn off the circuit in abnormal situations such as low equivalent heating coverage rate or non-ferromagnetic cookware and adjust the power in normal situations. In the method, a half-bridge series resonant converter (HBSRC) generates two test patterns with three resonant voltage pulses to detect cookware every 10 ms, only the current feedback information is needed to avoid the calculation loads and times necessary for complex signal operations in software. To verify the proposed method, a digital signal processor based HBSRC with 1000 W was constructed. The maximum errors between the estimated and measured resistance and inductance were 7.14% and 2.91%, respectively. Moreover, power control in emulated user operation reveal that the proposed method and control system can effectively estimate load online to detect cookware status and determine whether to turn off or vary the heating power for an IHC.

Simultaneous Measurements in Shape Memory Alloy Springs to Enable Structural Health Monitoring by Self-Sensing Actuation

The vital sensing parameter on self-sensing actuation in the spring form of shape memory alloy (SMA) is determined through experimental analysis. A unique measurement technique is adopted that interlinks the electro–thermo–mechano features during the shape memory effect in NiTi, NiTiCu, and NiTiFe springs. The influence of the spring index, the number of active turns, material composition, and transition temperature is assessed. SMA spring’s effective functional behavior to be used as an actuator and or a sensor is ensured via the measurement of electrical parameters—the resistance, inductance, and impedance variations revealed during the solid–solid phase change, i.e., displacement. However, the spring form of SMA would exhibit variation in inductance and a variation in electrical resistance, which in turn is considered a variation in the electrical impedance, which may also be appropriate sensing information. The thermo-mechanical and thermo-electrical measurements are synchronized using an impedance analyzer and data acquisition module with a specific programming technique. The active spring is equivalently a series resistance–inductance circuit, since the collective effect of a decrease in resistance and increase in inductance with an increase in temperature offers increased $$\frac{L}{R}$$ and vice versa to support structural health monitoring.

Scaling-Factor and Design Guidelines for Shielded-Capacitive Power Transfer

This paper introduces scaling-factor and design guidelines for shielded-capacitive power transfer (shielded-CPT) systems, offering a simplified design process, coupling-structure optimization, and consideration of safety. A novel scaling-factor-analysis method is proposed by determining the configuration of the coupling structure that improves system safety and increases operating efficiency while minimizing the gap between the shield and the coupler plate. The inductor-series resistance is also analyzed to study the loss efficiency in the shielded-CPT system. The relationship among the shield-coupler gap, distance between the couplers, conductive-plate size, and delivered power is examined and presented. The proposed method is validated by implementing the shielded-CPT system with hardware and the result suggests that the proposed method can be used to design shielded-CPT systems with scaling-factor and safety considerations.

Protection of low‐voltage DC microgrid based on series R–L–C equivalent circuit utilising local measurements

The adoption of low-voltage DC microgrid at a large scale is hindered by the lack of an effective protection scheme. This work proposes a dedicated protection scheme based on multi-threshold current values, which enhances the security of the system by avoiding the risk of false tripping. This is achieved in a few milliseconds without losing the deadline of critical fault clearing time post, which the voltage sources converter interfaced power sources may get disrupted leading to de-energisation of the system. The algorithm relies upon the transient response of the series resistor–inductor–capacitor (R–L–C) equivalent circuit having initially charged filter capacitors. The threshold values of the fault current for each protection device at every network node are set locally by considering the weakest fault criterion. The extensive simulation study has been performed on MATLAB/Simulink for validating the reliability of the proposed algorithm under heavy load transient, at different fault locations, and with high fault resistance.

