Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism Molecular Markers Research Articles

Genetic Diversity and Structure of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Populations in Central and Northern Romania Revealed by SRAP Markers

The genetic variability of five populations of Quercus petraea originating from the Transylvania and Maramureș regions of Romania was investigated in this study to provide insights into the species’ adaptability, population dynamics, and potential for preservation in the face of environmental challenges. To achieve this, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, in conjunction with a set of 18 primer combinations, were employed. The outcomes of the analysis revealed a range of polymorphisms spanning from 69.78% to 85.75%. Additionally, the assessment of genetic diversity using Shannon’s information index (I) yielded values ranging between 0.2887 and 0.3955, while Nei’s gene diversity (He) exhibited a spectrum from 0.1833 to 0.2582. The analysis of genetic variability, conducted via molecular variance (AMOVA), unveiled that 9% of the genetic variation was attributable to differences among the populations, while a substantial 91% resided within the populations. A further investigation of the population structure revealed that the construction of a UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distances elucidated the presence of two principal genetic clusters, a finding that was reinforced by a Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA). The genetic diversity revealed by Quercus petraea using SRAP molecular markers offers promising potential for upcoming breeding programs to identify optimal genitors, facilitating the development of well-adapted oak populations in the Transylvania and Maramureș regions.

Development of SRAP markers to evaluate the genetic variability in Brachypodium distachyon complex

ABSTRACT Brachypodium distachyon has been accepted as a model grass species for genetics and molecular genomics in cereals since 2001. However, the genetic variability present in Brachypodium spp. continue being the aim of many research. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyze the genetic variability present in different Brachypodium spp. from different countries and to find different open reading frames (ORFs) among them by using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. In our study, a total of 12 Brachypodium spp. accessions were selected from different countries. By using SRAP markers, the genetic variability was evaluated and some fragments were sequenced to obtain differential ORF information among genotypes. SRAP molecular markers revealed high variability among accessions being USA the accession that showed the most variability at the DNA level. The analysis of sequenced SRAP fragments from monomorphic and polymorphic fragments as well as those obtained from new primer combinations targeted coding regions into B. distachyon available genome. SRAP molecular marker showed not only to be an excellent tool for Brachypodium variability studies but also to provide additional information about differential amplification of open reading frames.

Genetic diversity analysis and potential suitable habitat of Chuanminshen violaceum for climate change

To provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of C. violaceum, we correctly identified the different germplasm resources and obtained excellent germplasm resources. In this study, MaxEnt was used to predict the distribution range of C. violaceum in China under current and future climate scenarios and explain the impact of environmental variables on its distribution. An SRAP (sequence-related amplified polymorphism) molecular marker was used to analyse the genetic diversity of the plant. The results showed the areas of the total, most, moderately and poorly suitable habitats of C. violaceum were 69.93 × 104 km2, 7.77 × 104 km2, 12.68 × 104 km2 and 49.49 × 104 km2, respectively. The most suitable habitat was concentrated in central and eastern Sichuan, and scattered in Chongqing and Hubei. Under SS1–2.6, SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5 scenarios in 2050s and 2090s, the area of the most suitable habitat would decrease by 25.13%–34.88%. The centroid of the most suitable habitat would move to the west by 45.44 km (SSP1–2.6), 42.15 km (SSP2–4.5) and 37.72 km (SSP5–8.5) in the future. Annual precipitation (bio12), minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), precipitation of coldest quarter (bio19), temperature annual range (bio7), elevation (El) and mean UV-B of highest month (UV-B3) were identified as the dominant environmental variables related to the distribution of C. violaceum. A total of 374 bands were amplified by 37 primer pairs, of which 283 bands were polymorphic, and the polymorphic percentage was 75.67%. The analysis of molecular variance showed higher percentages of genetic variation within the population. All the accessions could be distinguished by SRAP markers. The cluster analysis results showed that 63 accessions were classified into 7 groups, which were correlated with the geographical distribution of the accessions to some degree. The accessions from Langzhong and Qingbaijiang had higher diversity. These results suggest that strategic transplantation of C. violaceum from particular geographic locations could help make the species more resilient to climate change and slow the contraction of the species' distribution.

