Use of Parsing Heuristics in the Comprehension of Passive Sentences: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences.

Paul E Engelhardt,Marianna Stella

doi:10.3390/brainsci12020209

Abstract

This study examined the comprehension of passive sentences in order to investigate whether individuals with dyslexia rely on parsing heuristics in language comprehension to a greater extent than non-dyslexic readers. One hundred adults (50 dyslexics and 50 controls) read active and passive sentences, and we also manipulated semantic plausibility. Eye movements were monitored, while participants read each sentence, and afterwards, participants answered a comprehension question. We also assessed verbal intelligence and working memory in all participants. Results showed dyslexia status interacted with sentence structure and plausibility, such that participants with dyslexia showed significantly more comprehension errors with passive and implausible sentence. With respect to verbal intelligence and working memory, we found that individuals with lower verbal intelligence were overall more likely to make comprehension errors, and individuals with lower working memory showed particular difficulties with passive and implausible sentences. For reading times, we found that individuals with dyslexia were overall slower readers. These findings suggest that (1) individuals with dyslexia do rely on heuristics to a greater extent than do non-dyslexic individuals, and (2) individual differences variables (e.g., verbal intelligence and working memory) are also related to the use of parsing heuristics. For the latter, lower ability individuals tended to be more consistent with heuristic processing (i.e., good-enough representations).

Highlights

Research into the comprehension of passive sentences has a long history in psycho‐linguistics [1,2,3,4,5], and has been looked at developmentally [6,7,8,9] and in clinical popu‐ lations
We examined individual differences in verbal intelligence and working memory, their role in parsing heuristics, and their links to comprehension and reading times
Our results showed that dyslexic readers made more comprehension errors compared with controls, with passive and implausible sentences

Summary

Introduction

Research into the comprehension of passive sentences has a long history in psycho‐linguistics [1,2,3,4,5], and has been looked at developmentally [6,7,8,9] and in clinical popu‐ lations (e.g., aphasia). Research into the comprehension of passive sentences has a long history in psycho‐. Passive sentences are interesting because they are syntactically more complex than actives and violate the canonical subject‐verb‐object word order in English. One prominent theory that has been offered to account for the fact that listeners often develop inaccurate representations in language comprehension is called “Good Enough” processing [10,11,12]. According to this theory, listeners may generate an interpretation of an ambiguous or a temporarily ambiguous sentence that is not consistent with the actual input. The comprehension system has a tendency to generate shallow or superfi‐

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