Separate Subject Research Articles

Институты гражданского общества: общетеоретический аспект

The authors of the article address the origins of appearing and developing of the main idea of the article in order to correctly identify the notion and the purpose of the idea of the civil society. The authors research various points of view on the issue of the connection of the State and the civil society. The authors of the article point out the peculiarities of the process of forming of the civil society in Russia. The authors give the definition of the notion of “civil society” and point out its features. Despite the fact that the legal definition for the “institutes of the civil society” does not exist, the authors underline that the term is used broadly in the existing federal and regional legislation. Basing their research on the opinion of scientists about the legal nature and structure of the civil society, the authors give the definition for the “institute of the civil society”. They present the classification of the institute of the civil society using different criteria. According to this classification, the institutes are divided because of their status differences, functional orientation, level of participation in law enforcement activities, prevention of offences etc. The authors point out that the institutional approach to classification of the institutes of the civil society is widely spread because it allows distinguishing and describing some separate subjects of the civil society that exercise certain interests. The authors conclude with the explanation of why non-profit organizations are viewed as the institutes of the civil society. They point out that any state corporation, self-regulating organization that is represented as a non-profit organization cannot be viewed as an institute of the civil society because they perform public functions of the State. That is why only some part of non-profit organizations can be viewed as institutes of the civil society; they should have such features as voluntary nature, self-regulation, self-organizing, self-activity and self-responsibility.

THE SCOTS IN THE RUTHENIAN VOIVODESHIP: AN ANALYSIS OF BRITISH HISTORIOGRAPHY

This article analyzes British historiography concerned with the emigration of the Scots into the Ruthenian Voivodeship territory during the 14–17th centuries as one of the paths of their migration into the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. British and Polish researchers are the most thorough in investigating these processes. However, it would be fitting to examine them separately, as, for a long time, the research in both countries was conducted mostly independently. It has been determined that several stages in the development of British historiography can be outlined. Historians in the United Kingdom first turned their attention to the massive nature of Scottish emigration as early as the late 19th century. Thus, the first stage is confined to 1889–1939 (from the publication year of the first scientific paper on the given subject, and until the beginning of World War II). Work conducted during this period mainly focused on the description of the Scottish and Polish sources. The second stage begins after the end of World War II – when part of the Polish scholars emigrated to the United Kingdom and continued their research there — and ends in the late 1990s. This period is characterized by the publication of monographs dedicated to Scottish trade and emigration. It has been established that the lands of the Ruthenian Voivodeship did not constitute a separate subject for research among British scholars until the 21st century. Therefore, a third stage is singled out from the beginning of the 2000s to the present time. During this period, papers begin to point to the lack of scientific works dedicated to the Scottish migration into the Ruthenian Voivodeship among both British and Polish researchers. It is summarized that British historiography is quite fragmentary when it comes to Scots migration into the Ruthenian Voivodeship and that this subject is dealt with only within the context of the greater emigration into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The amount of writings on this subject has grown over the last two decades. Nevertheless, it still requires further research.

ANALISIS STUDI SYARIAH DI SEKOLAH DAN MADRASAH DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PAI

The implementation of Sharia Law (Sharia) in Aceh has been going on for some time. Since the implementation of Sharia Law, many violations of Sharia Law have been found in Aceh. The implementation of Sharia Law must also be accompanied by education related to Sharia Law. So far, at the level of formal education, subject that can be categorized as having a connection with the implementation of Sharia Law in Aceh is PAI (Islamic Religious Education) subject. Therefore, this study aims to examine the application of sharia law study in schools and madrasah through PAI learning. An in-depth analysis is applied to various documents related to the 2013 curriculum, especially PAI subject in schools and madrasah at the upper secondary level. The results show that there has been an application of sharia law study through PAI learning in schools and madrasah. Furthermore, based on document evaluations, it is also found that the time allocation for PAI learning in schools is less than the time allocated for PAI learning in madrasah. The time allocation for PAI learning in madrasah is more due to the fact that each PAI component is a separate subject and has its own time allocation.

