Separate Subject Research Articles

Awareness of Forensic Odontology among Dental Students, Academicians, and Dental Practitioners in Gujarat: A Questionnaire Based, Cross Sectional Study

Aim: This survey aimed to evaluate the awareness of forensic odontology (FO) subject among dental students, dental academicians (DAs), and dental practitioners (DPs) in Gujarat state. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire sheet containing 14 questions was answered by 607 participants consisting of dental students, DAs, and DPs in Gujarat. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the responses, and the results were presented as frequencies and percentages. The Chi‑square test was used to compare the responses among the groups, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 607 participants answered the questionnaire form. Out of 212 UG students, 175 (82.5%) were aware of the FO branch and 181 (85.4%) agreed to FO as a promising field in dentistry. The majority of the undergraduate (UG) students agreed that FO should be taught as a separate subject at UG and postgraduate level. The majority of the participants (95.7%) agreed that dental evidence plays an important role in forensic cases. Nearly 80% of the respondents agreed for a separate PG course in FO and around 37% of them opted for MDS course in FO. Bitemark analysis and dental age estimations were considered the promising domains in FO by >80% of the participants. Conclusion: This questionnaire study was performed to analyze the awareness of FO among dental students, DPs, and DAs. The majority of the study participants were aware of FO. A thorough review of the literature on a similar topic was also done.

Preserving and empowering local languages amidst the Covid-19 pandemic; Lessons from East Kalimantan

This article brings together two ostensibly separate subjects: language empowerment and the Covid-19 pandemic. It argues that knowledge of local languages can help disseminate health-related information on a regional level. This addresses two problems simultaneously: the problems raised by the intelligibilty of governmental healthcare protocols and the functions of the use of local languages. The article is a case study presenting a number of interventions in the languages of East Kalimantan and can be seen as an inclusive, grassroots example of health communication. The study was initially a modest attempt to generate on-the-ground examples of health information in the dominant languages of the region of East Kalimantan. These studies demonstrate that the local communities of these languages are very enthusiastic about getting involved in the interventions. They also reveal that communication using IT and social media is thriving. One of our observations was that information about this pandemic tends to be understood only by highly educated urban people. This happens because it is conveyed by the government in standard Indonesian, which includes many foreign loanwords. The application of local languages is not just using local language vocabulary, it is instead a trigger to revive the collective memory of disaster management based on local culture. In this case, local languages are recognized and considered useful in helping to break the chain of virus transmission to free Indonesia of the Covid-19 outbreak. There were a number of unexpected developments. We found support for the intervention being rolled out on a national level by Special Task Force for Covid-19 under National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB). We also welcomed the online publication by the National Agency for Language Development and Cultivation (Badan Bahasa) of the Handbook for managing behavior about health protocols in seventy-seven local languages. The main thrust of this article should therefore be of interest to anyone working to empower local languages and language vitality.

Relationship between gestational diabetes and serum trace element levels in pregnant women from Eastern Iran: a multivariate approach.

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased over the recent decades. Exposure to environmental contaminants may be a risk factor for the development of GDM, but this is heavily dependent on particular circumstances. Studies on various areas linking various factors are therefore needed. We examined the associations between serum trace element levels and incidents of GDM among 102 pregnant women (diabetic n = 60 and healthy n = 42) living in Birjand (Iran). Blood serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of elements linked to particulate matter air pollution such as As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn. Concentrations of As (8.58 vs. 3.15 μg/L), Cd (6.74 vs. 0.52 μg/L), and Hg (2.60 vs. 0.90 μg/L) were significantly higher in women with GDM. Risk difference (RD) estimation showed that As, 0.516 (0.355, 0.677); Cd, 0.719 (0.534, 0.904); and Hg, 0.505 (0.276, 0.735) increase GDM probability, while V lower that risk, -0.139 (-0.237, -0.042). With the principal component analysis, we were able to separate subjects according to their GDM status based on element levels. Such classification revealed very high efficiency with a true positive rate of 93%, according to linear discriminant analysis. GDM subjects presented higher levels of As, Cd, and Hg, indicating that these elements may disturb insulin metabolism and promote the development of GDM. Therefore, we conclude that systematic monitoring of trace elements followed by multivariate modeling in women planning pregnancy should be carried out to prevent the development of GDM.

