Pulmonary Tuberculosis Sequelae Research Articles

Aspergillus oryzae Isolated from Lung Tissue Sample in a Chronic Respiratory Illness Patient from South India

Opportunistic fungal infection by Aspergillus oryzae in patients with chronic respiratory condition is rare in India. A 52-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus, chronic smoking, and alcoholism presented with chronic cough, breathlessness, and recurrent blood in sputum. CT imaging revealed features consistent with old pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae and the presence of a right lung lower lobe aspergilloma. The patient underwent a right lower lobectomy, and histopathological examination confirmed severe acute and chronic bronchiolitis with bronchiectasis and organizing pneumonia, indicative of fungal ball formation. Microbiological analysis identified Aspergillus species, possibly A. flavus complex, with sequencing confirming A. oryzae. This case is unique as A. oryzae is typically associated with food fermentation and rarely implicated in invasive lung infections, especially outside regions of traditional exposure, like Japan. The rarity of this presentation underscores the importance of considering unusual pathogens in clinical practice and utilizing advanced diagnostic techniques such as sequencing for accurate identification. The successful outcome of this case, with prolonged antifungal therapy based on microbiological confirmation and clinical follow-up, suggests the importance of personalized treatment strategies. This case report adds to the growing body of evidence on the clinical significance and pathogenic potential of A. oryzae. It underscores the importance of continued vigilance and research in fungal infections.

Frequency and Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Complications of Chronic Pulmonary Disease in Chud-B/A From 2016 To 2022.

Background: Cardiovascular complications are a frequent cause of death or disability in patients with chronic lung disease (CLD). The aim of this study was to investigate cardiovascular complications in patients with CLD followed at CHUD-B/A. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The medical records of patients aged ≥ 18 years, followed in pulmonology between January 2016 and October 2022 for CLD, were consulted. They were then contacted for a cardiovascular examination, electrocardiogram and cardiac ultrasound. The presence of at least one cardiovascular complication was the dependent variable; the other variables studied were the clinical and etiological features of CLD, cardiovascular risk factors and other comorbidities. Data were collected using KoboCollect and analyzed using SPSS 21 software. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Of the 895 patients consulted in pneumology during the study period, 337 (37.6%) had CLD. The main CLD diagnosed were asthma (28.3%), sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (2.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD (2.1%). Of these patients, 129 met the study's selection criteria. Their mean age was 45.2±16.3 years, and they were predominantly female (60.5%). Cardiovascular complications included pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, 9.3%), chronic pulmonary heart disease (CPC, 4.7%), supraventricular arrhythmia (1.6%) and right heart failure (0.8%). Factors associated with the presence of cardiovascular complications were age (OR = 1.7 [1.02-1.12]; p= 0.003), level of education (OR= 8,26[2,34-2,86] ; p=0,001) place of residence (OR = 5.15 [1.78-1.50]; p= 0.001), smoking (OR= 6.00[1.51-23.84]; p=0.020), asthma (OR = 0.13[0.04-0.46]; p=0.002) and COPD (OR=82.86[8.49-808.87]; p<0.001). Conclusion: PAH and CPC are the most Cardiovascular complications of COPD in patients followed at CHUDB/A.

Surgery for Complications and Sequelae of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Surgery for Complications and Sequelae of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Profile of Patients Presenting with Hemoptysis at a Tertiary Care Center in India

ABSTRACT Background: This study was designed to study the frequency distribution of etiology of various grades of severity of hemoptysis and to determine the influence of underlying etiology on the type of treatment modalities selected. Materials and Methods: Adult patients presenting with hemoptysis at a tertiary care hospital over 18 months were included in the study. Detailed analysis of their clinical profile, underlying etiologies as well as management, modalities, and a 6-month follow-up was done. Results: One hundred and five patients were included in the final analysis. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) sequelae were the most common etiology of hemoptysis across all grades of severity. Active PTB was the second leading cause. Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) was diagnosed in 6.6% of patients who mostly presented with massive hemoptysis. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) was done in 15 patients. Most of the patients undergoing BAE had old PTB (53%) and CCPA (33%) with moderate-to-massive hemoptysis. Conclusions: Tuberculosis and its sequelae continue to be the most common etiology of hemoptysis in India. CCPA is a significant predictor of “moderate and massive” hemoptysis (5 out of 7 patients of CCPA) and these patients had recurrence of hemoptysis even after BAE. BAE is successful in decreasing the severity of hemoptysis and has a high utility in developing countries like India.

