Separate Elements Research Articles

ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ И КОНСТИТУИРОВАНИЕ ПРИНЦИПОВ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ЗАКУПОК В РОССИЙСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

The research is aimed at studying the historical process of formulation and legislative consolidation of the principles of public procurement implemented in Russian practice. The empirical base of the study is based on the provisions of the federal law of April 5, 2013. No. 44-FZ “On the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, and services to meet state and municipal needs” and a retrospective analysis of the conditions under which the formation and constitution of the rules of participation established by the state in the system of participation of suppliers of goods, works and services in the mechanism of satisfying the requests and needs of the state mechanism, taking into account socio-economic and the technological development of the country and the mechanism of material and economic support for the performance of the functions assigned to it by the state. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the author’s approach to the formulation of evolutionarily emerging and accepted principles of public procurement based on the multiplicity of scientific explanations of the nature of public procurement activities and the definition of the main characteristics of public procurement. Separate elements of the scientific novelty of the study are the definition of the logic of the constitution of certain evolutionary principles of public procurement and their consolidation in the current Russian legislation on public procurement, as well as a comparative analysis of the compliance of evolutionary and regulatory principles of public procurement. The scientific contribution of the authors is to substantiate the evolutionary logic of the formation of modern legislative support for public procurement activities and to assess the prospects for its further improvement. The result of the study was a comparative analytical correspondence of the evolutionary and regulatory principles of public procurement activities and a forecast of the promising conditions for the functioning of the public procurement sector and its change in the norms of legislative support for public procurement activities.

Determinasi Pada Loyalitas Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan dan Persepsi Harga Melalui Kepuasan

Micro enterprises are believed to be able to thrive in unstable situations because they operate independently and have a relatively small scope. Small and medium-sized business owners must be able to survive in an industry dominated by large and medium-sized companies. To achieve this, they need effective marketing strategies, focusing on service quality and price perception, in order to create customer satisfaction and loyalty. The sustainability of micro and small business owners depends on how well their products can endure. In this study, the third key factor (TKT 3) is active research and development. This may involve analytical studies and laboratory research to physically validate analytical predictions about separate elements of technology. For instance, it could relate to components that have not yet been integrated or those that represent a sample. The study population consists of residents in Tangsel, and sampling is done using purposive techniques. Using the Hair formula, the sample size is rounded to 100 individuals who will serve as research respondents. These respondents will be provided with a Google Form questionnaire for the research.

FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF OBJECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION IN THE THEORETICAL MODELING OF THE CRIMINAL LAW ON CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Allocation of unified system-forming criteria for classification (generalization) of objects of criminallaw protection of economic activity (Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Usingthe methods of cognition: comparative analysis, dialectical, sociological, the author of the study coming to conclusions: 1) the current system of objects of criminal law protection is represented by extremely diversesocial relations, which should not infrequently be fixed in other chapters and sections of the criminallaw; 2) despite the variety of objects, it is possible to identify common grounds for combining all criminalencroachments into a common system, in this case it is necessary to take as a basis separate elements of socialrelations: the subject, the subject or the content. The author comes to the conclusion that harm is caused tothe subject of public relations in all cases, respectively, when determining the system of objects, it is necessaryto establish which element — the subject or content is the most significant for society, and accordingly, acriminal law protection regime is introduced in relation to it. The author of the scientific work proposes toestablish the “priority of protection” in relation to the most significant element of public relations. Such anapproach will allow us to achieve several independent, significant goals: to systematize the total volumeof objects of criminal legal protection, to identify criminal encroachments that are not related to economiccrimes, to develop unified legal and technical rules and models for formulating the disposition of criminallaw norms. The work is theoretical in nature and is aimed at developing a fundamental model for reformingthe criminal legislation of the Russian Federation on responsibility for crimes in the sphere of economicactivity, both within the framework of the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and in the caseof the development and adoption of a new criminal law

РАСЧЕТНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ДЕФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ГРУНТОВОГО ОСНОВАНИЯ ВЫСОТНОГО ЗДАНИЯ С УЧЕТОМ ПРЕДЫСТОРИИ ЗАГРУЖЕНИЯ

While designing high-rise buildings, it is necessary to take into account the influence of stages of their erection, this is the sequence of loading, on the change in physical-mechanical properties of soils. The calculation of deformations of subgrade is made with due regard for the change in soils properties comparing with the initial (natural) state. On the basis of the results of experimental studies, the authors substantiate the necessity for introducing the new parameter which makes it possible to characterize the mechanical condition of the soil at any stage of loading and can be used for creating calculation models. An analytical diagram of soil deformation in coordinates «σ1–ε1» for triaxial compression (where σ1 – vertical stresses (deviator), ε1 – linear deformations under the triaxial compression) is adopted as this parameter. The procedure for constructing transformed diagrams of the soil state under the long performance triaxial loading is described. The procedure obtained was approbated when calculating deformations of the foundation base of the high-rise building with due regard for the influence of staging of construction and rheological properties of soils on the change in the base rigidity and, as a result, on the redistribution of stresses among separate elements of the system “subgrade –foundation – upper part of the building.

АВТОМАТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЗАВАНТАЖЕНОСТІ РАДІОЧАСТОТНОГО СПЕКТРА ТА СЕЛЕКЦІЯ СИГНАЛІВ

Constant increasing of radio-electronic devices number leads to an increase of spectrum occupancy and complication of radio-electronic environment. In such conditions, it is necessary to use automatic algorithms for prompt detection and selection of radio signals in radio monitoring systems. The purpose of the article is to develop algorithms and recommendations for their practical implementation to automate the process of radio frequency spectrum occupancy analysis and signal selection in a wide dynamic range with high occupancy of analyzed frequency band in conditions of a priori uncertainty of noise level. To achieve the stated goal were developed generalized algorithm for radio frequency spectrum analysis, algorithm of frequency domain processing and algorithm for frequency channels analysis. Examples of spectrum bands analysis with high occupancy and recommendations for developed algorithms implementation were represented. Depending on variability of noise power in analyzed frequency band an adaptive change of estimation time interval is provided, which will reduce the computational complexity. In conditions of no uniform noise level or a wide dynamic range of signals, it is proposed to use special test statistics to determine fullness of analyzed frequency channels. In the course of experimental studies, the analysis of recordings in frequency bands of 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz was carried out. It was established that the developed algorithms provide a correct estimation of radio frequency spectrum occupancy and selection of signals with a dynamic range of at least 35 dB and occupancy of up to 92%. Developed algorithms do not require calibration of the equipment in case of fluctuations in characteristics of separate system elements and changes in radio-electronic environment and can be implemented in existing and perspective automatic radio monitoring systems. Keywords: radio frequency spectrum; spectrum occupancy; signal selection; test statistics; frequency channel.

A Novel Circuit-Based Model of Electrodialysis Avoiding the Use of Empirical Parameters

Electrodialysis (ED) is an emerging membrane-based electroseparation technology for desalination, water treatment, and ionic pollutant removal. Compared to conventional separation methods such as reverse osmosis, ED offers several advantages including lower energy consumption, higher selectivity, and lower fouling propensity. Further, coupling ED with renewable electricity sources enables it to be far more sustainable than competing technologies (reverse osmosis and evaporation) across a wide range of scales. However, the design and operation of ED systems are still challenging due to the complex interactions between the membrane, the electrolytes, and the applied electric field. To address this issue, advanced process models are required to provide accurate predictions of ED performance and to guide system optimisation. Existing ED models tend to be highly dependent on empirical parameters and thus are only applicable to a narrow range of process conditions and require several data sets to validate. Therefore, in this work we aimed to develop a glabal model of ED without reliance on experimental training data.Herein, we present a novel circuit-based model for ED. The model considers the membrane stack as a series of resistors, where the membranes and electrolytes are represented as separate resistive elements. Crucially, the membrane resistance is calculated directly from the electrostatic interaction between ions and fixed charge groups, rather than from manufacturer data or empirical sub-model. This allows for consideration of the ion identity and electrolyte concentration when determining the membrane resistance. Ohm's law is used to relate the applied voltage and stack electrical resistance to a current density, which is then converted to a flux using Faraday's law and current efficiency model. Historically, current efficiencies are calculated from transport numbers provided from membrane manufactures and assumed constant. A novel model for the current efficiency has been developed by us in which the current efficiency is a function of the trans-membrane concentration difference. A space-wise material balance is employed to determine the concentration profile along the stack, while a time-wise material balance tracks the changes in reservoir concentration for recirculating batch experiments.To validate the model, desalination experiments were conducted on a PC BED 1-4 recirculating batch system and compared the model predictions with experimental data. The model demonstrated excellent matching on a range of variables across a range of conditions, including current density, current efficiency, and ion concentration.The proposed model has various applications in ED process modelling, optimisation, and economic analysis. It can be used to evaluate the impact of different design parameters such as membrane thickness, membrane charge density, and flow rate on system performance as well as to optimise these.In summary, the circuit-based model presented in this work offers a robust and versatile tool for ED process simulation and optimisation, which can be used for effective and efficiency desalination and water treatment. Two major advancements presented include models for the membrane electrical resistance and current efficiency, which have historically been considered constant. Figure 1