Design and analysis of floating inductance simulators using VDDDAs and their applications

This contribution introduces the design of new electronically controllable floating inductance simulators including lossless inductor, parallel resistor-inductor and series resistor-inductor circuits. The proposed simulators consist of two voltage differencing differential difference amplifiers (VDDDAs) as active function block with one resistor and one grounded capacitor. For real practical test and cheap cost, the VDDDA employed in this paper is constructed from commercially available ICs. The proposed active inductors don’t require any critical matching condition of passive element. If second port of the proposed inductors is assigned as output voltage, it can be simply adapted to achieve low impedance output voltage node with unity or double gain amplifier which is beneficial feature. Moreover, the third order low-pass and fourth order band-pass ladder filters are designed using proposed simulators. Low impedance output voltage node and double output voltage gain of ladder filters with electronic controllability of pass-band frequency are obtained. The performances of the presented simulator circuits and ladder filters are tested by Pspice simulation and experiment using VDDDA constructed from ICs, AD830 and LM13700. The simulation and experimental results confirm with theoretical behavior. Moreover, the recommended design for chip implementation to reduce number of VDDDA is included. The recommended lossless inductor, parallel resistor-inductor and series resistor-inductor circuits consist of single VDDDA which contains plus and minus z terminals along with single resistor and single grounded capacitor.

Improved Integral Sliding Mode Control Scheme for Inverter-Based Four-Wire Autonomous Power Supply Units

Connecting renewable energy-based distributed generations (DGs) through a DC-Link can create autonomous power supply units (APSUs). Three phase four-leg inverter is a beneficial solution to supply unbalanced loads which is inevitable in a typical APSU. The four-leg inverter can provide sinusoidal-shaped voltages but a high performance control method should be used. Sliding mode control (SMC) is a well-known non-linear control method with high robustness, high stability in a wide range of operation and fast dynamic response. However, it mainly suffers from high chattering problem, variable switching frequency and steady-state error which deteriorate all the previous advantages. In this paper, first, detailed model of the four-leg inverter in the abc reference frame considering the inductor series resistance is derived. Second, a high performance SMC method with zero steady-state error, fixed switching frequency and considerably reduced chattering voltage is proposed to control the output voltage of the four-leg inverter. The proposed method guarantees fast dynamic response and high robustness against model parameter mismatches and load variations. Finally, an improved SMC is also proposed to attenuate the chattering problem more effectively. Several experimental results on a 3-kW test bench are presented to verify the superior performance of the proposed methods.

Design and evaluation of a shunted flexible piezoelectric damper for vibration control of cable structures

In this work a shunted flexible piezoelectric damping system is designed and numerically evaluated for the purpose of vibration attenuation of large deployable space cable structures. We propose a design of a tube-shaped flexible piezoelectric energy absorber consisting of multilayered PVDF sectors, which could be shunted with two types of passive electric circuits, i.e. the series resistance-inductance (LR) shunt and the series resistance-negative capacitance (NC-R) shunt. The compatible stiffness of the PVDF tube ensures an effective transformation of deformation from the vibrating cable to the energy absorber. For best performance we carried out optimization on the geometric parameters of the PVDF tube. By analysis we found that the optimal thickness of the PVDF tube is roughly 0.4 times of the inner tube radius. We optimized the shunt circuits and selected the appropriate distribution position of the damper in the flexible cable structures. The performance of the design was numerically evaluated based on three problems, namely the longitudinal vibration of a single-cable structure, the transverse vibration of a single-cable structure and the vibration of a cross-cable structure. Based on the results, we confirm the remarkable performance of the design. Being highly frequency dependent, the design with the LR shunt only works for one deformation mode at a time, e.g. bending or stretching. In contrast, the design with the NC-R shunt works for both modes as it has a much wider frequency band. The design with the LR shunt has better performance than the NC-R shunt when dealing with the stretching deformation mode only. For vibration with combined stretching and bending, however, the performance of both designs is equally good. This is because the NC-R shunt can work for both deformation modes simultaneously, and hence it shows great adaptability and application potential in vibration control of complex flexible space structures.