Impact of lag time on lung function impairment in pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae patients – A cross-sectional study

Background: Treatment completed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients are often left with permanent pulmonary function impairment. Lag time remains a major factor in determining the severity of the sequelae. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the impact of lag time on PTB sequelae. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during July 2019–December 2020. A total of 85 patients presenting with clinicoradiological features of PTB sequelae were recruited for the study and spirometry and diffusion capacity of lungs (DLCO) were done. They were divided into study groups based on lag time. The lag time (in days) was considered as primary explanatory variable. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used. coGuide V.1.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean lag time was 52.94 days in the study population. The mean duration of after treatment was 15.45 years in the study population. There was a statistically significant difference across study groups (classified based on the lag time) in lung function such as FVC%, FEV1, FEVI/FVC, MEF, DLCO, and duration of after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: The lag time from the development of symptom to the diagnosis of the disease has a significant impact on lung function impairment in PTB sequelae patients since the increase in lag time increases the severity of lung function impairment. Early identification and treatment may help in reducing the progression of lung function impairment.

Calcified post-tuberculosis nodule at an unusual site

Abstract Calcification is one of the post-treatment sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and an isolated calcified pulmonary nodule representing granuloma in a lung fissure is rarely detected. We report the case of pulmonary nodule with calcification within the minor fissure of the right lung in a treated case of smear-positive pulmonary TB. As an incidental finding, a solitary post-tuberculous calcified granuloma may not have clinical significance but has to be differentiated from relapse of TB and other pathologic conditions particularly neoplasms. A computed tomographic scan of the chest is very useful for the detection and detailed evaluation of a pulmonary nodule such as its size, margins, doubling time, pattern of calcification and presence of cavitation and can help to identify whether the pulmonary nodule is benign or malignant.

Circulating Biomarkers, Fraction of Exhaled Nitric Oxide, and Lung Function in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis.

Identification of proinflammatory factors responding to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important to reduce long-term sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). We examined the association between plasma biomarkers, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and lung function among a prospective cohort of 105 adults newly diagnosed with TB/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa. Participants were followed for 48 weeks from antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation with serial assessments of plasma biomarkers, FeNO, lung function, and respiratory symptoms. Linear regression and generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations at baseline and over the course of TB treatment, respectively. At baseline, higher FeNO levels were associated with preserved lung function, whereas greater respiratory symptoms and higher interleukin (IL)-6 plasma levels were associated with worse lung function. After ART and TB treatment initiation, improvements in lung function were associated with increases in FeNO (rate ratio [RR] = 86 mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 34-139) and decreases in IL-6 (RR = -118 mL, 95% CI = -193 to -43) and vascular endothelial growth factor ([VEGF] RR = -178 mL, 95% CI = -314 to -43). Circulating IL-6, VEGF, and FeNO are associated with lung function in adults being treated for TB/HIV. These biomarkers may help identify individuals at higher risk for post-TB lung disease and elucidate targetable pathways to modify the risk of chronic lung impairment among TB survivors.

Total Unilateral Collapsed Lung- A Sequela of Pulmonary Tuberculosis- and Pregnancy Outcome

Lung tissue damage after pulmonary tuberculosis is common and can result in persistent pulmonary disability with negative influence on a patient’s quality of life. On the other hand, a COVID-19 infection in a previously treated tuberculosis patient with residual pulmonary abnormalities imposes an increased risk of death. On their own, both of these diseases can have a devastating effect on a patient’s pulmonary system and as such be the cause of disability or even death. In this case report of total atelectasis of the left lung due to obliteration of the left main bronchus after tuberculosis treatment, we present a pregnant patient, who despite a significant reduction in pulmonary function, managed to have a pregnancy with favorable outcome. Thereafter the patient even recovered from a COVID-19 infection, illustrating resilience of the human body.

Efficacy of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Sequelae with Cystic Bronchiectasis and Pulmonary Hypertension

Cystic bronchiectasis, also known as saccular bronchiectasis (a severe type of bronchiectasis), is a condition that occurs as a complication and sequelae after pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB). There is chronic permanent dilation of bronchi that occurs after destructive changes in elastic and muscular layers of bronchial walls which further leads to the ballooning of bronchi and difficulty in clearing secretions with recurrent infection of the respiratory tract. Pulmonary hypertension is another major complication after bronchiectasis which affects pulmonary circulation. A 44-year-old female reported to the physiotherapy department with cystic bronchiectasis and pulmonary hypertension. The positive symptoms were chronic cough with mucoid sputum, low-grade fever, chest pain, breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) grade III), and easy fatiguability. The goals were set and inpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) started with the aim of reducing burdening of symptoms and promoting the Quality of Life (QoL). The therapeutic interventions were splinted coughing techniques, deep breathing exercises, thoracic expansions, postural correction exercises, dyspnoea relieving positions, strength training, and pacing techniques. After rehabilitation the ventilation along with strength improved, dyspnoea was reduced, and exercise tolerance was increased.

