Sentences In Order Research Articles

МОВОЗНАВЧІ ПОГЛЯДИ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА НА ПОНЯТТЯ «ПОРЯДОК СЛІВ» КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ФОРМАЛЬНО-ГРАМАТИЧНОЇ ТА КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ

The article grounds the relevance of the regularities of the construction of sentence structure in accordance with the peculiarities of word order with the help of intonation, the speaker’s communicative intent, and the grammatical laws of the Ukrainian language. The main attention is focused on the fact that the interpretation of the sen-tence order of the Ukrainian language as fl uent seems to be incorrect. It is ap-propriate to use the concept of «direct word order» and «indirect word order» (inverse word order»). The origins of the formation and development of the outlined concepts date back to the birth of the formal-grammatical paradigm of language research (Ivan Ohiienko’s reasoning), which later received a broader interpretation in the communicative paradigm (the modern stage of the develop-ment of the Ukrainian language).The following conceptual provisions regarding the given issue are high-lighted in Ivan Ohiienko’s linguistic legacy: all syntactic components of a sen-tence are assigned a certain place in a sentence, the position of sentence compo-nents is caused by the intonation of the speaker and the grammatical laws of the Ukrainian language, inversion is a stylistic aspect of using an unusual word or-der. In addition, the linguist points out such grammatical categories and concepts as valence («words are paired»), semantic approach («the meaning of a word in a sentence»), the identifi cation of grammatical features of the Ukrainian language (the change in the semantic and syntactic meaning of a word according to its place in a sentence). All these testify to the linguistic talent of Ivan Ohiienko and the fact that the linguist was ahead of his time.The linguist pointed out the melodiousness of the Ukrainian language. In the linguist’s opinion, inversion is ordinary and unusual. Ivan Ohiienko believes that ordinary inversion is used only in artistic speech, while unusual inversion should be eradicated from speech. The linguist proved the limited possibilities of a logical approach to the analysis of syntactic units, and thus substantiated the formal-grammatical paradigm

О различии в формализации логики у индийцев и греков в связи с различием порядка слов в предикации

The article discusses some logical, semantic and metaphysical consequences or correla­tions with the introduced typology of word order in verbal and nominal sentences, which in the European tradition represent speech patterns used in judgments. The combinatorics of word order gives four variants, of which three are actually represented by native lan­guages of distinctive philosophical traditions. It is shown that the Western word order predisposes the semantic intuition in favor of substantialism, the Arabic variety (in verbal sentences) is in conformity with the process logic of sense discovered and described by A.V. Smirnov. The Sanskrit word order in predication predisposes to the understanding of thinking as a natural transition from one object to another, whereas the ontological type of the object is not predetermined.

Multiturn dialogue generation by modeling sentence-level and discourse-level contexts

Currently, multiturn dialogue models generate human-like responses based on pretrained language models given a dialogue history. However, most existing models simply concatenate dialogue histories, which makes it difficult to maintain a high degree of consistency throughout the generated text. We speculate that this is because the encoder ignores information about the hierarchical structure between sentences. In this paper, we propose a novel multiturn dialogue generation model that captures contextual information at the sentence level and at the discourse level during the encoding process. The context semantic information is dynamically modeled through a difference-aware module. A sentence order prediction training task is also designed to learn representation by reconstructing the order of disrupted sentences with a learning-to-rank algorithm. Experiments on the multiturn dialogue dataset, DailyDialog, demonstrate that our model substantially outperforms the baseline model in terms of both automatic and human evaluation metrics, generating more fluent and informative responses than the baseline model.

Learning Japanese Passive Voice by Sri Lankan Learners

The purpose of this study is to examine the difficulties of learning Passive voice and to identify the type of errors learners do when producing Japanese passive sentences. It also aims to find strategies to minimize the errors in Passive sentences and reduce the difficulties in learning. The participants in this research are, learners of secondary schools and adult learners aged 20 to 40 in private institutes in three districts of Sri Lanka. A passive grammar test and a questionnaire have been used as the measuring instruments for this study. The grammar test was done by 100 learners while the questionnaire was answered by 94 learners. After the data was collected, a cross-sectional analysis was used to analyse the data. The results show that errors were done in the word order of the passive sentences, usage of the particles, construction of the passive verbs, using passive on transitive and intransitive verbs, and, construction of causative passive verbs. The researcher concludes, that to reduce the errors, strategies such as watching Japanese videos and dramas, making friends with Japanese nationals, gaining a good knowledge of the Japanese culture, memorizing, and making many passive sentences can be used. 
 Keywords: Passive voice of Japanese; difficulties in learning; errors in Passive sentences; Secondary school learners and adult learners.

