Environmental and energy issues draw considerable attentions in the modern society. One of the options to simultaneously solve these issues can be a wastewater fuel cell to recover energy during wastewater treatment. The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) has been tackled to enhance the energy efficiency of electrochemical hydrogen production and/or fuel cell utilizing urea, an abundant nitrogenous pollutant in human (livestock) wastes, as an electron donor. In spite of the significant progresses on a direct urea fuel cell (DUFC), various problems were reported for real wastewater, in relation to the membrane fouling to hamper practical applications from urine. To this end, this study proposes a single chamber DUFC employing Ni-Cl as an anode, CuO/CN as a cathode, and peroxydisulfate (PDS) as an electron accepter. An ideal utilization of PDS should increase the open circuit voltage than O2, while catalytically activated PDS can eliminate aqueous pollutants (including urea) for urine treatment. The Ni-Cl anode was prepared by a simple HCl etching of Ni foam, enhancing the UOR activity compared to the mother foam. The CuO/CN cathode was prepared by a sequential electrodeposition and hydrothermal treatment. This presentation focuses on an enhanced catalytic activity of direct/indirect PDS reduction on the Ni-Cl and CuO/CN, as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and constant load discharge of a single chamber urea/PDS fuel cell. In particular, this study interrogated the mechanism of urea oxidation in the single-chamber DUFC in comparison with a chemical PDS activation system. A proto-type single chamber fuel cell marked a maximum power density of 1.8 mW cm-2 with 0.3 M urea, to open a new era of urine fuel cell without usage of membrane and precious element catalysts.
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