The efficiency of SCoT, ISSR, and SRAP markers for detecting genetic polymorphism among Egyptian barley genotypes

The results of the present study support the idea that, the tested Egyptian barley cultivars could make a useful case study for genetic diversity research. When those cultivars were examined using three distinct markers (codon targeted (SCoT), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR)). According to SRAP, ISSR, and SCoT analyses, respectively 85, 76, and 66 polymorphism percentages among the seven tested barley cultivars were detected. The genotype specific markers for each genotype used were determined. The data revealed that Giza127 had the highest number of unique markers, showing six specific SCoT markers, three specific SRAP markers, and one specific ISSR marker. The genetic relationships between the seven Egyptian barley cultivars are explained by the phylogenetic tree built using information gathered from various molecular markers. These gene-based molecular markers demonstrated the reliability of SCoT, ISSR, and SRAP molecular markers for identifying DNA polymorphism levels and genetic relationships in barley.

Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) Markers Based Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the key vegetable oil yielded crop and widely distributed in the southern region of China. The present study aimed at analyzing the genetic diversity and population structure of 223 oil palm accessions collected from four provinces of China by using the sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. A set of 33 SRAP molecular markers were employed to analyze genetic diversity as well as population structure across 223 oil palm accessions. Out of 514 amplified bands, 487 (94.75%) bands were found to be polymorphic. The PIC value (polymorphic information content) of detected bands was from 0.38 to 0.51, with 0.46 of average. The STRUCTURE analysis categorized the 223 oil palm accessions into three subpopulations. The UPGMA based clustering classified them into three major clusters. The correlation between the population subdivisions and the genetic relationships among oil palm accessions was revealed by UPGMA and Bayesian STRUCTURE analyses. The principal coordinate analysis also confirmed a similar grouping of accessions as revealed by the UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis. AMOVA analysis also revealed the variance of 24% among subpopulations and 76% within subpopulations. The present investigation provided valuable information on population structure and genetic diversity of oil palm populations in China for molecular breeding research in oil palm.

Genetic diversity analysis of phenotypic character and SRAP molecular markers in 45 tree peony cultivars

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is a famous ornamental flowering species and favorite of people all over the world. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 12 phenotypic characters and 11 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers was analyzed using the SPSS software in 45 tree peony cultivars. (1) Morphological-clustering results showed that 45 cultivars were classified into three groups: Group 1 includes 21 Central Plains cultivars, group 2 includes four Japanese cultivars and six Central Plains cultivars, and group 3 includes five Paeonia rockii T. Hong et J. J. Li cultivars, 8 Central Plains cultivars and one Japanese cultivar. (2) SRAP molecular markers analysis results showed that the 45 tree peony cultivars were divided into three groups, and five P. rockii cultivars clustered together as a group. ‘Dou Lv’ was independent group. Thirty-four Central Plains cultivars and five Japanese introduced cultivars clustered into a class were divided into four subgroups. The origin of the initial species of Japanese cultivars was Central Plains in China. (3) The analysis results by two classification methods evidently indicates that the SPAR molecular marker clustering presented the more exact and reliable genetic relationship, and both the external morphological characteristics and molecular marker clustering analysis combined was benefit for clear the germplasm resources diversity of tree peony cultivars and breeding improved varieties. SRAP molecular markers analysis results provided more details about tree peony genetic diversity and phyletic evolution than morphological-clustering results.