Trends of criminal law policy in the field of combating criminal offenses committed with the use of violence

In the article, the author pays attention to the study of the main trends of the legislation of the European Union regarding the prevention of crimes that begin with the use of violence, and their implementation in domestic legislation. It has been established that usually such actions take place in the context of counteracting those actions that are at the center of the EU’s criminal law policy and are constantly cited in numerous directives and regulations. The «serious crime» group includes criminal offenses in which the upper limit of punishment is at least 3 years of custodial sentence or detention order. The main direction of Ukraine’s criminal law policy in the nearest future is the implementation of EU legislation, including regarding acts committed with the use of violence.

Analysis of the Teaching Design Process Mode of College English Application Oriented Curriculum with NLP Voice Data Authentication

The purpose is to introduce game-based learning into college English communication courses, improve the competence of college students’ oral English expression and reduce their anxieties in speaking English. Four games are designed and an experiment of 20 sophomores’ performances in college oral communication classes is conducted for a semester. According to the classroom activities of oral English, the content of the games is reciting and delivering the sentences in order, guessing and understanding the characteristics of the single word, guessing the word by asking questions, and describing the pictures in English. This can be implemented with the Natural language Processing Assistance on Digital Library Management which presents the requirements for handling the documents in digital libraries.The research tools include an oral English test, FLCAS (Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale), classroom observation and a game-based learning recordwith the efficientresults are as follows: 1. The introduction of the four games into the oral English communication courses is found feasible. But the student's basic knowledge of English affects their enthusiasm for the games. 2.The skill of students' oral English expression is improved significantly after the introduction of the games, and they can speak complete English sentences to answer questions and describe pictures. 3. The students’ test anxiety decreases significantly, but they still feel anxious about the negative comments on their oral English performances. 4. According to the reflection and revision of the whole research process, the teaching mode design of the college English application course is developed in three aspects, including game design, game-course matching, and game integration into teaching.

An ERP Evidence on the German Scrambled Sentence Processing of Korean L2 Learners

In this ERP study, we investigated the Korean German learners’ perception of differences between canonical word order and non-canonical word order in German. The experimental materials were constructed by manipulating the canonical word order factor, i.e. nominative-first vs. dative or accusative-first in subordinate sentences in German. During the sentence comprehension, the brain responses of 15 participants in the intermediate level of German were recorded and analyzed. As a result of the experiment, the positivity was elicited at the verb region in the dative-first sentences. In contrast, the positivity was obtained from the all region(first noun region, second noun region, verb region) in the accusative-first sentences. These difference demonstrates that Korean German learners could recognize canonical word order in the accusative sentences, but not in the dative one.

How to Undo (and Redo) Words with Facts: A Semio-enactivist Approach to Law, Space and Experience

In this essay both the facts/values and facticity/normativity divides are considered from the perspective of global semiotics and with specific regard to the relationships between legal meaning and spatial scope of law’s experience. Through an examination of the inner and genetic projective significance of categorization, I will analyze the semantic dynamics of the descriptive parts comprising legal sentences in order to show the intermingling of factual and axiological/teleological categorizations in the unfolding of legal experience. Subsequently, I will emphasize the translational and enactive cognitive disposition underlying the construction of the second premise of the so-called judiciary syllogism and thereby the untenability of the idea that ‘law makes its facts.’ Hence, I will try to bring to the fore the cultural pre-assumptions encapsulated in the positivistic and therefore also formalistic or analytical approaches to legal experience and the loss of their inner consistency when legal experience confronts the phases and major changes of global semiotics. Finally, I will strive to relativize the opposition between the positivist and non-positivistic theories of law in view of an understanding of legal experience focused not only, or at least not primarily, on what ‘law is’ but also on ‘how’ it unwinds through, and in spite of, environmental and semantic transformations.

Desempeño escrito de los estudiantes de secundaria en Chile: una evaluación directa e indirecta de la escritura

The objectives of the research were to describe the performance of high school students in a direct assessment and an indirect assessment of writing and to determine the degree of relationship between performance in both tests. The methodology was quantitative and included the participation of a sample of high school seniors in Chile (n = 143). The participants took a direct assessment of writing, specifically an argumentative essay evaluated in 8 dimensions; and an indirect assessment, which corresponded to exercises in the use of connectors and sentence order. In the study, we found that the students presented an average performance in the direct and indirect evaluation. In the direct evaluation, the dimensions Spelling, Coherence, Cohesion and Use of arguments were the lowest-performing. Finally, we found that there is no correlation between performance in the direct and indirect assessment of writing.