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN BERBASIS WEBSITE PADA DIVISI PERCETAKAN CV MEDIA ONE MART MAKASSAR

This research aimed to determine: 1) the design of a web-based sales information system in the Printing Division of CV Media One Mart Makassar; 2) customer perceptions of the web-based sales information system in the Printing Division of CV Media One Mart Makassar. The issue examined in this study was the digital marketing (Facebook, Instagram, Tokopedia, and Shopee) utilized in the Printing Division of CV Media One Mart Makassar, which was not managed properly. The method used in this study was the waterfall method, consisting of: 1) requirement analysis; 2) design; 3) implementation; 4) verification; 5) maintenance. Data collection techniques employed were questionnaires and interviews. The data analysis technique used was quantitative data analysis. The result of this research indicated that: 1) The design of the web-based sales information system was created using a Content Management System (CMS) through the stages of planning, visualization, designing the interface, and integrating separate elements into a cohesive whole; 2) Customer perceptions of the web-based sales information system were categorized as "strongly agree" for utilization.

Functionally separated electronic band engineering via multi-element doping plus high-density defects advances board-temperature-range thermoelectric performance in GeTe

GeTe has attracted widespread attention as an ideal mid-temperature thermoelectric (TE) material, but its peak performance within a narrow mid-temperature range limits the conversion efficiency improvement of future TE devices. Here, to achieve the overall enhancement of GeTe over a broad temperature range, especially near room temperature, we demonstrate the functionally separated electronic band engineering strategy (resonance energy levels and band convergence) coupling the construction of high-density defects by designing multi-element SnSe-In-Sb co-doping. Fundamentally, to distinguish the functions of selected elements, it was found that SnSe alloying mainly promotes the band convergence of GeTe in elevated temperatures, In doping can create the resonance energy level for enhancing the TE performance near room temperature, and Sb can optimize symmetry and the overall carrier concentration, thereby jointly improving the effective mass and Seebeck coefficient. Moreover, the construction of various phonon scattering centers including high-density Ge micro/nano-precipitates, van der Waals gaps, dislocations, and strong stress fields, strongly inhibits phonon transport. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, a peak ZT of ∼ 2.0 at 653 K, ZTave of ∼ 1.2 in the range from 303 to 803 K, and Vickers microhardness of ∼ 234 Hv are obtained in (Ge0.91In0.01Sb0.08Te)0.98(SnSe)0.02 sample. This study demonstrates a promising strategy to optimize thermoelectric performance by selectively co-doping functionally separated elements for developing high-performance TE materials.

Building up Leadership Skills in Vulnerable Social Groups. Case Study in Bipolar Disorder and Psychoeducation Contribution

The focus of this study is on the psychoeducation therapy program, which is widely utilized in the field of mental health. The study aims to examine the effects of this program on individuals who are dealing with a mental disease. The main aim is to establish a support network for oneself and one's immediate social connections. Moreover, the text explicitly acknowledges bipolar disorder, a psychiatric ailment distinguished by alternating spells of elevated or irritable mood and melancholy. To streamline the examination of these issues, a determination was taken to divide them into two separate elements. The introductory portion of the text provides an explanation of the importance of psychoeducational therapy, specifically within the framework of bipolar disorder. Following this, the subsequent phase of this research suggests the implementation of a psychoeducational program consisting of carefully designed sessions, considering the findings and analysis. The continuous examination encompasses both the procedural aspects and the contextual factors. This study emphasizes the significance of recognizing individuals above the limitations imposed by their circumstances, so exposing the wide potential for leadership within marginalized social groups. The results of the study support the notion of adopting a more comprehensive and inclusive strategy for cultivating leadership skills, emphasizing the significance of psychoeducation as a catalyst for personal growth and change.