Nonlinear Analysis of the Tristable Energy Harvester with a Resonant Circuit for Performance Enhancement

The tristable energy harvesters (TEH) can achieve broadband energy harvesting performance from low frequency and low level excitations. Previous studies mainly focused on the tristable energy harvesting structure that is connected to a pure resistor. This paper presents an enhanced TEH with a series resistor-inductor resonant (RL) circuit connected to the piezoelectric layers. The influence of the resonant frequency of the circuit, the excitation level, and equilibrium positions on dynamic responses is analyzed using modern methods of nonlinear dynamics. The results demonstrate that the proposed TEH undergoes the periodic and chaotic motions alternatively along with the increase of the resonant frequency of the RL circuit. Furthermore, the TEH with a RL circuit dramatically enhances the energy harvesting efficiency, and simultaneously slightly decreases the vibration response. The presented TEH with a RL circuit will open a new page in the nonlinear energy harvesting technology.

A Disturbance-Free Built-In Self-Test and Diagnosis Technique for DC-DC Converters

Complex electronic systems include multiple power domains and drastically varying dynamic power consumption patterns, requiring the use of multiple power conversion and regulation units. High-frequency switching converters have been gaining prominence in the DC-DC converter market due to their high efficiency and smaller form factor. Unfortunately, they are also subject to higher process variations, and faster in-field degradation, jeopardizing stable operation of the power supply. This article presents a technique to track changes in the dynamic loop characteristics of DC-DC converters without disturbing the normal mode of operation using a white noise–based excitation and correlation. Using multiple points for injection and analysis, we show that the degraded part can be diagnosed to take remedial action. White noise excitation is generated via a pseudo-random disturbance at reference, load current, and pulse-width modulation (PWM) nodes of the converter with the test signal energy being spread over a wide bandwidth, without significantly affecting the converter noise and ripple floor. The impulse response is extracted by correlating the random input sequence with the disturbed output generated. Test signal analysis is achieved by correlating the pseudo-random input sequence with the output response and thereby accumulating the desired behavior over time and pulling it above the noise floor of the measurement set-up. An off-the-shelf power converter, LM27402, is used as the device-under-test (DUT) for experimental verification. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can estimate converter natural frequency and quality factor ( Q -factor) within ±2.5% and ±0.7% error margin respectively, over changes in load inductance and capacitance. For the diagnosis purpose, a measure of inductor's DC resistance (DCR) value, which is the inductor's series resistance and indicative of the degradation in inductor's Q -factor, is estimated within less than ±1.6% error margin.

Fast power–frequency function estimation for induction heating appliances

Induction heating appliances use control algorithms to regulate the power delivered to the vessel in a wide range [50 W–3.5 kW]. Switching frequency is commonly used to control the delivered power, hence an accurate identification of the power–frequency function would be useful, especially in multiple-output power converters. However, this function exhibits a severe variability due to temperature or vessel-inductor geometrical alignment, what reduces the performance of the open-loop control strategies. A method is presented to estimate the power–frequency function in just half a period of the utility voltage. The method packs several switching frequencies in the short identification period. The load is modelled as an equivalent series resistance–inductance, where both parameters vary linearly with respect to the switching frequency. The method is able to safely estimate the function using only switching frequencies well above resonance, but crucially, it is able to extrapolate accurately the delivered power levels even close to resonance.

An educational laboratory virtual instrumentation suite assisted experiment for studying fundamentals of series resistance–inductance–capacitance circuit

ABSTRACTOne of the most elementary concepts in freshmen Electrical Engineering subject comprises the Resistance–Inductance–Capacitance (RLC) circuit fundamentals, that is, their time and frequency domain responses. For a beginner, generally, it is difficult to understand and appreciate the step and the frequency responses, particularly the resonance. This paper proposes a student-friendly teaching and learning approach by inculcating the multifaceted versatile software LabVIEWTM along with the educational laboratory virtual instrumentation suite hardware, for studying the RLC circuit time and frequency domain responses. The proposed approach has offered an interactive laboratory experiment where students can model circuits in simulation and hardware circuits on prototype board, and then compare their performances. The theoretical simulations and the obtained experimental data are found to be in very close agreement, thereby enhancing the conviction of students. Finally, the proposed methodology was also subjected to the assessment of learning outcomes based on student feedback, and an average score of 8.05 out of 10 with a standard deviation of 0.471 was received, indicating the overall satisfaction of the students.