Semantic Field of Utterances in ''Healthy Living Guide''

    Many books, articles, guidelines, and other resources have been written to help us avoid the Covid-19 virus, which has affected our lives in many ways during the last few years.     The corpus of this research is taken from ''A Healthy Live and Nutrition Guide'' by Harvard University. This guide presents tips about following a healthy style and how to do the best to eat healthy meals, exercise, and sleep well during coronavirus.      It is essential to use the semantic field while analyzing word meanings and examining the semantic relationships among words within sentences in order to fully grasp the guide. Those relations vary according to the relationship that a word may have with another word or word.        Only nouns are selected to be investigated and are grouped into different fields, such as eating, moving, sleeping, and other related fields, such as quantity and time. All nouns were classified into lexical-semantic fields to the lexical Field Theory as proposed by the German Linguist Jost Trier (1936). The semantic relations used to decide which semantic field a word belongs to are hyponymy (Type of) and meronomy (Part of). The researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in dealing with the corpus.       The study results reveal that the semantic field of “Eating” is by far the most common one, and it formed almost two-fifths of the data (almost 39%). The field of “Moving” is way less than that of “Eating”, and “Sleeping” is almost half the “Moving” field.

THE STARTING POINTS OF ABU SAEED AL-SIRAFI (284 AH-368 AH) IN COLLECTING THE SOUNDS OF ARABIC MANNERS OF ARTICULATION IN QUASI-ACRONYMIC FORMS IN HIS BOOK SHARḤKITĀB SĪBAWAYH -SEMANTICS AND EFFECTS OF APPLICATION –

Abu Saeed Al Sirafi is considered one of the first grammarians who provided a detailed explanation of Sibawayh’s book with accurate additions in the study of Arabic. The book provides divisions of issues of language origins, branches like phonetic, morphology and grammatical. This study seeks to reveal the premises of Abu Saeed al-Sirafi in his book (Explanation of Sibawayh’s Book) in collecting the sounds of Arabic manners of articulation in specific words and short sentences in order to facilitate their memorization and to facilitate ways of recalling them in the study of these linguistic topics and their classification. The problem of the study in examining the issue of the consistency of this educational method in collecting the sounds of their characteristics in words that can carry literary and pedagogical implications but may affect the applications of the extent of relevance and compatibility with the features of contemporary Arabic sounds in the results of modern phonetic studies. This test in t tries to answer the following questions: 1- What are the basic premises of Abu Saeed Al-Sirafi in applying this pedagogical method in collecting the sounds and their characteristics in the quasi-acronymic forms? 2- How did this educational tool expand to other linguists by presenting different words and phrases in semantics of Abu Said al-Sirafi’s restrictions? 3- What is the relevance of these quasi-acronymic forms with the opinions of recent phonetic studies related with laboratory and experimental phonetics? The study method is based on investigating and arranging these quasi-acronymic forms, the book Sirafi’s book in explaining the characteristics of sounds in Arabic and then comparing them with the later linguistic and non-linguistic literature that followed the method in expanding the uses and adding quasi-acronymic forms to other phonetic qualities that had not been explored before. The preliminary results of this study suggest that this method is based on the skill of summarization and brevity, which saves time

A Long Short-Term Memory for AI Applications in Spike-based Neuromorphic Hardware

Spike-based neuromorphic hardware holds promise for more energy-efficient implementations of deep neural networks (DNNs) than standard hardware such as GPUs. But this requires us to understand how DNNs can be emulated in an event-based sparse firing regime, as otherwise the energy advantage is lost. In particular, DNNs that solve sequence processing tasks typically employ long short-term memory units that are hard to emulate with few spikes. We show that a facet of many biological neurons, slow after-hyperpolarizing currents after each spike, provides an efficient solution. After-hyperpolarizing currents can easily be implemented in neuromorphic hardware that supports multi-compartment neuron models, such as Intel’s Loihi chip. Filter approximation theory explains why after-hyperpolarizing neurons can emulate the function of long short-term memory units. This yields a highly energy-efficient approach to time-series classification. Furthermore, it provides the basis for an energy-efficient implementation of an important class of large DNNs that extract relations between words and sentences in order to answer questions about the text. Deep learning could be less energy intensive when implemented on spike-based neuromorphic chips. An approach inspired by a characteristic feature of biological neurons, the presence of slowly changing internal currents, is developed to emulate long short-term memory units in a sparse spiking regime for neuromorphic implementation.