The effect of cross-curricular integration on pupils’ knowledge gained through experiential learning

This study examined the effects of the cross-curricular model of integrating mathematics and science with experiential learning on the knowledge of 3rd grade primary school pupils in Slovenia. The purpose of this research was to design and implement school lessons rooted in integrating maths with science and concrete experience, and handling real objects. In the experimental group (N=149), maths and science lessons implemented a cross-curricular model which integrated experiential learning. In the control group (N=155), maths and science were taught as separate subjects without experiential learning. The data was collected with pre- and post-tests to establish pupils’ knowledge. Differences between groups were analysed through Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test and showed that pupils from the experimental group performed better at the 2nd and 3rd TIMSS cognitive domain. Findings indicate that the cross-curricular learning model has a positive effect on pupil’s achievement in science and mathematics.
 
 Keywords: Cross-curricular integration, mathematics, science, experiential learning, TIMSS, cognitive domains

Competencies of nursing students in the provision of spiritual care and the factors affecting spiritual caregiving.

Nursing care is a holistic practice that contains biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual elements. Spiritual care is also one of the core aspects of a holistic care approach, The provision of optimal spiritual care requires a good understanding of the issue by nurses. The present study determines the competencies of nursing students in spiritual care and the status of spiritual caregiving. The study has a descriptive, cross-sectional, and qualitative research method of answers to follow-up questions. The study was conducted with 468 nursing students who are 1-4 years in a BSN program in Turkey. Personal information form, semi-structured interview form, Spiritual Caregiving Scale, and Spiritual Care Competence Scale were used for the collection of data. The average scores recorded by the participants in the Spiritual Caregiving and Spiritual Care Competence Scales were 145.60 ± 20.63 (the perception of spirituality and spiritual care is moderate-high) and 102.92 ± 15.67 (the competence of the nurse in spiritual care is moderate-high), respectively. It was found that nearly half of the respondent students had never heard of the concept of spiritual care, nor did they have any knowledge of such care, and almost none had undergone training in this subject. Important to add spiritual care to the nursing curriculum as a separate course or subject, and to raise awareness of students through applied teaching methods.

Multiculturalism: its problems and teaching

Modern sociocultural, political, and economic processes are predominantly shaped by globalization. Globalization has created large-scale emigration flows around the world, processes of integration and assimilation of various groups and ethnicities, actualizing the phenomenon of multiculturalism. Modern multiculturalism has its positive and negative consequences. Western multiculturalism is based on the principles of radical liberalism, which favors individual rights over collective rights. Meanwhile, it is obvious that today we should talk about universal rights, inherent to both individuals and groups and collectives of individuals, nations, peoples. A selective approach to relations of inequality between different groups in society is necessary, since some of them are insurmountable and hardly require a change in such a situation. Multiculturalism is just entering its maturity, and much remains to be done for this policy to succeed.
 The state, which pursues a policy of multiculturalism, must propagate the ideas of tolerance in society and enshrine them in law. Effective multiculturalism presupposes unity and coherence of state policy, practice and ideology. It is necessary to recognize the necessity of forming conditions conducive to the development of positive forms of multiculturalism. Among them we would like to mention a well-considered policy of the state, which defines the norms of multiculturalism. These norms must find their place in the process of learning and teaching at different levels.
 In some post-Soviet countries (e.g. Azerbaijan) multiculturalism must spread among the various ethical groups, the peoples traditionally living in the country. With this approach, multiculturalism policy should aim to consolidate all ethnic groups into a single society with shared values and ideals, and recognize the rights of these groups to cultural and ethno-confessional autonomy.
 There is a need to include multiculturalism as a separate and mandatory subject in higher education courses.
 Multiperspectivity should be directly related to multiculturalism due to the commonality of the methodological and philosophical platform, many concepts and definitions. Multiculturalism and the multiperspectivity method should be used not only in teaching humanities disciplines, but also introduced in the methodological analysis of scientific research.