An improved low-voltage ride-through performance of DFIG based wind plant using stator dynamic composite fault current limiter

In this paper, an enhanced low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) performance of a grid connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) has been presented with the usage of stator dynamic composite fault current limiter (SDCFCL). This protection circuit comprises of a suitable series resistor–inductor combination and parallel bidirectional semiconductor switch. The SDCFCL facilitates double benefits such as reduction of rotor induced open circuit voltage due to increased value of stator total inductance and concurrent increase of rotor impedance. Both effects will limit rotor circuit over current and over voltage situation more secured way in comparison to the conventional scheme like the dynamic rotor current limiter (RCL) during any type of fault situation. The proposed concept is validated through the simulation study of the grid integrated 2.0MW DFIG.

Screen printed passive components for flexible power electronics.

Additive and low-temperature printing processes enable the integration of diverse electronic devices, both power-supplying and power-consuming, on flexible substrates at low cost. Production of a complete electronic system from these devices, however, often requires power electronics to convert between the various operating voltages of the devices. Passive components—inductors, capacitors, and resistors—perform functions such as filtering, short-term energy storage, and voltage measurement, which are vital in power electronics and many other applications. In this paper, we present screen-printed inductors, capacitors, resistors and an RLC circuit on flexible plastic substrates, and report on the design process for minimization of inductor series resistance that enables their use in power electronics. Printed inductors and resistors are then incorporated into a step-up voltage regulator circuit. Organic light-emitting diodes and a flexible lithium ion battery are fabricated and the voltage regulator is used to power the diodes from the battery, demonstrating the potential of printed passive components to replace conventional surface-mount components in a DC-DC converter application.

Adaptive control for the boost converter with inductor resistance

The inductor series resistance may lead to large steady-state errors at the output of the boost converter if it is not accounted for in the design of the controller and in the stability analysis of the closed-loop systems. In this letter, a controller that relies only on output voltage measurements, with an easily tunable parameter, is designed for the boost converter. The controller guarantees a tight asymptotic regulation of the output voltage despite load variations and the presence of the parasitic inductor resistance. The stability analysis taking into account the inductor resistance is carried out within the framework of the highly nonlinear closed-loop system. The robustness of this controller is validated by computer simulations and experimental tests.

A High Gain, Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Ultra-Wideband Wireless Systems

This paper presents a high gain, low-power common-gate ultra-wideband low-noise amplifier employing a simple configuration for wideband input matching. In our design, a series resistance-inductance network at the source combines with the parasitic capacitance of a transistor to form a parallel RLC input matching configuration in the common-gate input stage. Because of the additional resistance, this matching configuration partially alleviates the restriction of transconductance of the input transistor and also provides wideband matching. The low-noise amplifier was fabricated using the TSMC 0.18 $$\mu $$ μ m technology with an average noise figure of 3.75 dB, a power gain of 18.68 dB with a ripple of $$\pm $$ ± 0.8 dB, an input return loss less than $$-10$$ - 10 dB from 3 to 7.6 GHz, and DC power consumption of 8.56 mW, including the output buffer with a 1.8 V supply voltage.

Transformerless DC–DC Converters With High Step-Up Voltage Gain

Conventional dc-dc boost converters are unable to provide high step-up voltage gains due to the effect of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series resistance of inductors and capacitors. This paper proposes transformerless dc-dc converters to achieve high step-up voltage gain without an extremely high duty ratio. In the proposed converters, two inductors with the same level of inductance are charged in parallel during the switch-on period and are discharged in series during the switch-off period. The structures of the proposed converters are very simple. Only one power stage is used. Moreover, the steady-state analyses of voltage gains and boundary operating conditions are discussed in detail. Finally, a prototype circuit is implemented in the laboratory to verify the performance.