A Novel Approach for Semantic Extractive Text Summarization

Text summarization is a technique for shortening down or exacting a long text or document. It becomes critical when someone needs a quick and accurate summary of very long content. Manual text summarization can be expensive and time-consuming. While summarizing, some important content, such as information, concepts, and features of the document, can be lost; therefore, the retention ratio, which contains informative sentences, is lost, and if more information is added, then lengthy texts can be produced, increasing the compression ratio. Therefore, there is a tradeoff between two ratios (compression and retention). The model preserves or collects all the informative sentences by taking only the long sentences and removing the short sentences with less of a compression ratio. It tries to balance the retention ratio by avoiding text redundancies and also filters irrelevant information from the text by removing outliers. It generates sentences in chronological order as the sentences are mentioned in the original document. It also uses a heuristic approach for selecting the best cluster or group, which contains more meaningful sentences that are present in the topmost sentences of the summary. Our proposed model extractive summarizer overcomes these deficiencies and tries to balance between compression and retention ratios.

الجملة الإنشائية في اللغتين العربية والإندونيسية في ضوء التحليلي التقابلي (جملة الأمر نموذحًا)

This study aims to determine Arabic and Indonesian grammar in the form of imperative sentences by describing the similarities and differences between them. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using a comparative research methodology which consists of three research steps, namely describing imperative sentences in Arabic and Indonesian grammar, collecting sides of similarities and differences in imperative sentences in Arabic and Indonesian grammar, and predicting students' difficulties in learning Arabic because of the grammatical differences that exist between them. The results of the study show that the two languages ​​have similarities in: 1) commands and times, where the imperative sentences in both languages ​​are addressed to the interlocutor and for the present or future time; 2) there is no change in the form of imperative sentences in Arabic grammar, especially in ism fi'il amr and maṣdar na'ib ‘an fi'il amr, which also occurs in Indonesian grammar; 3) the order of command sentences in both languages ​​consists of fi'il (verb) and fa'il (subject). The grammatical differences between the two languages ​​lie in the breadth of Arabic in the variety of uslub, suitability in type (male or female), number, and personal (speaker, interlocutor and spoken to) where this is a difficulty for Indonesian students in learning Arabic.

Age-related deficits in dip-listening evident for isolated sentences but not for spoken stories

Fluctuating background sounds facilitate speech intelligibility by providing speech ‘glimpses’ (masking release). Older adults benefit less from glimpses, but masking release is typically investigated using isolated sentences. Recent work indicates that using engaging, continuous speech materials (e.g., spoken stories) may qualitatively alter speech-in-noise listening. Moreover, neural sensitivity to different amplitude envelope profiles (ramped, damped) changes with age, but whether this affects speech listening is unknown. In three online experiments, we investigate how masking release in younger and older adults differs for masked sentences and stories, and how speech intelligibility varies with masker amplitude profile. Intelligibility was generally greater for damped than ramped maskers. Masking release was reduced in older relative to younger adults for disconnected sentences, and stories with a randomized sentence order. Critically, when listening to stories with an engaging and coherent narrative, older adults demonstrated equal or greater masking release compared to younger adults. Older adults thus appear to benefit from ‘glimpses’ as much as, or more than, younger adults when the speech they are listening to follows a coherent topical thread. Our results highlight the importance of cognitive and motivational factors for speech understanding, and suggest that previous work may have underestimated speech-listening abilities in older adults.

Clausal Adjuncts of Romance Languages. A Corpus-driven Comparison

"Clausal Adjuncts of Romance Languages – a Corpus-Driven Comparison. Continuing the traditional comparative analysis of Romance languages, the present paper brings evidence for the fact that the syntactic configuration (the word order) of a Romance complex sentence (henceforth CS) with clausal adjuncts is the result of many competing forces. The analysis is based on an original media discourse corpus, collected from three Romance varieties (Romanian, Italian, and French), and the focus will be both on the word order of the temporal, causal, and concessive adjuncts (their occurrence in sentence-initial, in sentence-final position, sometimes even in sentence-middle position), and on the comparative analysis of the results. What I intend to prove is that the ordering of a CS in the three Romance languages is motivated by three types of factors: discourse pragmatics, semantics, and parsing. Keywords: clausal adjuncts, morphosyntactic analysis, word order, Romance languages "

A Linguistic Study of Topicalisation in Selected USA Newspapers: North Korea Nuclear Weapon as a Case Study