Почетные права и обязанности: доктрина, практика, техника

The article is devoted to general theory analysis of legal categories «honorary rights» and « honorary obligations». The author puts forward and gives arguments to the hypothesis about the existence of a specific group of legal permissions and obligations which differ from other kinds of rights and legal obligations due to their peculiarities. Significant and informative consideration of «honorary rights» and «honorary obligations» both from the point of doctrine of law and historical and modern legislature as well as law enforcement practice was done. The purpose. To make up in the legal doctrine for the absence of complete idea of honorary rights and obligations as elements of the legal position of separate subjects having special legal status; reveal their characteristic features and define the risks conditioned to be abused. Methodology. Historical way of cognition, philological approach, empirical methods of comparison, descriptions, interpretations, theoretical methods of formal and dialectic logic; private-scientific methods, formal legal method, legal norms interpretation method. Results. Analysis of doctrinal sources of the Russian and International Law, jurisprudence historical landmarks, current normative legal acts, and law enforcement practice showed that honorary rights and obligations are of encouraging and stimulating nature, have an accessory character in relation to the basic opportunities and obligations of the subjects. On the basis of the establishing the elements of similarity and differentiation of honorary right with subjective right of the subject, honorary obligation with legal obligation on the whole, the aspects of their interactions and existing contradictions, an independent categorical and institutional character of honorary rights and obligations is proved, its specific qualities which differentiate
 it from adjacent legal phenomena are specified. Conclusion. It is necessary to strictly differentiate the understanding and realization of honorary rights and obligations in the system of legislature and law enforcement practice by means of unification and concretization of law provisions using encouraging and stimulating instrumentation, justified and minimum usage of assessment notions and components (prominent merits, prestige, authority, etc.) that serve as the basis for receiving honorary rights and obligations, improving the legal status of subjects with regard to other participants of relation. The steps taken should contribute not only to the increasing the efficiency
 of regulation of public relations through the system of legal encouragements, stimuli and advantages but decreasing discrimination and corruption risks, the opportunity of subjective discretion associated with granting similar additional opportunities.

Архівування аудіовізуальної спадщини у Великій Британії: історичні традиції та сучасна практика

The aim of the article is to investigate the history of the formation and current state of development of archiving of audiovisual heritage in Great Britain. The research methodology is based on a system of modern basic scientifi c pproaches (socio-cultural, systemic, interdisciplinary) and a set of general scientifi c methods – bibliographic, comparative-historical, retrospective, empirical (descriptive), critical, typological, of system analysis. The tendencies of the organization of British audiovisual archives, means and methods of formation of collectives and infrastructure are analyzed. The following methods were used: genetic, inductive, historical, comparative, as well as systematization, generalization, classifi cation. A special place in the study is occupied by the art history approach, within which, in particular, morphological analysis allowed to distinguish the genre-species structure of audiovisual heritage in individual centers of its storage. The scientifi c novelty of the study is that for the fi rst time the main reasons for the foundation and some historical stories of 4 key centers for audiovisual heritage in the UK are traced: the Imperial War Museum, the National Archive of the British Film Institute, the Moving Image Archive of the National Library of Scotland, the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales; and also revealed the composition of the documents concentrated there – an important component of world cultural heritage. The historical role of British archivists in the development of the theory and practice of audiovisual archiving is shown. The peculiarities of the British archival policy, focused (in pre-Internet times) primarily on the formation and preservation of audiovisual collections and its impact on the world practice of audiovisual archiving, are analyzed. Changes in the priorities of archives’ activity in the context of digital transformation and integration into the digital media space are identifi ed. Emphasis is placed on archival initiatives in the direction of providing and updating the information and source potential of audiovisual collections. The peculiarities of the British model of organization of archiving of audiovisual heritage and functional specifi cs of its separate subjects are revealed. It is concluded that in the future the main research interest should be focused on the formation of a network of regional audiovisual archives and modern strategies for audiovisual archiving with relevant practices.

Sparse linear discriminant analysis for multiview structured data.

Classification methods that leverage the strengths of data from multiple sources (multiview data) simultaneously have enormous potential to yield more powerful findings than two-step methods: association followed by classification. We propose two methods, sparse integrative discriminant analysis (SIDA), and SIDA with incorporation of network information (SIDANet), for joint association and classification studies. The methods consider the overall association between multiview data, and the separation within each view in choosing discriminant vectors that are associated and optimally separate subjects into different classes. SIDANet is among the first methods to incorporate prior structural information in joint association and classification studies. It uses the normalized Laplacian of a graph to smooth coefficients of predictor variables, thus encouraging selection of predictors that are connected. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods on a set of synthetic datasets and explore their use in identifying potential nontraditional risk factors that discriminate healthy patients at low versus high risk for developing atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease in 10 years. Our findings underscore the benefit of joint association and classification methods if the goal is to correlate multiview data and to performclassification.

