Temperature Sensor For Monitoring Research Articles

Real-time monitoring of pressure and temperature of oil well using a carbon-coated and bellow-packaged optical fiber sensor

A carbon-coated and bellow-packaged optical fiber sensor for high pressure and high temperature monitoring in downhole applications is developed and successfully field-applied in an oil well. Carbon-coating and bellow-packing techniques are introduced to enable the sensor to operate under the extreme conditions in downhole. Carbon-coating is aimed at preventing oil and gas from penetrating through the silica capillary that houses the sensor and also reduce the hydrogen-induced loss and capillary corrosion. The packaging with a bellows structure is designed for both efficient pressure transfer and effective isolation of external corrosive contents from direct contact with the optical fiber probe. We developed a carbon coating technique based on a CO2 laser system and implemented a bellows – diaphragm combination using laser welding. By both measurements in lab and a long-term field test in an oil well, the coated and bellow-packed sensor has shown good pressure linearity of more than 0.99999 with 0.03% F.S. repeatability and 2.9 psi resolution – demonstrating its great potential for long-term downhole dynamic monitoring.

Evaluation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) integrated sensor for physiological temperature detection

ABSTRACT In the human body, maintaining the core body temperature (CBT) is vital to ensure proper cellular and body functions. The temperature of 37°C (98°F) is the well-established baseline for CBT, but significant deviations to under 35°C (95°F) or over 40°C (104°F) can result in several health complications. If unnoticed in spaceflight, astronauts CBT could reach dangerously high levels when doing physically challenging tasks such as spacewalking or exercise. Therefore, a real-time multi-physiological parameter sensing system is needed to noninvasively monitor the status of crew members in space. The purpose of this paper is to test a novel temperature sensor developed by integrating thin sheets of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a temperature dependent dielectric material, into the sensor system designed as a substrate. This substrate interacts with the electromagnetic field created by the spiral sensor to result in a quantitative temperature monitoring sensor with a resolution of 1°C.

General design criteria for neonatal temperature monitoring sensor using "smart material" conducting polymer development: A review

Surface thermistors are being currently used in patient monitoring, including temperature monitoring among neonates. However, these thermistors are reported as being mechanically rigid. This review article aims to provide researchers with a guide to better design a flexible neonatal temperature monitoring sensor. A literature search was conducted to obtain available literature on temperature sensors with specific attention to designing flexible temperature sensors. The achievement of a flexible type thermistor for neonates requires a basic understanding of the thermistor. Also, the conducting polymer material being used and the rationale for their placement. The updated technology in thermistors should be made flexible for the ease of neonates during monitoring. Careful considerations for the design and conduct of flexible temperature sensor research as outlined in this review would help to enhance the quality and comparability of future research studies. Considerations for efficient neonatal temperature monitoring and protection include accuracy, sensor's size, weight, material, and sensor placement. Flexible sensors could be the alternative to conventional bulky and stiff temperature sensors.

Additive manufacturing of high-performance carbon-composites: An integrated multi-axis pressure and temperature monitoring sensor

The additive manufacturing research confides in developing three-dimensional (3D) printing routes for the fabrication of devices with multifunctional materials in various interesting application areas such as self-healing, energy conversion/storage/harvesting, and sensing platforms. This paper reports the design optimization, fabrication, and characterization of a multi-axis pressure sensor with temperature compensation using fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing of conductive carbon-based composites. Additive manufacturing offers a faster fabrication of complex structures with multiple properties such as electrical, mechanical, or thermal properties. The complex and costly metal printing can be neglected, as the 3D printing of a conductive polymer is a promising technology to utilize the electrical properties of the printed materials along with mechanical flexibilities. The present work focuses on the development of a multi-axis pressure sensor integrated with a temperature-sensing element. The pressure-sensing mechanism is based on piezoresistive behavior while temperature sensing relies on temperature-dependent resistance shift of the carbon composite. The pressure sensing part comprises a hollow structure to ensure mechanical deformation upon applied pressure while the temperature sensor is buried inside the housing material. Herein, the conductive three-dimensional printable polymer is synthesized by solution casting method with Polylactic acid (PLA), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and dichloromethane (DCM) solvent, which is transformed into filament for printing. The direction of pressure and magnitude of temperature can be evaluated separately by calibrating the responses of an applied force and temperature. Moreover, an integrated temperature sensor calibrates the shift in the electrical resistance of the pressure sensor due to the alteration in environmental temperature. The additive manufactured dual pressure and temperature sensor could open up broad applications such as human motion monitoring systems and force sensing.

Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors-Based Thermometry of Gold Nanorod-Enhanced Photothermal Therapy in Tumor Model

This work proposes the use of femtosecond laser-written fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for internal temperature monitoring of tumors undergoing gold nanorod (AuNR)-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT). Arrays of sub-millimetric FBGs enabled an accurate and quasi-distributed temperature measurement within subcutaneous breast tumors in mice. Furthermore, FBGs permitted to investigate the laser-tissue interaction and AuNR-assisted photothermal enhancement on cancerous tissue exposed to 940 nm and 1064 nm radiations. The introduction of the tumor-localized AuNRs resulted in an overall increase of 13 °C of the mean temperature change, compared to control, in case of 1064 nm, while ~6 °C in case of 940 nm. This sensing solution allows the minimally invasive measurement of the internal tumor temperature under AuNR-assisted PTT. This feasibility study sets the basis for the evaluation of the thermal outcome mediated by nanoparticles under different laser sources.

Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Temperature Monitoring During Thermal Ablation Procedure: Experimental Assessment of Artefact Caused by Respiratory Movements

Temperature monitoring inside tissue undergoing minimally invasive thermal ablation is a primary goal to improve the clinical outcomes. Existing techniques for temperature measurements, classified as invasive or contactless, have limited clinical practice applications due to several practical issues. Fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBG) can be a valid solution since they can perform accurate and multi-point temperature measurements by inserting a single and small fiber optic within the tissue. Notwithstanding, their cross-sensitivity to strain may cause measurement errors during thermal procedures. Indeed, several organs (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas) can strain gratings due to movements caused by breathing. To date, only a few studies have specifically addressed this concern, despite the wide use of FBGs in this field. To overcome this lack, we estimated the artefact of the FBGs output in response to lungs’ movements induced by breathing. This investigation was carried out by inserting FBGs within a manually ventilated lung model ( ex vivo swine lungs). We measured both the lungs’ movements during breathing by a Motion Capture system and the related fluctuations of the FBGs’ output. Moreover, we performed the same experiments during thermal ablation of lungs to assess the mentioned artefact’s influence. In this study, we demonstrated the relevance of the respiratory artefact on FBGs, and also the possibility to correct this error during thermal ablation.

Printed Structural Temperature Monitoring Embedded in Multi-Process Hybrid Additive Manufacturing

A printed and built-in geometry with a capability of detecting temperatures over a wide range are highly sought-after characteristics for a structural health monitoring temperature sensor. In this work, we describe a printable copper-graphene electronic sensor for temperature monitoring with real-time deployment into a printed metal structural component. The smart component is manufactured using a combination of three additive processes: a direct-ink writing, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), and ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM). The sensor is printed on a flexible ceramic substrate, embedded in the stainless steel LPBF component and capped with a UAM aluminum layer. The sensor exhibits a high resistance temperature sensitivity in a wide temperature detection range, with the performance capping at 500°C. These results, and the demonstrated ability to read temperature wirelessly, provide a path for remote structural health monitoring applications for additively manufactured components.

Comparison of three types of fiber optic sensors for temperature monitoring in a groundwater flow simulator

Different fiber optic sensors have been used for groundwater temperature monitoring and the question is which one to choose for a particular study. In the field conditions it is sometimes difficult to determine how much error is introduced by the sensor placement technique, packaging or cross-sensitivity between temperature and strain. These factors were studied in a laboratory groundwater simulator during a heat tracing experiment. The performance of three fiber optic technologies was evaluated – distributed temperature sensing, fiber Bragg gratings and continuous fiber Bragg gratings. All sensors had comparable accuracy of around 0.2 °C and resolution smaller than 0.1 °C. Therefore, factors which need to be considered when choosing a sensor for groundwater temperature monitoring are spatial resolution, sampling frequency and possibility to measure absolute/relative temperature. The experiment also showed that strain effects can be introduced even when fibers have a loose tube packaging.