This research focuses on surveying Topcalisation phenomenon in political texts, and investigating the utilizations of its types. It aims to inspect Topicalisation in construing various types of constructions in the texts of political discourse and display how this phenomenon can construe non-canonical and complex sentences' structures. To achieve these goals, Verma’s division (1976) of Topicalization types is adopted as a model of analysis. Additionally, Quirk et.al (1985) is adopted as a complementary modal. The data of the present study are 17 selected political editorials that are chosen in a random way from three of the most famous American newspapers: The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal. According to Verma’s division, Topicalisaion types are divided into four basic types: passivization, pseudo-cleft, Cleft, and Extraposition. The study hypothesized that: Topicalisation transforms the syntactic construction of simple sentences into complex one, still it is utilized in political editorials in order to grant prominence to specific sentences' items to grab the attention of readers and convince him or her in a specific point of view. Cleft, which offers a highly levels of flexibility by drawing two or more sentences from a simple ones, is utilized heavily in political editorials. From a syntactic perspective, topicalisation supplies diverse syntactic structures, which have rhetorical effective. From a semantic perspective, It clarifies and unambiguously expresses the desired meaning. Data analysis has displayed that Topicalisation provides editorialists with various syntactic constructions for various purposes, involving pique the reader's interest and try to persuade him in a particular view. It has shown that passivization has been the most dominant type used in political discourse. In addition, the analysis has shown that syntactic and semantic aspects of Topicalisation phenomenon produce sentences with effective constructions and unambiguous meaning. The study comes up with the conclusion that Topicalisation has various structures which can serve various purposes. For example, when New piece of information appears at the beginning of the sentence, passivization process can be utilized to reorganize the sentence in order to agree with Given-New principle via postponing it.

Local and global context-based pairwise models for sentence ordering

Sentence Ordering refers to the task of rearranging a set of sentences into the appropriate coherent order. For this task, most previous approaches have explored global context-based end-to-end methods using Sequence Generation techniques. In this paper, we put forward a set of robust local and global context-based pairwise ordering strategies, leveraging which our prediction strategies outperform all previous works in this domain. Our proposed encoding method utilizes the paragraph’s rich global contextual information to predict the pairwise order using novel transformer architectures. Analysis of the two proposed decoding strategies helps better explain error propagation in pairwise models. This approach is the most accurate pure pairwise model and our encoding strategy also significantly improves the performance of other recent approaches that use pairwise models, including the previous state-of-the-art, demonstrating the research novelty and generalizability of this work. Additionally, we show how the pre-training task for ALBERT helps it to significantly outperform BERT, despite having considerably lesser parameters. The extensive experimental results, architectural analysis and ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed models compared to the previous state-of-the-art, besides providing a much better understanding of the functioning of pairwise models.

Fādil Al-Samarra’ī’s Contribution to Literary and Rhetorical Exegesis of the Qur’an

This article explores and assesses Fādil al-Samarrā’ī’s contribution to literary and rhetorical Qur’anic exegesis, especially regarding the rhetorical inimitability of the Qur’an. The article looks at how al-Samarrā’ī approaches the Qur’anic text to reveal its miraculous expressional secrets and its rhetorical inimitability with mere Arabic linguistic tools while giving contexts high priority in his analyses and interpretations. Al-Samarrā’ī was able to reach the semantics and purposes of the Qur’an based on the Qur’anic language itself, relying on its sentence structure and order, as well as on the structures, significance, and special meanings of words (which distinguish them from their synonyms), and how all of it relates to the purposes and objectives of the Qur’an. Al-Samarrā’ī sought to use morphology, semantics, and syntax to reach the purposes of the Holy Qur’an and discover its miraculous and inimitable eloquence. To achieve this, al-Samarrā’ī relied on the rich and vast literature on the subject. Guided by the intellectual language and empirical questions of his time, his tremendous effort and contribution to the literature has helped to demystify this complex subject.

Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences.

This study examined the comprehension of passive sentences in order to investigate whether individuals with dyslexia rely on parsing heuristics in language comprehension to a greater extent than non-dyslexic readers. One hundred adults (50 dyslexics and 50 controls) read active and passive sentences, and we also manipulated semantic plausibility. Eye movements were monitored, while participants read each sentence, and afterwards, participants answered a comprehension question. We also assessed verbal intelligence and working memory in all participants. Results showed dyslexia status interacted with sentence structure and plausibility, such that participants with dyslexia showed significantly more comprehension errors with passive and implausible sentence. With respect to verbal intelligence and working memory, we found that individuals with lower verbal intelligence were overall more likely to make comprehension errors, and individuals with lower working memory showed particular difficulties with passive and implausible sentences. For reading times, we found that individuals with dyslexia were overall slower readers. These findings suggest that (1) individuals with dyslexia do rely on heuristics to a greater extent than do non-dyslexic individuals, and (2) individual differences variables (e.g., verbal intelligence and working memory) are also related to the use of parsing heuristics. For the latter, lower ability individuals tended to be more consistent with heuristic processing (i.e., good-enough representations).