Трансграничный подход к экономическому сотрудничеству России и Казахстана в сфере оборота драгоценных металлов и камней

In the conditions of expanding interaction between friendly countries, the cross-border approach to economic cooperation in strategically important areas is becoming increasingly important. The methodological basis of this study was the dialectical method of cognition, which allows analyzing and synthesizing economic phenomena, dissecting them into separate elements. The methods of logical, economic and situational analysis were also used. The authors give a bibliographic review of economic cooperation between Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan using a cross-border approach to the analysis of the precious metals and stones market; show the role of the Republic of Kazakhstan at historical stages in the formation of integration processes in the Eurasian space; characterize the structure of the market of precious metals and stones and products made of them. The market of precious metals, gemstones and products made of them is a promising direction of Kazakhstan's economic development. The Republic of Kazakhstan is successfully improving the state regulation of the precious metals and gemstones industry, taking into account global trends and best practices in this area. Cross-border cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia will contribute to their further economic development.

Toward Cooperative Federated Learning Over Heterogeneous Edge/Fog Networks

Federated learning (FL) has been promoted as a popular technique for training machine learning (ML) models over edge/fog networks. Traditional implementations of FL have largely neglected the potential for inter-network cooperation, treating edge/fog devices and other infrastructure participating in ML as separate processing elements. Consequently, FL has been vulnerable to several dimensions of network heterogeneity, such as varying computation capabilities, communication resources, data qualities, and privacy demands. We advocate for cooperative federated learning (CFL), a cooperative edge/fog ML paradigm built on device-to-device (D2D) and device-toserver (D2S) interactions. Through D2D and D2S cooperation, CFL counteracts network heterogeneity in edge/fog networks through enabling a model/data/resource pooling mechanism, which will yield substantial improvements in ML model training quality and network resource consumption. We propose a set of core methodologies that form the foundation of D2D and D2S cooperation and present preliminary experiments that demonstrate their benefits. We also discuss new FL functionalities enabled by this cooperative framework such as the integration of unlabeled data and heterogeneous device privacy into ML model training. Finally, we describe some open research directions at the intersection of cooperative edge/fog and FL.

The Nomenclature of Traditional Ornaments in Latvian and Lithuanian

Abstract The traditional ornaments, characteristic for the Latvian and Lithuanian ethnographic regions, are an essential part of traditional Baltic culture. Since the 19th century researchers have studied their technical aspects and semiotics (Brastiņš, 1923; Dzērvīts, 1925; Celms 2007) but little attention has been paid to empirical terminology. The name is an integral part of the sign, it often carries semantic information helping to reveal its usage and significance. In Latvia, the names of traditional signs have been influenced by the work of Brastiņš and dievturi (“Keepers of Dievs”) who attributed the names of Baltic mythological deities to ornaments linking them to the manifestations of the deity mentioned in the denominations. While these denominations are very popular in Latvia, in Lithuania very similar ornaments are called and interpreted differently. This research focuses on collecting and analysing Baltic ornament nomenclature published in Latvia and Lithuania in the first half of the 20th century. It compares the ornament naming traditions in both countries and highlights the main parallels and differences. It also reviews previous research of ornament in Latvia and Lithuania where significant differences can be seen – while semiotic research dominates in Latvia, in Lithuania more attention has been paid to the nomenclature, although in both countries the nomenclature has often been viewed separately from the visual form, making the research of ornament evolution and typology difficult. It has been found that the spectrum of ornament nomenclature at the beginning of the 20th century in Latvia was more diverse than it is now; that it is common for Latvians and Lithuanians to view ornament as a pattern rather than separate graphic elements and that geometric, plant, animal, artefact and celestial body denominations dominate the nomenclature of both languages. Symbols appearing in Baltic culture are also present in ornament nomenclature.

Assessment of the Technical Condition of Spur Dikes

Spur dikes are one of the types of structures for engineering protection of the roadbed, which, in combination with a wavedamping beach, are used to protect the railway track from wave action.The objective of this work is to improve safety of coast railway track operation in areas subject to wave action. The author used the methods of experimental research and survey for obtaining the criteria for assessing the technical condition of spur dikes.Based on the results of the survey of spur dikes, conclusions were drawn about low quality of construction, and the main types of defects were identified both in entire structures and in their elements. Experimental studies on hydrowave models were carried out to assess the beach­holding capacity of the spur dikes and their resistance to wave action in the wave basin. It was proposed to divide the spur dikes into separate elements according to the degree of their significance, and the criteria for the technical condition by types of defects for each element of the structure under consideration were obtained.The technical condition criteria obtained from the results of surveys and experimental studies make it possible to assess the technical condition of spur dikes, which will increase railway operation safety.