ORGANIZATION OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLES AND MACHINES IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD

The current state of agricultural machinery in the agro-industrial complex shows that service as a direction of production activities aimed at maintaining machinery in working order has ceased to exist. Foreign and domestic experience in the operation of equipment shows that maintaining equipment in working order for consumers is an important economic task. In the current market conditions in Ukraine, technical service in the agro-industrial complex should be considered as a strategic direction to ensure the efficiency of equipment during operation from the standpoint of legal, economic, regulatory, technical, technological and personnel support, as an integral link between producer and consumer. techniques. The issues of problems in technical operation of vehicles and machines and foreign experience in organizing technical service in order to comprehensively study the basics of operational reliability of equipment, advanced technologies of technical service used in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine and abroad. The experience of the organization of repair and maintenance in foreign countries, which is based on reducing the cost of agricultural mechanization. It is established that in modern economic conditions one of the main resources is information about the market, production technologies, various "know-how", which are the result of combining the efforts of scientists and specialists in various fields of production, etc. It is determined that for the effective implementation of scientifically sound methods of management, promotion of knowledge-intensive technologies in production, analysis of the information environment in which the enterprise operates, it is necessary to have a separate subject of market relations, which could perform such work. The set of services provided to the consumer is called a technical service. The motivating motive for improving the technical service is not to lose a potential buyer of its products, to attract a new buyer, to win a competition with a competitor, to ensure its survival and prosperity.

Зеркальность водной поверхности в поэзии Серебряного века

The purpose of the study is to identify the features peculiar to symbolism of specularity using lyrical works by the Russian poets of the Silver Age K. D. Balmont, V. Ya. Bryusov, N. S. Gumilyov, M. A. Voloshin, A. A. Blok as examples. The article considers literary texts where water surface is deemed to be a mirror and identifies correlation between symbolism of specularity and the author’s viewpoint. The study is novel in that it highlights symbolism of water surface as a separate study subject. As a result, it is found that symbolism of natural mirror is characterised by duality in perception of the surrounding world, conveys illusory nature of being, greatness of history and eternality of human passions, relates to motifs of fire and death.

Lone wolf or herd animal? Information choice and learning from others

We report on an experiment that distinguishes between rational social learning and behavioral information source bias. Subjects are asked to correctly guess the current binary state of the world. Differently from other social learning studies, subjects must choose between receiving a private, noisy signal about the current state or observing the past guesses of other subjects in the prior period. Our design varies the persistence of the state across time, which affects whether private or social information is optimal. Thus our design enables us to separate subjects who choose information optimally from those who excessively use either social information (“herd animals”) or private information (“lone wolves”). We find sizable proportions of both behavioral types.

Carbon dioxide copolymers: Emerging sustainable materials for versatile applications

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is cheap, renewable, abundant, and nontoxic carbon feedstocks in chemical reactions. In the past two decades, utilization of CO2 in polymer science has become a meaningful topic bridging two separate subjects, namely CO2 valorization and sustainable polymer synthesis. This review summarizes the recent progress in CO2 copolymer materials from synthesis to material performance adjustment, focusing on commercialized or potential commodity sustainable materials such as biodegradable polycarbonates and new structure polyurethanes from CO2‐polyol building blocks.

INTEGRATIVE NETWORK LEARNING FOR MULTI-MODALITY BIOMARKER DATA.

The biomarker networks measured by different modalities of data (e.g., structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)) may share the same true underlying biological model. In this work, we propose a node-wise biomarker graphical model to leverage the shared mechanism between multi-modality data to provide a more reliable estimation of the target modality network and account for the heterogeneity in networks due to differences between subjects and networks of external modality. Latent variables are introduced to represent the shared unobserved biological network and the information from the external modality is incorporated to model the distribution of the underlying biological network. We propose an efficient approximation to the posterior expectation of the latent variables that reduces computational cost by at least 50%. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by extensive simulation studies and an application to construct gray matter brain atrophy network of Huntington's disease by using sMRI data and DTI data. The identified network connections are more consistent with clinical literature and better improve prediction in follow-up clinical outcomes and separate subjects into clinically meaningful subgroups with different prognosis than alternative methods.