On Types of Correctional Institutions

Introduction. Due to the different density of population in the Russian Federation and the scale of its territory, correctional system facilities should represent a unified system, in which the institutions are interrelated and interchangeable. In the conditions of a large number of types and sub-types of correctional institutions, the possibility of interchangeability is weakened. Problems associated with the quality of ensuring the internal isolation of convicts have a significant impact on the level of crime and penitentiary security. Hence, the punishment execution practice should more flexibly use the norms on separation of convicts to achieve goals and objectives of the penal executive legislation. Methods: the research used a dialectical method for cognizing objective reality, a logical method, a modeling method, a formal legal method, a systemic method. Results and discussion: the constantly changing socio-criminological portrait of the offender and the level of crime force the legislator to revise criminal-legal and criminal-executive criteria for differentiating those sentenced to imprisonment. The mentioned reasons also affect group differentiation that occurs in the process of distributing convicts to dormitory accommodation (cells) within the correctional institution. The crime level in a separate RF subject and changes in the state criminal policy require the reassignment of correctional institutions as a whole. The system of correctional institutions should not overwhelmingly depend on the criminal-legal criteria of those sentenced to imprisonment and the changing criminal policy of the state, and at the same time, departmental regulation should not bolster the legislatively established system of correctional institutions. Conclusions: the legislator has established a wide range of types of correctional institutions for those sentenced to imprisonment. Remoteness of some of them from the place of residence of convicts, to a certain extent, has both positive and negative impact on their social ties, which ultimately affects the effectiveness of implementation of the panel enforcement legislation goals and objectives.

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Associated with APOE4 Allele and Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.

Studies of the oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) carrying different alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are currently inconclusive; meanwhile, data regarding mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtCN) remain limited. We herein determined the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), thiols, and mtCN in blood samples of 600 AD patients and 601 controls. A significantly higher oxidative TBARS (1.64 μmol/L), lower antioxidative thiols (1.60 μmol/L), and lower mtCN (2.34 log Delta Ct) were found in the AD cohort as compared to the non-AD cohort (1.54 μmol/L, 1.71 μmol/L, 2.46 log Delta Ct). We further identified the ε4 alleles (APOE4) and separated subjects into three groups according to the number of APOE4. A significant trend was noted in the TBARS levels of both AD and non-AD cohorts, highest in the homozygous two alleles (1.86 and 1.80 μmol/L), followed by heterozygous one allele (1.70 and 1.74 μmol/L), and lowest in the no APOE4 allele (1.56 and 1.48 μmol/L). Similar trends of lower thiols and mtCN were also found in the AD cohort. In our study of the influence of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy, we found significantly reduced TBARS levels, and elevated mtCN in AD patients receiving rivastigmine and galantamine therapy. Our study demonstrates associations between the APOE4 allele and oxidative stress biomarkers and mtCN. Using cholinesterase inhibitor therapy may benefit AD patients through attenuation of oxidative stress and manipulation of the mtCN.

Daurian jew’s harp: a little-known musical instrument

This article examines the little-studied in the Russian scientific ethnographic and musicological literature Daurian traditional musical instrument mukulien (Chinese 木库莲), which is classified as jew’s harp. The goal of this article lies in determination of its role in modern spiritual culture of the Daurians, as well as characterization of the key stages of the history and evolution of mukulien, including the description of constructive peculiarities based on the material of folk legends and modern Chinese ethnographic research. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in scientific ethnographic literature, the Daurian jew's harp (mukulien) has not previously become a separate subject of research. The article employs the historical, ethnographic, philosophical and musicological analysis. The previously unstudied Daurian legend about the invention of mukulien by the Daurian widow to console her heart from grieving is introduced into the scientific discourse. As a result, the author traces the main stages in the development of mukulien in Daurian culture, as well as determines the key aspects of further study of the phenomenon of jew’s harp.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pengembangan Instrumen Literasi Lingkungan Untuk Mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi FKIP Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

The decline in environmental quality is a severe problem that occurs in various countries in the world. The decline in environmental quality can occur due to several factors, including habitat degradation (pollution), ecosystem damage, and global climate change. Instilling an attitude of caring for the environment in higher education can be done through Environmental Education materials integrated into several courses or stand as a separate subject. The ultimate goal of Environmental Education is to make students have environmental literacy (environmental literacy). This study aimed to analyze the need for the development of environmental literacy instruments and to develop prototypes of literacy instruments. This research is a type of survey research. The research carries out in May – September 2019 at the Biology Education Study Program, FKIP UAD. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and unstructured interviews with questionnaire data collection instruments. Descriptive data analysis technique. Environmental science courses provide information on current environmental issues that students urgently need. After taking environmental science courses, students feel that environmental literacy has increased, but the level of environmental literacy is not yet known. Students and lecturers feel the need to see the level of environmental literacy, so it is necessary to develop an instrument to measure environmental literacy. The literacy instrument that will develop refers to the NAAEE consisting of four components, namely Competence (identification, analysis, investigation, and solution of environmental problems; knowledge (ecological concepts, environmental concepts, and environmental components); disposition (ideas/ideas, concern), sensitivity. ). , solutions to environmental problems); behavior (commitment to care for the environment and concrete actions to care for the environment).