Statement of the Problem (Task) of Optimization of Mode Irrigation

At first, planning the development of the separate areas ofGeorgia is necessary, alongside with other factors, to consider theopportunity to receive the needed quantity and quality of water. Thetask of water distribution is formulated so: at the presence of a deficiencyof water in a pool from the examined river, it is necessary tofind the optimum size deficiency waters paid to consumers within agiven pool, and the optimality is understood at least the sums of economicdamages at the set size of deficiency.A new approach to answer the question of water-distributionshould determine the tendencies in designing and creating the automatedirrigation system by factors of the life of the plants providingreception of stable high crops of agricultural crops, close to their biologicalpotential. It is necessary to note, that research on the technicalperfection of ameliorative systems is being done continuously. In theprocess of developing a science there is improvement in the design ofthe system as a whole, and its separate elements. One of the majorproblems for the operation of irrigation systems it is the organizationof the optimum control of distribution of deficient water resources.Such management can be carried out as soon as the automated controlsystems for water distribution are created.The production function reflects the dependence of a crop’s sizeon the volume of water allocated for its irrigation, which varies fromyear to year and from field to field—as it is related to soil fertility andmeteorological conditions. Besides this, even under fixed conditionsof an environment with the presence of a deficiency of water resourcesfor crops, essential influence renders a mode of an irrigation. Termsand rates enamel that cause statement and decisions for the task ofoptimizing the mode of irrigation with a deficiency of water resources.

A54Co-produced scenario-based simulations: Respect for, and understanding of, those from transgender and gender diverse communities

In July 2018 the government launched the national LGBT action plan to advance the rights of LGBT people to improve the way that public services work for them, regardless of their sexual orientation, gender identity or sex characteristics [1]. Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) [2], individuals continue to experience discrimination and disadvantages in accessing healthcare whilst often having complex health needs, furthermore, there is a gap in undergraduate curriculums on TGD patient care [3]. A workshop was co-produced with members of the TGD community; scenario content was translated from their own experiences of prejudice and disrespect. In order to maximize participation, the scenario is delivered through forum theatre. It centres on an individual from the TGD community (played by a trans-actor) and the assumptions of a health professional (played by an actor). Audience members watch the scenario unfold; at closure of the first run through, the audience have a facilitated discussion. During the second run through, audiences are invited to change the behaviour of the health professional, leading to preferable, respectful and safe care. The actors have been trained to amend their actions as instructed by the audience members via the facilitator. After the simulation, the trans-actor de-roles and then describes the journey of transitioning their gender identity and presentation. The simulation and the lived experience are separated and treated as two separate elements of the training. The co-produced scenario-based simulation has been successful in promoting respect and understanding of those from the TGD community. Audiences have been a broad range of professional groups: vocational, undergraduate and registrants. This session has been repeated over fifty times, with changes made to suit the audience background. Health professionals have had the opportunity to learn and practice appropriate communication skills. The lived experience component post-simulation was impactful in providing a personal insight into the challenges faced by TGD individuals. Participants reported an increase in knowledge of the needs of, and confidence in communicating with, members of the TGD community. The co-produced, replicable, scenario-based simulation, featuring forum theatre and lived experience, is an effective method of promoting respect and understanding of those from the TGD community. The simulation provides healthcare professionals with the opportunity to learn and practice appropriate communication skills. Separating the simulation with lived experience is an essential component, due to ethical and safety issues, although linking the two, strengthens the authenticity of the session. Authors confirm that all relevant ethical standards for research conduct and dissemination have been met. The submitting author confirms that relevant ethical approval was granted, if applicable.

Complex gravity-acoustic impact on V-flame structure

Development of efficient and safe energy systems for space objects includes ensuring fire safety. This problem requires a deep understanding of influence of gravitational forces on combustion processes, which explains the importance of studying this issue. The paper analyzes the dynamics of inverted conical methane-air flame under conditions of normal and reverse gravitational force with external acoustic excitation. Applied frequencies of acoustic excitation could be parasitic or be produced during proper work of different technical systems of aircraft. High speed recording of flame chemiluminescence and PIV analysis were conducted. Decomposition of flow vector pictures into the modes was calculated using POD method. Energy contribution into the flow was analyzed for its separate elements at the different frequencies of excitation. At the high excitation frequencies vortex generation intensity in the shear layer with reverse gravity is about the same as it was observed in the experiments with normal gravity direction, that could indicate dominance of acoustic mechanism of the vortexes stimulation over the mechanism of shear instability. At external excitation frequency equals 240 Hz significant growth of shear vortex diameters and increasing of perpendicular oscillations amplitude of flame branches were obtained. Thereby in such experiment with 240 Hz external acoustic excitation the most intensive large scale instability of flow was observed.