Rehabilitation of the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis sequelae

Tuberculosis sequelae are very common after successful treatment of the disease. Airflow obstruction and restrictive impairment develop alongside with the changes. High prevalence of pulmonary impairment in patients with tuberculosis sequelae shows that lung function study and pulmonary rehabilitation should be performed. Malnutrition is very common among TB patients. The review deals with the methods of rehabilitation, which include physical training and nutritional status correction.

Complication and Sequelae of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Tertiary Care Center Experience

Complication and Sequelae of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Tertiary Care Center Experience

Impacto de la rehabilitación pulmonar en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar restrictiva

IntroductionRestrictive lung diseases present alterations in thoracic-pulmonary mechanics, reduced functional capacity and lung function. Intrinsic and extrinsic alterations can be found where the interstitium, thoracic expandability and even lung parenchymal conditions are altered. Pulmonary rehabilitation could benefit patients with the restrictive condition and improve their functional condition. ObjectiveEstablish the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with intrinsic and extrinsic restrictive respiratory compromise on dyspnea, functional capacity, anxiety/depression and health-related quality of life. MethodsLongitudinal descriptive study with 50 patients with restrictive lung disease who performed pulmonary rehabilitation in a clinic in the city of Cali, Colombia. The participants linked to the study were separated into two groups, the first with intrapulmonary restrictive disease (IRD) and the second group with extrapulmonary restrictive disease (ERD). ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 53.3years. Among the restrictive intrapulmonary diseases there were: diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD), post-condition pneumonia and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary respiratory diseases: lung resection, pulmonary lobe resection, and wedge resection. At the end of pulmonary rehabilitation, the IRD group presented statistically significant improvements in distance covered, estimated oxygen consumption (VO2e), dyspnea, anxiety, and quality of life. The ERD group presented a significant increase in the distance traveled and VO2e. ConclusionPatients with restrictive lung disease improve the distance traveled, VO2e, dyspnea, anxiety and quality of life; patients with extrapulmonary respiratory disease show improvements in functional capacity.

COVID-19 Vaccination Status among Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Cross-sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in Southern India

Introduction: Pre-existing respiratory diseases were recognized as risk factors for COVID-19 associated morbidity and mortality. One year after the launch of vaccines against COVID-19, vaccination status in specific population was not clear. Vaccination of population at risk is crucial for COVID-19 control. Aim: To estimate the COVID-19 vaccination status and to detect the reasons for vaccine hesitancy among people with chronic respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Respiratory Medicine Department at Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January and February 2022. All the patients above 18 years of age, who presented with chronic respiratory diseases, were included in the study. After taking informed consent, their responses were noted using a validated questionnaire containing data like demographic data and details of vaccination against COVID-19 and reasons for refusal/hesitancy. Results: Out of total 755 subjects, 48.47% were of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), 42.38% were of asthma, 9.40% were of pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae, 5.16% were of bronchiectasis, and 1.72% were of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). Mean age of study population was 51.37±15.30 years, 58% were male and 42% were female. Overall, 75% subjects received at least single dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Higher vaccine acceptance was noted among 31-42 years age group, males, residents of rural area, graduates, subjects with income more than one lac per month and smokers. Vaccine hesitancy was 25%. Intake of a native medicine (72.87%) was the most common cause for vaccine refusal among these subjects. Other reasons for vaccine hesitancy were, worries about sideeffects (63.3%), associated multiple co-morbidities (44.15%), lack of confidence in vaccines (15.96%) and fear of injection (14.89%). Conclusion: Vaccine acceptance against COVID-19 is nearly 75% among people with chronic respiratory diseases in India. Nonetheless, some people were still hesitant to receive vaccine. Continuous health education at every level is needed to achieve vaccination targets.