Genetic diversity of Acer pseudoplatanus L. populations from Transylvania

Acer pseudoplatanus L. is a species with high adaptability, widespread across the Carpathian Mountains, at altitudes from 700 to 1600 m. Due to this fact, this may be encountered into stands situated in diverse climatic conditions. In order to determine the genetic variability of forest genetic resources for in situ conservation purposes, five populations of A. pseudoplatanus with different geographic provenances were examined through sequence-related amplified polymorphism molecular marker technique. A total of 75 individuals originated from natural stands with an important role for forest seeds reserves were evaluated in terms of genetic diversity indices. Out of 20 primer combinations tested, eight presented high grades of polymorphism and clearly visible bands. Shannon’s information index was situated between 0.331 (Bistriţa) and 0.435 (Cluj) with an average of 0.3963. The mean value of Nei’s gene diversity was 0.259, and a low level of genetic differentiations between populations was calculated (Gst 0.1139). Cluster analysis of the genetic distances indicates two groups with a genetic distance of 0.65. Three-dimensional plot with eigenvectors of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the five provenances was constructed, and the PCoA results confirmed the number of UPGMA clusters. The result of Mantel test indicates no significant correlation between the geographic distances and the genetic distances.

The potential use of methyl jasmonate, putrescine and cold atmospheric plasma on genetic variability and seedling growth improvement in medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus L. cultivar

Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) as a medicinal plant produces more than 100 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. In present study, six groups including; control, Cold atmospheric plasma, methyl jasmonate hormone, putrecsine, combination of methyl jasmonate and cold plasma, and putrecsine and cold plasma treated plants were studied. Seed germination, morphological traits, catalase and peroxidase enzyme activities and amount of total alkaline were investigated in treated plants. Genetic variation of treated and control plants were evaluated by 21 coding targeted markers; Sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and Target related amplified polymorphism (TRAP). Cold plasma + putrescine treated plants showed highest amount of stem length as well as leaf length and wide size. Peroxidase and catalase activities were significantly increased in treated plants of putrescine + cold plasma and methyl jasmonate treated plants respectively. Total alkaline was significantly higher in treated plants of putrescine, and putrescine + cold plasma. In both TRAP and SRAP molecular markers, treatments of methyl jasmonate + plasma and putrescine + cold plasma had the highest level of genetic polymorphism and both markers showed moderate discriminating power to differentiate plants treated from each other. The putrescine + cold plasma is one of the best treatments for improved germination rate and seedling growth as well as enzyme activity and amount of alkaloid in C. roseus plants as well as higher genetic variation.

Genetic diversity analysis based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) reveals the genetic background of Xinan tree peony group cultivars from different geographical provenances

The Xinan tree peony cultivar group, one of four Chinese peony cultivar groups, is distributed sparsely throughout Southwest China. This study aimed to characterize its genetic diversity and its genetic relationships with other peony groups. A total of 96 specimens from seven groups of different geographical provenances were collected and their genetic similarity was analyzed based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism molecular markers. Twenty primer pairs were selected to detect DNA polymorphisms. A total of 868 bands were generated with an average of 43.4 bands per primer pair and 98.39% polymorphic ratio. The genetic similarity coefficient varied from 0.5081 to 0.9173. The closest phylogenetic relationship was found between hybrids 2 and 3 of Paeonia rockii, while the farthest genetic relationship was between P. lutea and P. suffruticosa ‘Bangningzi’. Among the 20 Xinan samples the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.6351 to 0.8710, revealing slight genetic variation. The 96 cultivars clustered into five branches at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.6419. The results revealed that the Xinan group has a closer relationship with Japanese, French and American groups. Additionally, these results show that the phylogenetic relationships of different tree peony germplasms correspond to their origins and are primarily related with flower color.

Molecular diversity assessment of a world collection of safflower genotypes by SRAP and SCoT molecularmarkers.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is considered as an oil crop that is rich in medicinal and industrial properties. In this study, the genetic diversity of safflower was assessed using 12 polymorphic sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAPs) and 11 polymorphic start codon targeted (SCoT) markers in 100 genotypes of safflower gathered from different geographical regions of the world. The 23 primers generated a total of 227 polymorphism fragments with a mean of 68.2% within the range of 3 (SCoT 31 and SCoT35) to 13 (SCoT35) bands per primer. Polymorphism per primer ranged between 100% (in Me4-Em1) and 18.1% (in SCoT19), with an average of 36.76%. The polymorphism information contents of the SRAP and SCoT markers were 0.35 and 0.30, respectively, indicating that SRAP markers were more effective than SCoT markers for assessing the degree of genetic diversity of the safflower. The results of the analysis of molecular variance showed a significant difference across cultivated safflower genotypes possessing a high intra-population variation. The examined accessions were categorized into five clusters based on similarity centers: the Middle East containing Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Tajikistan; the Far East, including India, Pakistan, and Korea; Europe; the American continent; and Africa, including Egypt, Sudan and Libya. The present study shows the effectiveness of employing the mixture of SRAP and SCoT markers in the identification of safflower genetic diversity that would be useful for conservation and population genetics of safflower improvement in further studies.