Hattat Hâmid Aytaç'ın Hayatı ve Şişli Camii'ndeki Hat Eserleri

Hâmid Aytaç, son Osmanlı-Türk hattatı olmasının yanı sıra, hat sanatında Osman ile Cumhuriyet Türkiye’si arasında köprü vazifesi gören hem eserleri hem de yurt içinde ve yurt dışında yetiştirdiği binlerce öğrencisi ile sanatının zirvesinde yer almış bir şahsiyettir. Karşılaştığı zorluklar onun gözünü yıldırmamış ve eğitiminde istediği biçimde ilerlemiş olmasa da mesleğinde zirveye ulaşmıştır. Üstad Hâmid Aytaç, Harf İnkılâbına (1928) kadar Yazı Yurdu olarak bilinen yerde matbaacılık, klişecilik, çinkografi, pantografi, mâmul maddeler için lüks etiket ve kartvizit basımı işleriyle meşgul olmuştur. Harf İnkılâbından sonra Türkiye’de öğrenmekten veya uğraşı vermekten kaçındığı yüzyılların birikimi olan Hat sanatını, gelen talepler üzerine çoğunluğu Arap ülkelerinden olan talebelerine öğretmiştir. Bu vesileyle Şişli Camii’nin inşasında büyük rolü olan Mimar Vasfi Egeli’den de bahsetmemek olmaz. Mimar Kemaleddin ve Mimar Vedat beylerin öğrencisi olan Egeli, Şişli Camiini neo-klasik üslupta yapmıştır. Şişli Camii’nin, döneminde uzun bir aradan sonra yapılan bir cami oluşu, yeni kurulan bir semtte buna duyulan ihtiyaç ve bu hassasiyete sahip insanlarla da doğrudan alâkalıdır. Şişli Camii inşa faaliyetleri bile ayrı bir çalışma konusu olacak kadar kapsamlı ve geniştir.1950 sonrası ülkemizde görülen demokratik havanın da tesiriyle, sanatını eski ve yeni yapılan camilerde gösterme imkânı bulmuştur. Bunlardan birisi olan İstanbul’daki Şişli Camiindeki yazıları da büyük önem arz etmektedir. Özellikle Şişli Camii kapısı üzerindeki celî sülüs müsennâ istifi dünyaca ünlüdür. Camideki yazılar, Hâmid Hocanın kendisinin de bizzat övgüyle bahsettiği yazılardır. Hayatında bu kadar önemli yer tutan Şişli Camii’nin bir de bu yönüyle tanıtılması bu büyük hattata ve Diyarbakır’ın öz evlâdına saygının da bir tezâhürü olacaktır

Blood Pressure Trajectory Groups and Outcome After Endovascular Thrombectomy: A Multicenter Study.

Elevated blood pressure after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has been associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation and poor functional outcomes. However, the optimal hemodynamic management after EVT remains unknown, and the blood pressure course in the acute phase of ischemic stroke has not been well characterized. This study aimed to identify patient subgroups with distinct blood pressure trajectories after EVT and study their association with radiographic and functional outcomes. This multicenter retrospective cohort study included consecutive patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion ischemic stroke who underwent EVT. Repeated time-stamped blood pressure data were recorded for the first 72 hours after thrombectomy. Latent variable mixture modeling was used to separate subjects into five groups with distinct postprocedural systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories. The primary outcome was functional status, measured on the modified Rankin Scale 90 days after stroke. Secondary outcomes included hemorrhagic transformation, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and death. Two thousand two hundred sixty-eight patients (mean age [±SD] 69±15, mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 15±7) were included in the analysis. Five distinct SBP trajectories were observed: low (18%), moderate (37%), moderate-to-high (20%), high-to-moderate (18%), and high (6%). SBP trajectory group was independently associated with functional outcome at 90 days (P<0.0001) after adjusting for potential confounders. Patients with high and high-to-moderate SBP trajectories had significantly greater odds of an unfavorable outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 3.5 [95% CI, 1.8-6.7], P=0.0003 and adjusted odds ratio, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.5-3.2], P<0.0001, respectively). Subjects in the high-to-moderate group had an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio, 1.82 [95% CI, 1-3.2]; P=0.04). No significant association was found between trajectory group and hemorrhagic transformation. Patients with acute ischemic stroke demonstrate distinct SBP trajectories during the first 72 hours after EVT that have differing associations with functional outcome. These findings may help identify potential candidates for future blood pressure modulation trials.