VENTILATORY AND PULMONARY CHANGES DURING THE 6-MINUTES WALK TEST IN PATIENTS WITH SEQUELAE OF PULMONARY TB

TOPIC: Pulmonary Rehabilitation TYPE: Original Investigations PURPOSE: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that deteriorates the aerobic capacity and quality of life of patients, its sequelae can cause physiological and musculoskeletal changes that, if not treated, generate irreversible damage. The aim was to describe the physiological changes of some ventilatory and cardiovascular variables during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with sequelae of TB and to determine the possible correlations of the physiological variables with the 6MWT distance. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study in 21 patients with sequelae of pulmonary TB who performed the 6MWT. Sociodemographic, clinical and physiological variables were taken in 4 moments of the test: Rest, final, minute 1 and minute 5 at the end of the test. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Clinica de Occidente in Cali - Colombia RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 49.3 ± 18.8, the mean distance in the test was 348.35 ± 127.83 meters. Patients with sequelae evidenced in chest X-ray were included, 5 (28%) patients presented hypoxemia that required home oxygen, the mean forced vital capacity was 64.65 ± 10.07%, and dyspnea evaluated with the mMRC scale it was 2.86 ± 1.28. A statistically significant difference was found at four moments analyzed with a p-value of 0.000 in the variables of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and oxygen saturation with a significant reduction in SpO2 at the end of the test (from 94,55 ± 3,348 to 89,30 ± 7,109).There was a strong correlation r= 0.5 greater between distance and the age, VO2 estimated from the six-minute walk test, mMRC dyspnea, METS, and baseline SpO2. This can be associated with cardiovascular and ventilatory changes that occur according to age and levels of functionality, as well as underlying diseases or previous sequelae. As for variables such as VO2e, their calculation depends on the use of theoretical formulas, so the correlations are directly proportional; The inverse correlation with the mMRC is due to the fact that less symptomatic individuals can perform better during the 6MT. CONCLUSIONS: It is evidenced in variables HR, RR, SpO2 significant changes during the 6-minute walk test. Age, VO2, METS, mMRC, and SpO2 showed strong correlations with distance of the test CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The physiological changes detected in the test can serve as a point of reference when making decisions for the prescription of exercise and the evaluation of changes after training. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Juan Carlos Avila-Valencia, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Vicente Benavides, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Jhonatan Betancourt-Peña, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Ingri Lorena Lopez Caicedo, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Juan Molano, source=Web Response

CAUSE OF HEMOPTYSIS IN INPATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA

AIM: Aim of the study is to nd the causes of hemoptysis in inpatients in a tertiary care hospital in south India. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Retrospective study. case sheets of Inpatients either admitted to the thoracic medicine department for hemoptysis and inpatients who later developed hemoptysis were included in the study irrespective of the amount of hemoptysis. RESULTS: pulmonary tuberculosis constitutes 78.26% with sequelae patients constituting 52.17% and active case 25%. Other causes such as bronchiectasis, COPD-chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, carcinoma lung and ILD constitute 10.86%, 5.43%, 2.17%, 2.17% and 1.08% respectively. CONCLUSION: The most common cause of hemoptysis is pulmonary tuberculosis(active and sequelae). Among the pulmonary tuberculosis patients post tuberculous sequelae is the common cause. This followed by bronchiectasis, COPD-chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, carcinoma lung and interstitial lung disease.

Course of recovery in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing post Koch’s sequelae

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 predominantly causes respiratory disease in the form of viral pneumonia. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, its progression and severity increases with presence of latent or active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). PTB is a highly prevalent respiratory disease in India. This case series explains the rehabilitation and course of recovery in ICU of two COVID-19 patients with post PTB sequelae. Both the cases showed safe and timely recovery due to appropriate and early physiotherapy intervention which needed modification in accordance with the medical management. However, their reduced functional capacity on pre-discharge assessment highlights the need for continuing pulmonary rehabilitation.

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis - Case Series and Review of Indian Literature

Aspergillus species, especially Aspergillus fumigatus, can cause varied pulmonary manifestations depending on the host immune status and duration of infection. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is an under-reported entity, and its diagnosis remains a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. CPA can have varied presentations including chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA), subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis. Underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis predisposes these individuals to CPA. These cases can present as chronic cough with hemoptysis even requiring emergency bronchial artery embolization. Here, we present a series of four CCPA cases who were diagnosed on the basis of clinico-radiological features and the Aspergillus-specific IgG antibody levels. A review of case series published in India is also presented.