Analysis of genetic relations and evaluation of medicinal value among Hedera plants in China by sequence related amplified polymorphism markers and high performance liquid chromatography detection

Hedera plants are ornamental vines which are regarded as traditional medicinal plants. These plants are widely cultivated worldwide; moreover, new species and varieties have been discovered. For the first time, molecular markers based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) were used in this study to classify species and to analyse the genetic relationship of 21 Hedera plant varieties which are commonly cultivated in China. We also employed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the medicinal value of these plants by measuring their hederacoside C contents. Results of SRAP–PCR and cluster analyses show that the SRAP molecular markers can successfully be applied in Hedera plants and are available. In addition, HPLC detection results indicate that the Chinese wild species in group I contain less than 30 mg/g hederacoside C and do not comply with the European Pharmacopoeia standards. By contrast, groups II and III exhibit high medicinal value and accord with these standards.

Identification of Sex Related SRAP Molecular Marker in Humulus scandens

Humulus scandens is a model material for studying the molecular mechamisms of sex differentiation in dioecious plants.We used SRAP(sequence related amplified polymorphism) to screen male or female specific fragments in H.scandensby using male and female gene pool as template.Fifty pairs of primers showed a good amplification pattern after screening 256 pairs of primers.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis amplification patterns of SRAP showed that 671 bands were amplified using 50 primer combinations,of which 247 bands were polymorphic and the polymorphic ratio is 36.81%.With five single male plants and five single female plants as materials,we validated the amplification patterns of primer combinations me15 +em11,me14 +em16,me13 +em12 and me7 + em10 again by agarose gel electrophoresis.Although the amplification patterns were more or less different between polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and agarose gel electrophoresis,male or female specific bands were relatively stable.If cloning,sequencing and chromosomal locating the obtained sex-related DNA sequences on chromosome of H.scandens by using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique,it will be contributed to studying the molecular mechanisms of sex chromosome evolution in H.scandens.

Genetic diversity in intraspecific hybrid populations of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver evaluated from ISSR and SRAP molecular marker analysis.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, the only extant species of Eucommiaceae, is a second-category state-protected endangered plant in China. Evaluation of genetic diversity among some intraspecific hybrid populations of E. ulmoides Oliver is vital for breeding programs and further conservation of this rare species. We studied the genetic diversity of 130 accessions from 13 E. ulmoides intraspecific hybrid populations using inter-simple sequence related (ISSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Of the 100 ISSR primers and 100 SRAP primer combinations screened, eight ISSRs and eight SRAPs were used to evaluate the level of polymorphism and discriminating capacity. A total number of 65 bands were amplified using eight ISSR primers, in which 50 bands (76.9%) were polymorphic, with an average of 8.1 polymorphic fragments per primer. Alternatively, another 244 bands were observed using eight SRAP primer combinations, and 163 (66.8%) of them were polymorphic, with an average of 30.5 polymorphic fragments per primer. The unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA) analysis showed that these 13 populations could be classified into three groups by the ISSR marker and two groups by the SRAP marker. Principal coordinate analysis using SRAP was completely identical to the UPGMA-based clustering, although this was partly confirmed by the results of UPGMA cluster analysis using the ISSR marker. This study provides insights into the genetic background of E. ulmoides intraspecific hybrids. The progenies of the variations "Huazhong-3", "big fruit", "Yanci", and "smooth bark" present high genetic diversity and offer great potential for E. ulmoides breeding and conservation.