Research synthesis of STEM Education approach effected on students’ problem solving skills in Thailand

STEM education integrates concepts that are usually taught as separate subjects in different classes and emphasizes the application of knowledge to real-life situations. A lesson or unit in a STEM class is typically based around finding a solution to a real-world problem and tends to emphasize problem solving abilty. So, the objective of this research is to synthesize research about STEM Education Approach effected on students’ problem solving skill in Thailand. Variables consisted of a unit of variable which included 17 variables. The collecting data tool is adjusted from the recording data form of the Office of Education Council in Thailand. Data were analyzed by frequency and percentage and were showed the result of STEM Education effected to problem solving skill analysing by one sample t- test, criterion and growth score for content analysis. The results showed that STEM Education Approach effected on students’ problem solving skills in Thailand research dated by 2009-2019 were published mostly in 2017. Naresuan University did the target research highest frequency. Researchers from Curriculum and Instruction, Early Childhood Education, Sciences Education, and Education major mostly produced the research and worked at the Office of the Basic Education Commission. Female reseachers did the more research in STEM Education than male.Thesis in Master degree was done the most comparing with dissertation in Doctoral Degree. Common research objectives mostly focused on “study”. Experimental design was found mostly especially in one group pretest-posttest design. Sampling method was found the most in Purposive sampling. Frequent sample found was students and followed by teachers and expert. Upper secondary level was mostly found in Educational level of sample. The subject area found the most was Physics and followed by Biology. Lesson plans were mostly used in research instruments and analyzing methods mostly used descriptive statistic. The result of STEM Education effected to problem solving skills using one sample t- test found that students’problem solving skills mean score in the post-test were higher than that in the pre-test after learning by STEM Education approach at both the 0.01 and 0.05 level of significance relating to the analyzing method by using mean and standard deviation and growth score.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО РОЗУМІННЯ ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ СУБ’ЄКТІВ АГРАРНОГО БІЗНЕСУ

The article systematizes theoretical approaches to understanding the potential of economic growth, which allowed to consider it as factors and sources of growth and formation of economic power, as a result of productive forces in the industry and means of meeting social needs in general, and as processes of identifying and creating certain spectra of business opportunities; formation, structuring and construction of indicators of the maximum possible production capacities and criteria of optimality of production plans, in particular, for separate subjects of agrarian business. The potential for economic growth can be understood as an increase in the supply of goods (or services) created during a certain selected financial period. The potential for economic growth can be determined by many factors, the most important of which are the factors influencing supply and demand. Supply factors will determine the physical capacity of the potential to grow, and the following: quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural resources; quantitative and qualitative characteristics of labor resources; volumes of capital; technological development and potential. It is outlined that the potential of economic development of business entities is currently associated with the growth of knowledge-intensive industries in the basic industries. It was found that special attention is paid to the sustainable potential of economic growth, especially the potential for increasing the welfare of economic entities. In addition, it was established that the potential for economic growth should be derived from the direction of development that will take into account the socialization of the economic system as a whole. Business, farming, entrepreneurship, and invention are potentially profitable activities, and those involved are respected. Positive attitudes towards innovation are important socio-cultural factors of economic growth potential. In the developed world, the potential for economic growth is considered as a great benefit to the people. Finally, over a long period of time, the potential for economic growth will depend on the political structure and organization of society. Keywords: potential of economic growth, economic development, subjects of agrarian business.

Enhancing student learning through trans-disciplinary project-based assessment in bioengineering

The Bioengineering Systems major offered at the University of Melbourne aims to enable students to rigorously integrate mathematics and modelling concepts with the fundamental sciences of biology, physics, and chemistry in order to solve biomedical engineering problems. This requires mastery of core concepts in engineering design, programming, mechanics, and electrical circuits. Historically, these concepts have been sequestered into separate subjects, with minimal cross-curricular references. This has resulted in the compartmentalisation of these concepts, with students often failing to appreciate that these seemingly disparate ideas can be synergistically combined to engineer larger, more capable systems. Building the capability of students to integrate these trans-disciplinary concepts is a unique aspect of the major that seeks to prepare students to solve real-world problems in the digital age (Burnett, 2011).
 