Optimization of wetland water replenishment process based on the response of waterbirds in a semi-arid and cold region

Emergency ecological water replenishment(EEWR) has become a major strategy for recovering degraded wetland ecosystems worldwide. However, the actual replenishment process mainly depended on the tradeoff and experience between the managers of Taoer River and Xianghai Wetland, which is very random and lacks theoretical guidance. Thus, there is urge to assessing water replenishment effect on wetland and help to optimize the process. With contrasting results as different ecosystem elements respond differently, the optimization of water replenishment process should be based on the improvement of the ecosystem as whole rather than its separate elements. However, the dynamic monitoring of biotic and abiotic factors to reveal the complex relationships underlying their response can be challenging. Based on 6 years’ series data of migratory birds and environmental factors of Xianghai Wetland, which started emergency ecological water replenishment since 2004 and occurred frequently since 2011, the broader ecosystem response to water replenishment was analyzed using a multiple paths regression model and proposed an optimized scheme. The results showed that bird diversity was positively influenced by the increase in water area and vegetation was induced by ecological water replenishment. While the response of bird abundance to water replenishment varied with time, adequate open water in March was found to have a positive relationship with abundance by promoting vegetation germination and the reproduction of benthic organisms. High flow levels in the wet season (June–August) can negatively affect waterbird abundance by rapidly increasing water levels and inhibiting plant respiration, which leads to the reduction in feeding efficiency of waterbirds and biomass accumulation. Therefore, the existing ecological water replenishment time (May–September) is not suitable for bird abundance and should be advanced to spring (March–April). Given the antagonistic effect of flow on diversity and abundance, the total replenished water should be approximately 100 million m3. To avoid the negative influence of high water in the wet season, the allocation of water could be 0.3, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.2 million m3 in April, May, September, and October, respectively. These results scientifically support wetland protection and management.

Specific features of challenging the debtor’s transactions in bankruptcy proceedings

The article characterizes the peculiarities of contesting debtor’s transactions in bankruptcy proceedings in comparison with the general procedure of contesting transactions. The author considers the peculiarities of separate elements of the legal mechanism of challenging transactions, highlights the discussion issues. The conclusion is made that the differences of contestation of transactions of the debtor in bankruptcy from contestation of transactions within the framework of the general order are conditioned by the specificity of public relations, formed in the sphere of application of norms of the Federal Law of 26 October 2002 № 127-FZ “On insolvency (bankruptcy)”, and the necessity of solving the task of satisfying the interests of creditors.

Regional startup ecosystems of Ukraine

The startup ecosystem of each country contains separate elements and reflects the effectiveness of their interaction, which is also reflected in regional ecosystems. The aim of the research is to identify and rank the start-up ecosystems of the regions of Ukraine according to various indicators, distinguish the differences between the ecosystems and determine the main directions of their development, expansion within a separate region. In the research multifactorial comparative analysis in four stages has been used, such as: justification of the indicator system, normalization of the matrix of standardized coefficients, squaring of all elements of the matrix of standardized coefficients and placement of the obtained rating values by rank. The highest level is charac­terized by a sufficient number of supporting elements that help startups find financing options and accelerate market entry processes; the high level has a dynamic ecosystem that helps early-stage startups find support and funding programs; the medium level has a developing ecosystem, and the existing business structure contributes to the development of the startup movement in the region; the low level has the potential for further development and additional initiatives by local authorities and business structures. According to the rating, the highest level was determined in Kyiv region, the high level is found in Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv, Odesa and Kharkiv regions, the average level is found in Donetsk and Zaporizhia regions. Other regions belong to the lower and the lowest levels, which emphasize the promising development of startup ecosystems in the regions. Regions with the highest level can focus on maintaining and expanding their existing ecosystem by providing additional support and funding for startups; with high indicators they can focus on the further development of its dynamic ecosystem, creating more clusters and events to attract startups and investors; medium level regions can consentrate on increasing the number of supporting elements to make it easier for startups to find funding and scale; with a low level regions can focus on conducting competitions, hackathons, involving the IT community for the development of the startup community.

COMPOSITION AND ARCHITECTONICS OF A WORK OF FICTION AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AUTHOR’S STYLE. J. CHAUCER «THE CANTERBURY TALES»

COMPOSITION AND ARCHITECTONICS OF A WORK OF FICTION AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AUTHOR’S STYLE. J. CHAUCER «THE CANTERBURY TALES»