A langasite surface acoustic wave wide-range temperature sensor with excellent linearity and high sensitivity

Langasite (LGS) surface acoustic wave (SAW) temperature sensors have a large second order temperature coefficient of frequency, which leads to their non-linear and non-monotonic responses in a wide temperature range and possibly makes the measured temperatures non-unique for a specific sensor response. Here, we propose a high-temperature Pt/LGS SAW sensor with linear frequency–temperature behavior in a wide temperature range, which was fabricated on a LGS (0°, 138.5°, 72°) substrate. The sensor has a single acoustic mode, but dual resonances with similar second- and third-order temperature sensitivities that were utilized for achieving a linear frequency–temperature response by a method of difference. A linear relationship between the measured sensor output (Δfm21) and temperature was obtained in the range of −60 °C to 700 °C, consistent with the theoretical analysis. The sensor has a high sensitivity of −167 ppm/K for the whole temperature range. All the results demonstrated exciting prospects of the sensor for wide temperature monitoring in harsh environments.

Development of Inplantable Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor for High Voltage Cable Core Temperature Monitoring in Intermediate Joint

In this paper, a kind of implantble passive wireless surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor and its reader are developed to measure the operation temperature of high voltage crossed-linked cable core. A small type SAW temperature sensor is embedded into cable intermediate joint. A radio frequecny transceiver of the reader based on discrete devices is optimally designed to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio and receiving sensitivity. The characteristic of resonant frequency and temperature of SAW sensor is determined by frequency scan method. Through AC withstand voltage and temperature rise test of 110kV cable, it proves that the prototype can accurately measure the operation temperature of 110kV cable core in intermediate joint under high operation temperature and strong electromagnetic environment.

Energetic improvement of smart Healthcare system using Internet of Things

In this modern era, each and every individual needs a global communication without any range and timeline restrictions. A well-known Internet of Things (IoT) provides such support to individuals and organization to provide range free communication services without any hurdles. This paper introduces a new methodology called Healthcare Processing with IoT Surveillance (HPIoTS), in which it adopts some latest technologies to provide an efficient support to monitor the healthcare of the respective patient and report those details properly to the server end with the help of Internet of Things. This proposed scheme of HPIoTS enables a shrewd Healthcare framework in Internet of Things platform, in which it screen a patient fundamental health oriented issues with surrounding atmosphere ratios such as temperature, humidity level, position and so on. In this framework, a smart health assisted gadget is designed with different sensors to catch the health related information from the patients’ side such as: Heart Rate Monitoring Sensor, Pressure Sensor, Temperature and Humidity Level Monitoring Sensor and MEMS Sensor. The association of these sensors made a device more perfect to acquire the health summary of the patients periodically and pushed into the server end without any timing delay and human interventions. The maximum error rate of this proposed approach is estimated around less than 5% as well as this will be proved properly in results sections via graphical proofs. This paper adopts the machine learning strategy to predict the patient health related issues and provides a good accuracy level of 97% in result. The proposed approach guarantees the efficiency of the healthcare monitoring system by using Healthcare Processing with IoT Surveillance (HPIoTS) as well as the resulting accuracy levels are proved on the results section with proper graphical outcomes.

Research on Performance Enhancement of Quantum Dot Sensors for Temperature Monitoring of Rotating Components

Research on Performance Enhancement of Quantum Dot Sensors for Temperature Monitoring of Rotating Components

Distributed Fiberoptic Sensor for Simultaneous Temperature and Strain Monitoring Based on Brillouin Scattering Effect in Polyimide-Coated Fibers

A unique multiparameter sensor for distributed measurement of temperature and strain based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering in polyimide-coated optical fiber is proposed, which is an excellent candidate for the cross-sensitivity problem in conventional Brillouin sensing network. In the experimental section, the discrimination of strain and temperature is successfully demonstrated by analysing the unequal sensing coefficients of the Brillouin frequency shifts generated by different acoustic modes. The Brillouin frequency shifts of the main two peaks are successfully measured to discriminate the strain and temperature with an accuracy 19.68 με and 1.02°C in 2.5 km sensing range. The proposed distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensor allows simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain, thus opening a door for practical application such as oil explorations.

Design and Experiment of FBG Sensors for Temperature Monitoring on External Electrode of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery becomes a promising energy storage element in the power grid. Temperature monitoring is a key tool to guarantee the safe service and durable life of Li-ion batteries. In this study, an optical fiber sensor was proposed for the temperature monitoring of Li-ion batteries. The proposed sensor consists of a metal ring and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), which is gloved on the external electrode of the cell. This installation is not only easy to assemble but also no interference to the circuit connection. The results of calibration test on proposed FBG sensors show good linearity (0.99) and high sensitivity (12 pm/°C). A comparison test illustrates the response of proposed FBG sensors has a good agreement with PT100 sensors. The FBG sensor can be fabricated as sensor arrays to monitor the temperature of multiple cells during charge/discharge cycles, simultaneously. The experimental results show that the FBG sensors have good repeatability during several cycles. FBG sensor arrays can be used to achieve distributed temperature measurement for multiple cells. It provides a solution to monitor the thermal behavior of each cell in battery packs and an available tool to improve the thermal management and safety of Li-ion batteries.

Development of thin-film based sensors for temperature and tool wear monitoring during machining

Abstract The development of thin-film sensors for temperature and wear measurement in machining operations is presented in this work. A functional thin-film system, consisting of an Al2O3 insulation layer, a chromium sensor layer structured by photolithography and an Al2O3 wear-protection and insulation layer, is deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes onto the surface of cemented carbide cutting inserts. First specimen of the sensors are successfully fabricated and tested in laboratory experiments as well as in machining operations to demonstrate their functionality. These tool-integrated sensors can be used as an in-process monitoring device to determine the temperatures on the rake face at or close to the tool-chip contact area and to measure the progress of the flank-wear land width. The knowledge of these important process parameters opens up the possibility to develop new in-process control mechanisms in order to modify and improve the surface integrity of manufactured components. Thereby, their performance and lifetime can be enhanced.

Real-Time Optical Fiber-Based Distributed Temperature Monitoring of Insulation Oil-Immersed Commercial Distribution Power Transformer

Timely detection of the incipient fault of a power transformer is of utmost importance to prevent potential malfunctioning. Monitoring the condition of the transformer insulation oil is the essential step as it contains most of the transformer's health diagnostic information. Thus, the temperature of the oil is considered the most crucial parameter that has to be monitored continuously in real-time. Distributed optical fiber sensors for temperature monitoring has various advantages over traditional methods. In this study, an optical fiber-based distributed temperature measurement of insulation oil of a fully energized 100 kVA commercial distribution transformer is demonstrated. Two types of techniques were deployed to monitor the temperature of the transformer inside and outside of the tank using a distributed Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) and a quasi-distributed Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor array respectively. The insulation oil temperature was monitored with different load conditions in a distributed fashion and compared with the conventional method of single point thermocouple and infrared thermal imaging. The test results show very good agreement between the conventional methods and proposed distributed fiber temperature sensors.

A Remote Thermostat Control and Temperature Monitoring System of a Single-Family House using openHAB and MQTT

In this research, an open-source IoT platform named openHAB smart home automation is used as a home server, an ESP32 Thing microcontroller board is used to design a remote-control system for a thermal energy storage system. It consists of temperature sensors for real-time temperature monitoring, ESP32 Thing board is used for data receiving, processing and sending it to the MQTT broker, openHAB software installed in the personal computer is used as a home server for creating dashboard panel, MQTT broker is used to establishing the communication in between openHAB home server and ESP32 Thing board, Wi-Fi router is used to create the communication channel, a battery-powered remote-controlled heater with a digital thermostat is used as a testing device where user can set the desired temperature for house heating. The main objectives of this work are to design a low-cost monitoring and control system for thermal energy storage systems, to monitor the real-time temperature data, to design a control system for thermostat settings with the following features such as manual/automatic operations, local/remote control options. The user can access the dashboards locally via any computer and remotely via openHAB Cloud console from anywhere in the world. The proposed system in this work will help residence to manage their heating systems smartly in a cost-effective way, which will be the replacement of the conventional thermostat settings. The utility provider company can also use this system to control the thermostat settings from centrally, wirelessly, and remotely.

Polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating sensor for monitoring of the composite materials curing process

In this paper, a polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating sensor for temperature and strain monitoring of the composite materials curing process in real time is proposed. New experiments have been done in much the same way as earlier, with the changes and peculiarities as follows: we demonstrate what we believe to be a new grating polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating. It can resist 300°C and the grating in the earlier paper can resist only 130°C. In this paper we measure temperature and strain at the same time. In addition, we analyze the relative difference in this paper. The temperature and strain are calculated according to the central wavelength. To compare the temperature results, a thermocouple is used to monitor the temperature simultaneously. For comparing the strain results, a strain gauge is used to monitor the strain simultaneously. The maximum relative difference of temperature between the results obtained by a polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating sensor and the results obtained by a thermocouple is 2.5%. The maximum relative difference of strain between the results obtained by a polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating sensor and the results obtained by a strain gauge is 0.2%. Additionally, a new signal demodulation scheme for experimental data processing is used to improve the accuracy of the monitoring results. The experimental results have good repeatability. The research results provide important references for optimization of the curing process and improvement of the technological process of the composite materials curing process.

Purwarupa dan Kinerja Pengering Gabah Hybrid Solar Heating dan Photovoltaic Heater dengan Sistem Monitoring Suhu

Grain drying is a process to reduce grain moisture content to certain conditions, so the grain can last longer in storage. The grain dryer model used in this research was Indirect Type Solar Dryer (ITSD). In order to make this dryer can work at night, heating element that used electrical energy from solar panels was added. This energy is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy. This dryer was equipped with a temperature monitoring system and control of the photovoltaic heater. The results of temperature monitoring and voltage sensors to controlling photovoltaic heaters based on validation are categorized as work measurement tools, because they have an error of 0.5% – 2%. Whereas the relay works when the battery voltage is 11 - 10.9 V. This dryer can dry grain to reach a moisture content of 14.90% from initial moisture content of 48.46%. The drying process lasts for 11 hours, which is 7 hours using solar energy and 4 hours using photovoltaic heaters. The average temperature produced by dryer system during the drying process is 35.28 °C with a drying efficiency of 60.14%.

AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR BEE COLONY WEIGHT MONITORING

Real time, continuous and remote monitoring of the honeybee colonies with application of information and communication technologies (ICT) is becoming increasingly frequent in industry and in a scientific research. Combination of ICT and beekeeping led to the development of the Precision Beekeeping approach. Successful implementation of the Precision Beekeeping system includes development of the bee colony monitoring hardware solution and computer software for data collection and further analysis. This paper describes developed and implemented bee colony monitoring unit for weight and temperature monitoring. Bee colony weight is one of the key metrics of the strength of a colony. Changes in weight can reflect the productivity rate of the colony, as well as its health and state. Developed monitoring system is based on Raspberry Pi Zero W single board computer with several connected sensors for bee colony temperature and environmental parameter monitoring. Weight is measured using single point load cell with possibility to measure weight up to 200kg, which is enough for the beehive measurements. Data transfer from the remote bee colony is provided by the external 3G router. For data storage and analysis cloud-based data warehouse is developed. Collected data is accessible in the web system with user friendly interface for data visualisation and reporting. Within this research scale calibration process is described and accuracy of the weighting is evaluated and possible challenges are discussed. Described monitoring system is developed within the Horizon 2020 project SAMS, which is funded by the European Union within the H2020-ICT-39-2016-2017 call. To find out more visit the project website https://sams-project.eu/.