 We previously implemented trans-disciplinary design in the second-year subject Biomechanical Physics and Computation by integrating the teaching of mechanics and programming (typically covered in separate subjects in standard engineering degrees). This integration was explored largely through assessment redesign that focuses upon authentic learning (Bozalek et al., 2014). In these assessments, students have to model real-world mechanical systems using programming, for example, the construction of an animated physics-based model for a bicep curl. Here, an understanding of either the mechanics or programming component is insufficient to properly complete these assessments – students necessarily have to master both in order to perform well. Student feedback surveys have indicated that student learning has benefited from this redesign, as they have helped put programming concepts in a real-world context by demonstrating their utility in solving complex physics problems. Quantitatively, trans-disciplinary design has contributed to improvements in the following survey scores from 2017 (pre-redesign) to 2019: “I found the assessment tasks useful in guiding my study”: 3.85 to 4.43, “I learnt new ideas, approaches, and/or skills”: 3.88 to 4.32, “I learnt to apply knowledge to practice”: 3.63 to 4.13 (averages, maximum: 5).
 
 To further model trans-disciplinary design, we have established a collaborative curriculum design team (Laurillard, 2012) to develop a coordinated set of learning activities and assessments centred around the design, construction, and control of a bionic limb. Using design-based research (McKenney & Reeves, 2019), our team will model a design-based research approach within the curriculum over a two-year project timeline. By integrating these learning activities across four core subjects in the Bioengineering Systems major, students will be involved in an authentic learning project that integrates the concepts taught in the context of a larger system. The project involves hands-on design and fabrication of a bionic limb facilitated by a learner-centric ecology of resources (Luckin, 2008), including an ePortfolio consisting of Jupyter Notebook, GitLab, MS Teams and Adobe Spark. The intended learning outcomes are to enhance students’ capacity to integrate trans-disciplinary knowledge by providing continuity in assessments and learning objectives across our curriculum.
 The presentation will outline the methodology behind the collaborative trans-disciplinary curriculum design project and will also explore how the team is navigating the impact of COVID-19 on a traditionally lab-based project in a hybrid mode.

Can Security and Safety Education Support Sustainability? Lessons Learned from Poland

The aim of the article is to prove that sustainable development goals can be supported by security and safety education, where security refers to the state of being free from danger or threats and safety applies to creating protection from risks or dangers. This kind of education, which is obligatory in Polish schools, encompasses interdisciplinary knowledge and universal values focusing on improvement of human existence through minimisation of threats. Through the Word Frequency Query, the most intense descriptors of security and safety education were distinguished and fitted within the framework of sustainable development goals. The obtained data were supported with literature analysis identified with relevant keywords in the Web of Science database. It was proved that security and safety education reflects the idea of sustainable development in a variety of aspects. Since common foundations were identified, it could be inferred that teaching security and safety is a great platform for promotion of sustainable development goals. Moreover, in countries where security and safety education is taught as a separate school subject, more cross-disciplinary sustainability issues should be implemented in the curricula and taught with the use of novel strategies and tools.

Inclusion of Global Citizenship Education and Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Curriculum: A Perspective Study

Education Agenda 2030 emphasizes the role of Sustainable Development Goal 4 which focuses on excellence in education and its prominence for the attainment of sixteen other sustainable development goals. For this purpose a study was carried out to investigate the opinions of Educationists/Curriculum developers for inclusion of themes of Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Pre-Service Teacher Education Curriculum (Elementary) level in Pakistan. There are six broad themes of GCED and ESD: Human Rights, Education for sustainable Development, Peace, Gender Equality, Health Education and Global Citizenship. It was a descriptive study. On the pre-determined themes suggested by UNESCO, a survey questionnaire was developed having both open and close-ended questions. There were 70 participants in the study who were M.Phil to Post Doctorate and had professional experience of 10 -35 years. Data for close-ended questionnaire were analyzed through SPSS 21 and the qualitative part used descriptive explanation with verbatim quotes and word clouds using NVIVO 10. The results showed that participants strongly favored inclusion of these themes in curriculum and believed these to be cross cutting themes. It was recommended that these may either be integrated into already existing subjects of B.Ed. or may be taught as separate subjects.
 Keywords: Pre-Service Curriculum, Target 4.7, Global Citizenship Education, Education for Sustainable Development

The Impact of the Ukrainian Factor Over the Political Elite and the Civil Society of Transdniestria