How the Finnish compulsory school science curriculum emphasises scientific literacy

Science subjects are introduced as separate subjects in the Finnish national lower-secondary level science curriculum. The curriculum concentrates on attitudes, which support the use of scientific knowledge in different science inquiry situations and contexts. The competence aims, introduced in the curriculum, emphasise the use of scientific knowledge, such as describing, explaining and predicting scientific phenomena, evaluating and identifying scientific issues, and interpreting data and evidence scientifically. The curriculum emphasises the learning of transversal competencies, such as learning critical and creative thinking skills and learning versatile ways of working. The curriculum also focuses on the use of knowledge in inquiry, life and living and society related situations. Overall, the description of the core subject matter knowledge aims to integrate Vision I (a conceptual approach) and Vision II (a contextual approach) related to the development of science literacy, introduced by Roberts.

РЕЙДЕРСТВО В УКРАЇНІ: СУТНІСТЬ ТА СОЦІАЛЬНА ОБУМОВЛЕНІСТЬ

As a complex illegal phenomenon, "raiding" is associated with a number of real threats to economic security, including the growth of corruption and unemployment, monopolization of certain market segments, loss of competitiveness, reduced production, discredit of state and local authorities, law enforcement agencies and courts. , deterioration of the investment climate, reduction of the level of tax revenues, deformation of the legal ideology of society, etc. The processes of mergers, acquisitions, and other changes in the legal status of economic entities are traditionally regulated by the norms of civil and commercial legislation of Ukraine. In a civilized market economy, the periodic change of owners of commercial organizations is normal,a common mechanism for regulating relations between market participants. At the same time, in the economic realities of modern Ukraine, the line between, on the one hand, the improper implementation of its rights and obligations by the business entity, and, on the other hand, the commission of criminally punishable acts is blurred. After all, these are mostly not primitive ways of obtaining someone else's property (such as the physical removal of the head of the enterprise) - they have been replaced mainly by nonviolent illegal actions related to artificial bankruptcy of legal entities, seizure of their property through forgery, fictitious notarial services. and illegal registration actions, court decisions, etc. The outlined negative processes have led to the emergence in scientific and business circulation, in particular, such concepts as "raiding", "seizure of enterprises", "corporate blackmail", "corporate war", the normative definition of which is missing. According to its legal content and inherent features of this phenomenon, illegal seizure of business entities means socially dangerous behavior, which consists in carefully prepared, organized and externally properly executed seizure of the business entity. There is an obvious need to move from fragmentary research to a comprehensive scientific understanding of the problematic issues of criminal liability for criminal acts, which are manifestations of this phenomenon and the public danger of which is mostly determined by encroachment not on property but on the established procedure. Еconomic activity by its separate subjects. In addition, in-depth research is needed on the special "anti-raider" criminal law prohibitions introduced in recent years, the wording of which is cumbersome, overloaded with blanket features and lacks the certainty required in terms of ensuring the unity of law enforcement.