Application of SRAP markers in the identification of Stylosanthes guianensis hybrids.

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) is a new molecular marker technology developed based on polymerase chain reaction. The authenticity of 84 progenies of 8 hybrid combinations of Stylosanthes guianensis was identified by SRAP markers to select the true hybrids used in the present study. A total of 35 SRAP primer combinations were selected from the parents of 8 hybrid combinations. The selected polymorphism primer combinations were applied to identify the authenticity of all progenies. The male parents of the primer combinations had specific markers, whereas the female parents did not. 68 progenies exhibited male parent-specific bands, which were identified as true hybrids. The rest of the progenies were considered self-hybrids because of the absence of male parent-specific bands. The results of hybrid identification provided solid evidence for further studies of hybrids and demonstrated SRAP molecular markers as a useful technology for assessing the purity of S. guianensis hybrids.

Genetic diversity and relationship of pummelo germplasms in Hunan province based on morphological traits and SRAP molecular markers

Germplasm resources is important material basis for plant genetic improvement,study on the genetic relationship and genetic diversity of pummelo germplasms are important for pummelo genetic improvement and new variety selection.In this paper,the genetic relationship and genetic diversity were studied based on morphological traits and the sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP) molecular markers.The main results were as follows: ① The results of cluster analysis based on morphological traits using SPSS 17.0 software showed that the pummelo germplasms tested in the experiment could be divided into 6 groups when the index of genetic similarity was 10.② The UPGMA result showed that the genetic similarity index among the 47 pummelo germplasms varied from 0.65 to 0.93,which could be divided into 7 groups when the genetic similarity index was 0.798.③ 319 SRAP bands were acquired by PCR and 275 out of them were polymorphic,it was approximately 16.2 polymorphic bands per SRAP primers.The diversity ratio and the gene diversity value was 86.52% and 0.724 3 respectively.④ Compared the results of cluster analysis based on morphological traits and SRAP remarker,one could find that the 47 pummelo germplasm could be easily classified into different groups either by morphological traits or by SRAP remarker,and most of the pummelo germplasms could be separated from each other by the acquired special polymorphic bands of SRAP.

An optimal SRAP-PCR system of Rhododendron hybridum and its genetic diversity analysis with SRAP marker

In order to find the optimal sequence-related amplified polymorphism（SRAP）-PCR system of Rhododendron hybridum and analyse its genetic diversity，the functional leaves of Rhododendron hybridum were used to extract its genome DNA，using an improved cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide（CTAB）method. Concentrations of Mg2+，Taq polymerase，dNTPs and primer, which maybe affect the SRAP-PCR reactions，were optimized by L16（44）orthogonal design experiments to establish the SRAP molecular marker system in Rhododendron hybridum. Then，an optimal, stable and repeatable SRAP-polymerase chain reaction（PCR）of 20.0 L containing 1.750 mmolL－1 Mg2+，0.175 mmolL－1 dNTPs，1.500 16.67 nkat Taq polymerase，and 0.200 molL－1 primer was established. Finally， genetic diversity and relationships of 24 Rhododendron hybridum cultivars were analyzed using an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean（UPGMA）cluster analysis with this optimized system. Results revealed 10 highly polymorphic and stable primer pairs selected from 88 pairs of SRAP primers with a total of 217 bands being detected from these 10 primer pairs. Of the detected bands，212 were polymorphic（a 97.35% average）having a genetic similarity coefficient ranging from 0.591 to 0.708. The cluster analysis divided the 24 cultivars into two groups at a 0.590 similarity level，and these were further delineated into two sub-groups at a 0.623 similarity level. These results demonstrated that this optimized SRAP-PCR system can be applied to cultivars identification and genetic diversity research on Rhododendron hybridum.［Ch，3 fig. 6 tab. 19 ref.］

Molecular insights of genetic variation in Erianthus arundinaceus populations native to China.