Capacidade funcional e fragilidade de idosos com sequela de tuberculose pulmonar

INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença de caráter infectocontagiosa, de evolução crônica, causada pela Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Uma vez considerada como doença crônica entre idosos por poder gerar sequelas e resultar em comprometimento da capacidade pulmonar, e desta forma contribuir para um quadro clínico de pior prognóstico é essencial estudar a relação da TB com a síndrome da fragilidade e a capacidade funcional em idosos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a capacidade funcional de idosos com seqüela de TB Pulmonar e investigar a ocorrência de fragilidade nesta população. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com método quantitativo-correlacional, realizado no período de agosto a novembro de 2017, no ambulatório de fisioterapia do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém/PA. Avaliou-se a fragilidade pelo instrumento Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) e a capacidade funcional pelo “Teste de AVD-Glittre” (TGlittre). Utilizou-se a “correlação de Spearman” entre TFI e TGlittre. Adotou-se p-valor?0,05. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 24 idosos com diagnóstico clínico de TB Pulmonar, apresentando alterações e/ou sequelas pulmonares. A média de idade foi de 68,37 +6,01anos, 66,7% era do sexo feminino. A presença de fragilidade foi de 70,5% (IC95% 48,9-87,4), com predomínio feminino (82,4%). A média do tempo no TGlittre foi de 5,77+1,71 minutos. Houve correlação moderada positiva entre TFI e TGlittre (p=0.42, p= 0.03). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo identificou a fragilidade e comprometimento funcional em idosos com sequela de TB pulmonar, com prevalência alta de fragilidade se comparada aos outros estudos brasileiros com a população idosa, além de apresenta correlação moderada positiva entre a capacidade funcional e fragilidade, mostrando que essa população merece atenção especial nos programas de reabilitação para a manutenção ou recuperação funcional.

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Post Tuberculosis Patients in Indonesia and the Role of LDBio Aspergillus ICT as Part of the Diagnosis Scheme.

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a common sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The diagnosis of CPA is difficult and often misdiagnosed as smear-negative TB in endemic settings. Aspergillus IgG detection is the cornerstone of CPA diagnosis. There are a lack of studies on the prevalence of CPA in GeneXpert/smear-negative TB patients in Indonesia, despite a high number of TB cases. This study aims to determine the CPA rate in HIV-negative, GeneXpert-negative patients presenting with symptoms following completion of TB therapy and to evaluate the performance of LDBio Aspergillus immunochromatographic technology (ICT) lateral flow assay in the diagnosis of CPA. CPA was diagnosed on the basis of symptoms for ≥3 months, characteristic chest imaging and positive Aspergillus culture. Twenty (22%) out of 90 patients met the criteria for CPA. The LDBio test was positive in 16 (80%) CPA patients and in 21 (30%) non-CPA patients (p < 0.001) with 80% sensitivity and 70% specificity. Logistic regression revealed a positive LDBio Aspergillus ICT result, smoking history and diabetes to be important predictors of CPA diagnosis. Although CPA is an unrecognised disease in Indonesia, this study suggests that more than one in five GeneXpert negative patients with persistent symptoms following completion of TB therapy may have CPA.

Study of Hemoptysis in a Tertiary Care Center of Province 1: Causes and Recurrences

Introduction: Hemoptysis is a common but distressing and alarming symptom in a patient. Data related to detail clinical profile and follow up study of hemoptysis are lacking.&#x0D; Objective: This study was carried out to see the clinical profile of patients with hemoptysis and to study the recurrences in tertiary care centre of province 1 within the study period.&#x0D; Methodology: This was a prospective observational study conducted at the department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. The study was carried out between 30th January 2017 to 1st February 2020. For follow up of recurrences of hemoptysis, the patients were asked for regular chest clinic follow up and regular telephone calls made to the patients, in case, patients could not attend the chest clinic for any reason.&#x0D; Results: A total of 150 patients were enrolled over the last 3 years. Among them 75% were male. The maximum number of patients (27%) were between 31-40 years of age group. Old sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) (32%) and bronchiectasis (28%) were the commonest cause of hemoptysis. Lung cancer (10%) and active PTB (10%) were other causes of hemoptysis. CT scan of the chest provided the highest (84%) diagnostic yield. Most of the cases were having mild hemoptysis (50%). 17% of the patients in our study had recurrences of hemoptysis.&#x0D; Conclusion: Old PTB sequelae with bronchiectasis (fibrobronchiectasis) were the commonest cause of hemoptysis. Conservative management worked most effectively in controlling hemoptysis, if used properly.