The reality of the suitability of the science teacher specialization path in the intermediate stage in Saudi Arabia for teaching science courses and the difficulties of implementation from the point of view of teachers in Tabuk: واقع ملاءمة مسار تخصص معلم العلوم بالمرحلة المتوسطة في السعودية لتدريس مقررات العلوم وصعوبات التنفيذ من وجهة نظر المعلمين بتبوك

The study aimed to identify the appropriateness of the science teacher's specialization path in the intermediate stage in Saudi Arabia for teaching science courses and the difficulties of implementation from the point of view of teachers in Tabuk. The study used the descriptive method, and a questionnaire surveyed the opinions of teachers. It was distributed to a sample of (41) middle school science teachers in public schools in the city of Tabuk. The results of the study showed that the reality of the appropriateness of the science teacher's specialization path in the intermediate stage for teaching science courses obtained an overall average of (4.18). Or by (83.6%) and reflects the appropriateness of (weakly), and it also revealed difficulties that hinder the appropriateness of science books from the teachers’ point of view with a total average (4.18 from 5), a degree (highly), and at the level of sub-specialties, physics got the highest average (4.20). Then chemistry with an average of (4.19) and finally biology with an average of (4.14), all of which are difficulties with a degree of (highly), meaning that the contents of science courses do not fit with the course of their specialization , also there is no statistical significant differences between the teachers’ responses on the scale of the appropriateness of the science teacher’s specialization path to the scientific subject content of the science book at the intermediate stage , the study recommended the need to re-planning and implementing the science method in proportion to the method of separate subjects, and to reconsider the plans of preparation of science teachers in Saudi universities.

Technology as Integral to a New Paradigm of Adult Education

Technology and adult education are often discussed as two separate subjects yet just as it is impossible to live one day without the impact of technology, it is impossible to discuss adult education without considering technology. In the decades since the emergence of adult education as its own field of study and research, these two subjects have experienced substantial growth. However, in recent months, societal issues have forced the pace of this growth into unprecedented and sometimes uncomfortable expansion. The theorists and practitioners who have always been instrumental in moving the fields along were challenged to develop an entirely new paradigm. The issues and reactions will be considered in this article as the foundation for a paradigm shift in adult education. Since effective adult education involves not only information dissemination but communication and collaboration among its participants, online learning activities and entire online courses influence how we view the field itself.

Socio-Demographic Factors and the Level of Teachers’ Motivation in Slovak National Schools in Hungary

Introduction. The research paper seeks to identify the level of motivation of Slovak educators teaching in Hungary in the context of a low level of teachers’ motivation in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of the paper is to show the relationship between socio-demographic factors (age, gender, type of school) and the degree of teachers’ motivation at Slovak national schools in Hungary. The results of research on motivation in relation to gender, age and type of school are shown to be inconsistent and yield varying findings. Materials and Methods. This paper is based on the data collected in the survey conducted in 10 Hungarian counties between January and April 2019, using a sample of 139 teachers of ethnic schools (monolingual, bilingual and schools teaching the ethnic language as a separate subject). We processed the obtained research results using methods of descriptive statistics and methods of inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient; Mann-Whitney U test; Kruskal-Wallis H test). Results. The results showed that there was no correlation between the teacher’s age and teaching motivation (p &gt; 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between gender and teaching motivation when using the Mann-Whitney test. Using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, the existence of significant differences in the level of motivation of teachers working at various types of schools was confirmed. The research showed that teachers of bilingual schools were the most positive in relation to motivation, and the lowest average scores were achieved by teachers in schools where Slovak is taught as a subject. The age and gender of teachers were not significant in relation to the evaluation of the degree of motivation for teaching Slovak. Discussion and Conclusion. The results presented in the article will be beneficial not only for pedagogical researchers, but especially for Slovak teachers in Hungary, as research of this kind was conducted for the first time.

TRANSLATION PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

Translation is a form of artistic creation. Translation is an ancient art, its history is long, its roots go back to antiquity. Literary translation is a bridge between national literatures. Translation and translation studies have been considered for many years as a part of literary science. In Uzbekistan, literary translation as a philological science was formed in the 50-60s of the last century. It was included in the curriculum of Tashkent State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages named after F.Engels (UzSWLU) and foreign philological faculties of universities as a separate subject. In the 70s, a department of translation theory was created at the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, and a department of translation theory at Tashkent State University (NUU). These years can be called the heyday of Uzbek translation and translation studies. A number of works of Western European literature have been directly or indirectly translated into the Uzbek language, which replenished the fund of our national literature. Under the influence of this, the direction of translation research was formed in science, dissertations, monographs, scientific researches appeared. A hot life began in the world of translation. A galaxy of mature scholars and competent professional translators in this field have emerged. However, today's scientific observations show that these efforts have slowed somewhat over the years of independence. In the literary process, there is a gap in scientific lines of literary translation and translation studies, which is the main factor in literary communication between scientific communities, original translations are not respected, there are not enough qualified translators, as well as modern literature. What are the reasons for problems of Uzbek translation studies, especially into German and from German, which formed as a science in the middle of the last century and revived at the end of the century? Philology masters such as Jumaniyaz Sharipov, Ninel Vladimirova, Gaybulla Salomov, Nadzhmiddin Kamilov, Kudrat Musaev, Komiljon Juraev, Mukhammadzhon Holbekov, who dedicated their lives to this branch of science and created the history and theory of this area. students and followers of professors? What is the value of a teacher's apprenticeship, which is highly valued in the East? How can these problems be resolved? This scientific article attempts to answer these questions, trying to solve them as much as possible.

Organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation in 2020 13th Report from the Registry of the Russian Transplant Society

Objective: to monitor the current trends and developments in organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation based on the 2020 data.Materials and methods. Heads of organ transplant centers were surveyed through questionnaires. Data control was done using the information accounting system of the Russian Ministry of Health. Between separate federal subjects of the Russian Federation and between transplantation centers, comparative analysis of data obtained over years was performed.Results. Based on data retrieved from the 2020 Registry, 44 kidney, 29 liver and 16 heart transplantation programs were functioning in the Russian Federation in 2020. The kidney transplant waitlist in 2020 included about 11.5% of the total 60,000 patients receiving dialysis. Organ donation activity in 2020 was 3.9 per million population, with a 74.6% multi-organ procurement rate and an average of 2.9 organs being procured from one effective donor. In 2020, there were 7.7 kidney transplants per million population, 3.8 liver transplants per million population and 1.7 heart transplants per million population. Same year, the number of transplant surgeries performed in the Russian Federation fell by 19.2% to 13.4 per million population against the background of the outbreak caused by the new coronavirus disease COVID-19. The city of Moscow and the Moscow region in 2020 accounted for 13 out of the 14 functioning organ transplantation centers, performing 66.3% of all kidney transplants and 72.4% of all extrarenal transplants in the country. The number of organ recipients in the Russian Federation have exceeded 130 per million population.Conclusion. In 2020, despite the new coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying restrictive measures, transplant centers continued to perform organ transplants, run a waiting list and monitor organ recipients. However, the number of effective donors (–22.9%) and organ transplants (–19.2%) decreased, tentatively to the 2017 levels. In 2021, transplant centers with support from health authorities will have to restore the volume of transplant care with consideration to the real needs of the population and the donor resource. The COVID-19 factor, including vaccination of the population, as well as financial support to transplantation programs, will be decisive in shaping the trend of transplantation care and organ donation in the federal subjects of the Russian Federation in the coming 1–2 years.

APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF POST COVID-19 PATIENTS

The phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the whole globe, the consequences of which are long lasting and difficult to estimate. The Republic of Moldova, being a developing country, could not overcome these serious consequences, caused by the reduction of public health, the reduction of the work capacity of the population, the deplorable condition of the medical system, caused by small investments in health, etc. Human society has been put to hard tests of survival of patients with this virus, the incidence rate of diseases was about 11%. Thanks to the financial aid of the European Union, Romania and other countries, the Republic of Moldova managed to cope with things in the fight against Covid. This article presents the results of the research of the authors, participants of the national project "Assessment of health of post – COVID - 19 patients in the Republic of Moldova", which aimed to develop the Electronic Register of patients with Covid - 19 (March 2020 - June 2021), which will allow monitoring the process of treatment and recovery of the consequences of this disease, by assessing the state of health and quality of life both at admission and at discharge of the respective patients. Based on the concept of quality of life as a socio-economic category and its interconnections with health, the authors proposed the system of medical indicators to assess the health and quality of life of patients affected by covid. In the authors' opinion, a special role in the treatment and treatment of comorbidities belongs to comorbidities, so the authors selected them as separate study subjects to prove their negative impact on the form of the disease and the state of health and quality of life at discharge of patients