Background E. arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet is a warm-season, tall-growing perennial species native to much southern portion in China. The grass has been extensively used in sugarcane breeding and is recently targeted as a bioenergy feedstock crop. However, information on the genetic structure of the Chinese wild germplasm is limited. Knowledge of genetic variation within and among populations is essential for breeding new cultivars in the species. The major objective of this study was to quantify the magnitude of genetic variation among and within natural populations in China.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn this experiment, we analyzed genetic variation of 164 individuals of 18 populations collected from natural habitats in six Chinese provinces using 20 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primer pairs generating 277 polymorphic bands. Among and within the populations, the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 80.00% and 27.07%, genetic diversity (HE) was 0.245 and 0.099, effective number of alleles (NE) was 1.350 and 1.170, and Shannon's information index (I) was 0.340 and 0.147, respectively. The populations were clustered into six groups exhibiting a high level of genetic differentiation, which was highly associated with geographic origins of respective germplasm populations, but was not significantly associated with geographic distances between the populations.Conclusions/SignificanceThis is the first report indicating that large genetic variation exists in the Chinese E. arundinaceus germplasm based on the SRAP molecular marker analysis of native populations. The genetic structure of populations in the species has been substantially affected by geographic landforms and environments. The diverse collection will be highly valuable in genetic improvement in the species per se and likely in sugarcane.

Molecular characterization of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) accessions and their relatives using SSR and SRAP markers

Citrus production with its many varieties is of importance since it provides economically important products for Turkish exports. Sour orange is a rootstock commonly used for propagating the different scion varieties. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of the rootstock accessions would be useful in order to improve citrus breeding programs. We studied genetic relationships and diversity of 51 accessions of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and their relatives using SSR (simple sequence repeat) and SRAP (sequence-related amplified polymorphism) molecular markers. Twenty-one SRAP primer combinations were tested on these accessions and relatives, producing 167 polymorphic fragments, with a mean of 8.0 and a mean polymorphism information content value of 0.47. Seventeen SSR primers also produced 30 polymorphic fragments, with a mean of 1.4 per primer and a mean polymorphism information content value of 0.39. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average analysis using combined SSR and SRAP data showed a similarity range from 0.71 to 1.00 among the accessions. In the cluster analysis, sour orange relatives were indicated as a separate group from sour orange. 'Macrophylla' and 'Mexican lime' were the accessions most distinct (0.71) from the others. We conclude that genetic diversity in these sour orange accessions is lower and some of them were identical.

Population structure of Euodia rutaecarpa in China revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP)

In the present paper, experimental materials of 33 accessions representative of the Euodia rutaecarpa from four Chinese provinces were analyzed using the sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques, focusing on their molecular discrimination and the assessment of their genetic relatedness. For the analysis, we optimized 10 pairs of SRAP primers and 6 pairs of AFLP primers, (The software package NTSYS-pc 2.1 was applied to analyze the data matrix) and cluster analysis distributed samples into two clusters, one with E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis (Dode) Huang and the other with E. rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth by SRAP+AFLP markers in the same similarity coefficient of 0.53 (Genetic parameters also analyzed using POPGENE version 1.31). Genetic diversity in the species was detected with SRAP (H = 0.2260, I = 0.3341) and AFLP (H = 0.1665; I = 0.2518) markers. Genetic variability levels of E. rutaecarpa var.officinalis (Dode) Huang was higher than genetic variability levels of E. rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. Our study shown that both SRAP and AFLP molecular markers are in high efficiency in detecting the genetic diversity of E. rutaecarpa. Key words: Euodia rutaecarpa, variety amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, genetic diversity.

English

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and morphological markers were employed to determine the genetic diversity and relations among 11 population of taraxacum in northeast of China. Data on 34 morphological traits were collected and analyzed. A total of 795 polymorphic SRAP’s bands were scored with 20 combinations of primers. The genetic relationships analyzed with un-weighed pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPMGA) showed that 11 population of taraxacum were grouped into three clusters. The results reveal by SRAP molecular markers were consistent with those based on the agronomic traits, suggesting that SRAP markers could be used in the taxonomic analysis of taraxacum germplasm.   Key words: Taraxacum, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), genetic diversity, un-weighed pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPMGA).