Sensitive Non-enzymatic Glucose Research Articles

Ni-BTC Derived Porous Ni/C/Graphene Composite for Highly Sensitive Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection

Electrochemical detection of glucose, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic detections, has gained widespread attention in both biomedical and healthcare fields. Non-enzymatic detection has lower cost, better stability, and simpler immobilization operation, but it lacks sensitivity and reproducibility. Herein, a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection electrocatalyst is synthesized by in-situ compositing porous Ni/C nanoparticles with graphene (G). By using a highly porous precursor, the Ni/C/G composite exhibits massive exposure and homogeneous distribution of metal active sites and spatially sequential structure, and thereby the composite demonstrates improved steadiness, electron transfer rate, superior electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation, such as a high sensitivity of 1030 μA mM−1 cm−2 in alkaline media. Therefore, the Ni/C/G can be utilized as electrocatalysts for applications in non-enzymatic glucose detection, and the preparation strategy can be further developed to synthesize other low-cost nanomaterials for non-enzyme glucose sensors.

A disposable and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on 3D graphene/Cu2O modified carbon paper electrode

Herein, a three-dimensional graphene wall (GWs) and nano-Cu2O modified carbon fiber paper (CFP) electrode were used to develop a disposable and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor. This sensing interface of GWs/Cu2O consists of an interlaced CFP on which intercrossed graphene walls (GWs) were vertically tethered in situ by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD), and Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) were evenly grew on the 3D GWs layer and skeleton through the complete thermal decomposition of copper acetate (Cu (CH3COO)2) at high temperature. The CFP/GWs/Cu2O shows a large specific surface area and rich solution diffusion channels, which can expose more catalytic active sites without Nafion fixation film, thus greatly improving the electrocatalytic performance of this glucose sensor. The CFP/GWs/Cu2O sensor shows excellent catalytic performance to glucose with a linear detection range of 0.5 μM–5166 μM, LOD of 0.21 μM, and response time <4 s. This kind of disposable and sensitive electrode can capable of controlling uniform growth and accurate quantification, and has great development potential in the field of medical detection and the commercialization of wearable sensors.

3D shell-core structured NiCu-OH@Cu(OH)2 nanorod: A high-performance catalytic electrode for non-enzymatic glucose detection

Abstract A novel highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor is constructed based on an ultrafast synthesized amorphous NiCu-OH film coated Cu(OH)2 nanorod array grown on copper foam (NiCu-OH@Cu(OH)2 NRA/CF). The synthesized (NiCu-OH@Cu(OH)2 NRA/CF) has abundant catalytic activity and good catalytic performance for the electrochemical detection of glucose in alkaline conditions. Sensitive and selective voltammetric detection of glucose is demonstrated. The linear range extends from 100 nM to 1.5 mM, the detection limit is 32 nM, and the sensitivity is 6560.3 μA mM-1 cm-2. The method is applied to the determination of nitrite in human blood serum.

Functional Channel of SWCNTs/Cu2O/ZnO NRs/Graphene Hybrid Electrodes for Highly Sensitive Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors.

The hybrid electrode of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)/Cu2O/ZnO nanorods (NRs)/graphene used on the current-response nonenzymatic glucose sensor was investigated herein, regarding the mechanism of the formation of functional channel. The synthesis of the hybrid electrode involved four steps. First, the graphene was grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and then wet-transferred onto indium transparent oxide (ITO) glass. Second, a zinc oxide (ZnO) seed layer was sputtered onto the graphene/ITO glass, and ZnO NRs were gradually grown by the hydrothermal method. Third, the ZnO NRs were clad with cuprous oxide (Cu2O) by the electrochemical method. Fourth, the SWCNTs were dropped onto the Cu2O surface, with a Nafion surfactant. X-ray diffraction spectra, scanning electron microscopy spectra, Raman spectra, cyclic voltammograms, and amperometric response diagrams were used to verify the performance of the device. Results showed that sensitivity increased significantly from 11.2 to 289.8 μA mM-1 cm-2, linear range increased significantly from 0.6 to 11.1 mM, and the coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.9766 to 0.9923, all by the addition of the SWCNTs/Cu2O functional channel mechanism and without graphene. When the graphene was added to the functional channel electrode, sensitivity increased again from 289.8 to 466.1 μA mM-1 cm-2 at low concentrations.

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic wireless glucose sensor based on Ni–Co oxide nanoneedle-anchored polymer dots

Polymer dot (PD)-bridged nickel cobalt oxide (NiCo2O4 (NCO)) nanoneedle-assembled globe-shaped clusters for high-performance glucose sensors were prepared via the consecutive calcination and packaging of PDs using the hydrothermal technique. The sp2-conjugated bridge of electrons, abundantly available catechol functionalized active sites offered by the PDs, and porous structure of NCO created effective electron transport routes for electrocatalytic reactions. The remarkable synergy between the conductive PDs and NCO conferred the PDs-bridged NCO (PDs-NCO) exceptional electrocatalytic activity for glucose detection. Under the optimal applied potential of +0.5 V, the developed PDs-NCO-coated Ni foam (NF) electrode presented the broad detection range from 5 μM to 0.25 mM, sensitivity of 806.17 μA mM−1 cm−2, detection limit of 2.75 μM, and exceptional selectivity. Furthermore, the PDs-NCO-coated NF electrode achieved the specific capacitance of 35.63 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 and superb cycling stability including the 96.7% specific capacitance retention over 5000 charge-discharge cycles. In addition, glucose-sensing could be easily monitored using a wireless sensor on a smartphone. The combination of NCO and PDs represents an innovative approach for constructing high-performance, reusable, non-enzymatic glucose sensors with low detection limit, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity.

Conifer-like copper-carboxylated graphene nanocomposites modified electrode for sensitive nonenzymatic glucose biosensing with very low limit of detection

A nonenzymatic glucose biosensor based on conifer-like copper-carboxylated graphene nanocomposites modified gold electrode has been developed. Electrochemical detection of glucose by the proposed sensors was performed using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The proposed electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation. And the proposed sensors showed excellent performances for glucose detection, including very low limit of detection of 7.96 nM, fast response time of 2 s, wide linear response range from 0.1 μM to 5.48 mM, high sensitivity of 1142 μA mM−1 cm−2 and good selectivity. Moreover, the proposed sensors could be successfully applied for detection of glucose in human serum.

Hierarchically porous CuO spindle-like nanosheets grown on a carbon cloth for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensoring

Herein, porous CuO spindle-like nanosheets were fabricated on a carbon cloth using a facile hydrothermal method, and surface morphology, microstructure, and glucose sensing performance were studied. The porous spindle-like nanosheets are constructed by nanoparticles and slit-like pores, exhibiting a hierarchical structure. When used for non-enzymatic glucose sensoring, the obtained CuO nanosheet electrode exhibits a wide linear range from 0.05 to 3.30 mM, a high sensitivity of 785.2 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.22 μM (S/N = 3). Besides, good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility for glucose detection indicate a promising application of CuO nanosheet electrodes as non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Laser-Induced Mesoporous Nickel Oxide as a Highly Sensitive Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

In this paper, we present a novel laser-induced oxidation procedure for in-situ formation of nickel oxide nanoporous structures directly onto the nickel surface as highly sensitive non-enzymatic gl...

Hybrid Ni3N-nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres (Ni3N@C) in situ derived from Ni-MOFs as sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensors

ABSTRACT Metal organic frameworks derived hybrid microspheres consisted of Ni3N and nitrogen-doped carbon were prepared by a facile in situ nitridation process. The as prepared Ni3N@C electrocatalysts displayed superior performance for non-enzymatic glucose sensing with two linear detection ranges. The sensitivity in the lower detection range (0.001–3 mM) is 1511.59AmM−1 cm−2 with detection limit of 0.3 μM. The sensitivity in higher detection range (3–7 mM) is calculated to be 783.75A mM−1 cm−2. The excellent electrochemical performance of Ni3N@C for glucose sensing was mainly attributed to its fast charge transfer ability stemming from the synergistic effect of nitrogen-doped carbon and uniform dispersed Ni3N nanoparticles. Furthermore, the as constructed Ni3N@C sensor also showed good feasibility for glucose detection in serum sample and acceptable recovery in analysis. Thus, the preparation of Ni3N@C may hold a new promise for designing highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Palladium–Nickel nanoparticles decorated on Functionalized-MWCNT for high precision non-enzymatic glucose sensing

In this study, we report the synthesis and application of palladium-nickel nanoparticles decorated on functionalized-multiwall carbon nanotube Pd–Ni@f-MWCNT and employed as a sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. The composition and crystal structure was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface morphology of Pd–Ni@f-MWCNT was investigated by a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical response of the Pd–Ni@f-MWCNT to glucose was examined via the cyclic voltammetry. Results revealed that the prepared electrode exhibits high electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose into gluconolactone. The amperometric response of the Pd–Ni@f-MWCNT electrode to glucose was investigated at a potential of 0.5 V that demonstrated an extended linear range of from 0.01 to 1.4 mM, very low detection limit of 0.026 μM, very high sensitivity at 71 μA mM−1 cm−2, as well as good reproducibility, high stability and applicability for the real sample analysis. The reliability of the developed sensor was verified by comparison with a commercially available glucometer. The obtained results indicate that Pd–Ni@f-MWCNT is a promising candidate for electrochemical glucose sensing.

CuO/MoS2 nanocomposites for rapid and high sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensors

Non-enzymatic amperometric glucose sensor is fabricated using CuO/MoS2 nanocomposites (CuO/M) by a facile method with high sensitivity. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) studies of nanocomposites reveal the strong electrocatalytic activity for a wide range of glucose concentrations (0.1–10 mM) with a high current response in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The CuO/M modified electrode sensor shows high sensitivity (1055 μA/mM.cm2), rapid response (<2s), and lower detection limit (0.017 μμM) in the linear range of 35 μM–800 μM. The synergistic effect of MoS2 and CuO resulted in improved glucose electro-oxidation in alkaline solution. From the experimental results, it is inferred that modification with MoS2 could be a potential strategy to enhance the electrocatalytic properties of low-cost metal oxides.

Copper columnar nanostructures fabricated by glancing angle deposition as a robust and scalable method for high sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection

In this work, we have proposed a proper method to fabricate porous Cu nanostructured electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose detection. The glancing angle deposition (GLAD) has been used to produce Cu nanostructures on the FTO substrates. To optimize the sensing performance of the electrode, the effects of vapor deposition angle and azimuthal substrate rotation speed have been investigated. As a result, the superior electrocatalitic activity is obtained under the deposition angle of θ = 82° and the substrate rotation speed ofφ̇ = 20 rpm, respectively. By controlling the GLAD deposition parameters, an excellent sensing performance against glucose with a high sensitivity of 1862 μAcm−2 mM−1, a low detection limit of 0.048 μM and two wide linear ranges of detection of 10 μM–2 mM and 2–8 mM have been achieved at the applied potential of 0.5 V. Considering the high selectivity, excellent reproducibility and accurate measuring of the glucose levels in human serums, the proposed Cu-based sensor has a remarkable potential for large-scale production as a non-enzymatic glucometer.

2D hematene, a bioresorbable electrocatalytic support for glucose oxidation

Towards the aim of developing implantable and fully biodegradable sensors and biofuel cells, 2D nanosheets of hematite have been exfoliated and processed into electrode materials for glucose sensing. Gold, (Au) nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto the 2D substrate to develop a sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Despite a low loading of a catalyst, the composite achieved a sensitivity of 10 μA mM−1 cm−2, good linearity (0–3.2 mM) with a detection limit of 0.4 mM, a response time of less than 10 s, and long-term performance stability. These results make Au/Fe2O3 hematene nanosheet, a promising catalytic material not only for glucose monitoring but also from which to construct biofuel cells using glucose as fuel.

Core-shell MOF@MOF composites for sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensing in human serum

The detection of blood glucose level receives much attention, because diabetes has become one of the significant threats to human health worldwide. In this paper, we described a novel core-shell MOF@MOF composite-based electrochemical sensor for nonenzymatic glucose sensing in alkaline media. The core-shell UiO-67@Ni-MOF composites were synthesized by internal extended growth of shell Ni-MOF on the core UiO-67 under polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) regulation. In the sensor system, UiO-67 with large specific surface area and good conductivity was used to accelerate the rate of electron transfer of UiO-67@Ni-MOF. Ni-MOF served as an electrocatalytic material due to excellent electrochemical activity toward glucose oxidation. The morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of UiO-67@Ni-MOF composites were characterized. To demonstrate the detection performance of the UiO-67@Ni-MOF composite-based sensor, it was successfully used for nonenzymatic glucose sensing. The results indicated that UiO-67@Ni-MOF composites exhibited high electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation compared with individual UiO-67 and Ni-MOF. Moreover, the sensor possessed high sensitivity and selectivity for real-time amperometric detection of glucose. It performed glucose level detection in human serum samples with acceptable reliability and accuracy. The present work suggested that the as-fabricated sensor is promising for nonenzymatic glucose sensing in real samples and holds great potential as an alternative tool for the rapid diagnosis of diabetes and for monitoring blood glucose levels daily.

Well-dispersed poly(cysteine)-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites on graphene-modified electrode surface for highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection

A kind of nickel-based nanomaterial was prepared and its application in the highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection was realized in this article. Cyclic voltammetric scan generated the well-dispersed poly(cysteine)-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites, which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, on the grephene-modified electrode surface. In strong alkaline medium, this Ni-based nanomaterial showed a good electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose. The current change during the chronoamperometric measurement showed a linear dependence on the glucose level from 1.0 μM to 0.10 mM and that from 0.20 mM to 2.0 mM, with a detection limit of 0.35 μM and a sensitivity of 1092 μA mM−1 cm-2. The fast response time, good selectivity, satisfactory reproducibility, excellent repeatability, high stability and the successful application in the determination of blood glucose demonstrated the excellent performance of the fabricated sensor. The analysis on cell lysate reveals the high-glucose medium could induce the enhancement of glucose content in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and this glucose accumulation in these cells was one of important reasons for the cell injury.

A highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuS nanosheets modified Cu2O/CuO nanowire arrays

CuS nanosheets modified Cu2O/CuO nanowire arrays (NWAs) were successfully fabricated on Cu foil by in-situ growth and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) methods without binders. The three-dimensional Cu2O/CuO NWAs not only showed strong binding force with current collector but also provided abundant surface area to support CuS nanosheets. Different morphologies of CuS were obtained by varying the Cu(NO3)2 and Na2S concentrations and the SILAR cycle. When these step-wise prepared products were employed for non-enzymatic glucose sensing, the amperometric response of the optimized CuS/Cu2O/CuO/Cu electrode was approximately twice of that of Cu2O/CuO/Cu electrode. The result is attributed to the modification of CuS nanosheets with suitable amount which increases the active surface area of the electrode. This designed electrode presents an ultrahigh sensitivity of 4262 μA mM−1 cm−2 in the range from 0.002 to 4.096 mM, as well as the excellent selectivity, reproducibility and stability. Moreover, due to the facile preparation and the low cost of Cu based sensors, the CuS/Cu2O/CuO/Cu electrode will be one kind of promising materials for constructing practical non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

In Situ Fabrication of Porous Nanostructures Derived from Bimetal-Organic Frameworks for Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors

Metal-organic framework (MOF) based porous derivatives have been attractive materials for high-performance electrochemical sensors due to their high surface-area, stability and activities. Herein, an in situ fabrication method is proposed to obtain porous Cu/Co bimetallic MOF-based derivatives on the flexible carbon cloth for glucose sensing. The process is also developed with three critical steps. Firstly, uniform Cu(OH)2 nanorods are directly formed through wet chemical method on Cu sputtered carbon cloth. Then, oriented growth of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) and ion-exchange convert the sample into Cu-Co-ZIF nanosheets. Finally, porous Cu-Co-ZIF derivatives are obtained by thermal annealing. The fabrication mechanism has been discussed through detailed characterizations of intermediate and final products. The as-obtained nanostructures with rich reaction sites and short ion diffusion path show excellent electrochemical properties for glucose sensing (high sensitivity of 18.68 mA mM-1 cm-2, fast response time of 1.5 s and low detection limit of 2 μM). This study proposes a practical fabrication strategy for bimetallic MOF-based porous nanostructures, which are promising for a wide variety of electrochemical applications.

A highly sensitive enzyme-less glucose sensor based on pnictogens and silver shell-gold core nanorod composites.

Herein, we successfully incorporated pnictogen-Au@AgNR composites, produced by mixing shear exfoliated pnictogen nanosheets with silver shell, gold core nanorods (Au@AgNRs), as novel electrode materials towards the development of a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. The findings of this study conceptually prove the feasibility of incorporating pnictogen-based composites for future development of electrochemical sensors.

Construction of high sensitivity non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on three-dimensiona nickel foam supported Ni2P/NiO/CeO2 nanoflake arrays

Three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam supported Ni2P/NiO/CeO2 nanoflake arrays (NFAs) were synthesized by hydrothermal, anneal and low-temperature phosphatizing processes. As-prepared samples were systematically researched by SEM, XRD, XPS, TEM, EDS and HRTEM technology. Cyclic Voltammgrams and Chronoamperometry technology were used to measure the sensors performance of Ni2P/NiO/CeO2 NFAs. The results indicated that non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on Ni2P/NiO/CeO2 NFAs exhibited a high sensitivity of 28.23 mA cm−2 mM−1 and good anti-interference ability, suggesting that the 3D nickel foam supported Ni2P/NiO/CeO2 NFAs as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor is promising for practical applications.

Synthesis of an ordered nanoporous Cu/Ni/Au film for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensing.

Ordered nanoporous Cu/Ni/Au film was prepared by electrochemical deposition and magnetron sputtering using an anodic aluminium oxide template. The fabricated porous film has a uniform hexagonal pore size structure, a long-range ordered arrangement, and a pore diameter of approximately 40 nm. Following the dissolution of the template, the independent Cu/Ni/Au film is devolved to an ITO substrate as an effective non-enzyme glucose detection sensor. The sensor has good electrocatalytic performance with two specific linear ranges of 0.5 μM to 3.0 mM and 3.0–7.0 mM and high sensitivities of 4135 and 2972 μA mM−1 cm−2, respectively. The lower detection limit was 0.1 μM with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Additionally, the sensor features excellent selectivity and stability. These satisfactory results indicate that Cu/Ni/Au film is a promising platform for the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.