There are studied political, social and other grounds of formation of the Transdniestrian political elite and civil society as self-sustained political phenomena. These institutes have been developing not isolatedly but in the framework of those political processes that were typical for the region during the period of its establishment and existence in different social and political conditions. There are summarized and analyzed different aspects of the Ukrainian factor impact over these processes as by direct influence of the Ukrainian political elite and civil society, as well as in the context of ideological concepts formulated in the Ukrainian political discourse during a long period of time. Concrete methods of the Ukrainian political class impact over the Transdniestrian political elite and civil society are also presented. A very special activity of the Ukrainian side could be seen up to 2014, when the Transdniestrian political elite had been considered in Kiev as an independent subject with its own interests that in its turn determined the choice of certain forms of impact. Direct inter-elite communication used to be one of the most meaningful forms of such impact, that allowed to identify the sides’ interests and to find mutually acceptable decisions on the highest and high levels. Since 2014 the situation has changed dramatically. The Ukrainian political elite refuses to recognize the Transdniestrian political elite’s status of a separate (independent) subject and considers it to be a tool for the Russia’s interests’ implementation. There appears a special role of the border factor as of a key resource for pressure over the Transdniestrian political elite, its business interests, options for traffic etc. The same way the Ukrainian side minimized contacts with the Transdniestrian civil society. But at the same time Ukrainians keep for themselves the option for monitoring the Transdniestrian political system. In the Ukrainian political narrative there appears a contradiction, when the Ukrainian political authorities can’t use a symbolic potential of a number of Transdniestrian locations, actual for the modern political ideology of Ukraine only because that these locations are situated on the territory controlled by the Transdniestrian political elite whilst Ukrainians avoid any contacts with the latter.

Помощник судьи в системе гражданских и арбитражных процессуальных отношений

The article is devoted to the issue of the place of an assistant judge in the system of civil and arbitration procedural relations. The author analyzes the existing approaches to determining the place of an assistant judge in the classification of subjects of civil and arbitration procedural relations. According to the author, the assistant judge is an separate subject of such legal relations. The widespread approach of classifying a judicial assistant as a facilitator of justice seems to be incorrect. In order to classify the subjects of civil and arbitration procedural relations, the author proposes to classify the assistant judge in the same group of subjects as a court.

Развитие образовательной самостоятельности учащегося в ходе проектирования его индивидуального образовательного маршрута

The authors of the article substantiate the relevance of expanding the term “educational independence” to the concept of “educational
 independence”, which is proposed for use in primary school didactics. Educational independence, in contrast to educational independence, is not limited to educational situations, but also manifests itself in arbitrary cognitive activity, which meets modern requirements for learning outcomes, regardless of its period. However, when characterizing educational independence, it is necessary to take into account the individual capabilities of children of primary school age. As an effective means of developing educational independence, the article considers the construction of an individual educational route for a younger student, analyzes the process of its development using the Moodle distance learning system, which includes four stages: diagnostic, design, technological and evaluation. The sequence of joint actions of a teacher and a student to draw up a map of his individual educational route within the framework of a separate academic subject is given.

Assessing the Training Needs Regarding ‘Breaking Bad News’ amongst Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Professionals in Pune India

Introduction:‘Breaking Bad News’ (BBN) in the scenario of poor prognosis or death is considered to beone of the most stressful aspects of the duties of a Healthcare professional. In the recent years, the subject ofBBN has gained traction among healthcare professionals and psychologist leading to the creation of somecomprehensive models to train professionals. Emergency Medical Professionals are among the likeliest toencounter BBN situations. Hence it is imperative that they be formally trained to deal with patients and theirfamilies effectivelyObjective: To assess the training needs regarding ‘Breaking Bad News’ (BBN); amongst EmergencyMedical Services (EMS) Professionals.Methodology: The study was conducted amongst 150 Emergency Medical Professionals in Pune, India. Apreviously tested and validated questionnaire developed by Rasmus etal in June 2020 was utilized for thestudy. Questionnaire was administered to the respondents through online mode after obtaining informedconsent. Responding to all questions was mandatory. The respondents were given one day to fill thequestionnaire. Any queries pertaining to questionnaire were clarified during data collection.Discussion: The present study was done to assess the baseline awareness of EMS professionals about BBNand to devise a customized training program for them. Unfortunately, majority of the respondents werenot even aware that BBN is a separate subject having specific procedures and protocols followed globally.The lack of training instils fear of facing such situations and adversely affects the mental health of EMSprofessionals. This can be corrected by utilizing tools like simulation and role play to provide adequateexposure to EMS professionals in a safe environment.Conclusion: The findings of the study point towards an emergent need of formal practical training on thiscrucial yet ignored aspect of the health care professionals’ duties. Comparative Studies can be conducted inthe future to assess the effectiveness of this training program.