Semantic Transformation Research Articles

Biblical Phraseological Units with an Anthroponym in Modern Media Texts

The features of the use of biblical phraseological units with an anthroponym component in modern media texts presented in the newspaper corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian language are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that it can contribute to the accumulation of knowledge about the specifics of functioning in the modern media discourse of linguistic units that accumulate cultural meanings. The frequency of use and features of the structural-semantic derivation of phraseological units of biblical origin in newspaper texts of recent times are analyzed. The performed analysis replenishes linguistic data on the mechanisms of operating with phraseological material. The most frequent biblical phraseological units with an anthroponymic component in newspaper texts are revealed. It is shown that the most characteristic semantic transformation of the studied units is the development of phraseological meaning due to the highlighting of the seme, which is not included in the meaning of the expression. Among other semantic changes, literalization and simplification of the phrase values were also noted. It was found that the leading method of structural transformation of biblical phraseological units is the expansion of the component composition. It is concluded that the transformation of phraseological units in media texts is associated with the need to strengthen the impact on the reader, increase the intensity of the expression transmitted in the utterance, update the figurativeness of the phraseological unit and overcome its tendency to cliché.

Merezhkovsky’s Neo-Christianity of the Third Testament: From Symbolist Historiosophy to Radical Politics

This article places Dmitry Merezhkovsky’s Chiliastic concept of Three Testaments into a unified structure. The author analyzes the writer’s integral system of Christological, anthropological, and historiosophicidiomyths and meta-symbols. He studies the religious, philosophical, and aesthetic genesis of the semantic transformation of traditional theological constructions and the doctrinal compilation of Russian fin de siècle culture dominant elements. It is shown how religious Modernist mythmaking alters political reality in Merezhkovsky’s mind and draws him towards radical ideologies of the extreme left and right.

Distinguishing “Religion”. Variants of Differentiation and the Emergence of “Religion” as a Global Category in Modern Asia

AbstractThe existence of religious diversity is mostly taken for granted in today’s world society. Despite all apparent differences, however, world society theory proposes the hypothesis of a single function system of religion. At the same time, in the case of religion a process of semantic unification is highly disputed. Until recently, such debates had not paid much attention to the “translingual practice” (Liu) that has produced “religion” as a global category over the last two hundred years. Drawing on recent studies, this article traces some semantic transformations in regard to “religion” in 19thand early 20thcentury Asia and highlights the importance of three contested distinctions connected with “religion”. It also relates these semantic changes to recent debates about the differentiation of religion in theories of secularization. Any visibility of regional differences in the religious system of modern world society should be understood as the result of the emergence of this global category. Such a focus on semantics highlights the way in which speaking of “religion” as a specific instance of “culture” in world society becomes possible and “religion” becomes observable to itself and from the outside only as a result of these transformations.

Efficiency Analysis of Deeplearning4J Neural Network Classifiers in Development of Transition Based Dependency Parsers

Abstract Dependency parsing is a complex process in natural language text processing, text to semantic transformation. The efficiency improvement of dependency parsing is a current and an active research area in the NLP community. The paper presents four transition-based dependency parser models with implementation using DL4J classifiers. The efficiency of the proposed models were tested with Hungarian language corpora. The parsing model uses a data representation form based on lightweight embedding and a novel morphological-description-vector format is proposed for the input layer. Based on the test experiments on parsing Hungarian text documents, the proposed list-based transitions parsers outperform the widespread stack-based variants.

Persian words involved and their Semantic transformations in Azeri Turkish on both sides of the Aras River

زبان‌های ترکی آذری و فارسی از دیرباز واژه‌های زیادی را داد و ستد کرده‌اند. در این میان، بسامد وام‌واژه‌های فارسی در زبان آذری فراوان بوده و حوزۀ معنایی آن‌ها دگرگون شده است. در مقالۀ حاضر قصد داریم اولا تحولات حوزۀ معنایی واژه‌های قرضی فارسی در زبان آذری معاصر و ثانیا سهم تحولات معنایی واژه‌ها دو سوی ارس را بررسی کنیم. روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و بر اساس انتخاب تصادفی و تکرارپذیری واژه‌ها است که طی مطالعۀ کتاب‌ها، مقاله‌ها، روزنامه‌ها و مشاهدۀ رسانه‌های دیداری جمهوری آذربایجان حاصل شده و گفتار مردم آذربایجان ایران نیز ملاک عمل بوده است. بر این اساس، نتایج آتی بدست آمد: از میان 22 واژۀ انتخابی، بیشتر واژه‌ها (12 مورد) دچار تخصیص معنایی شده و در زبان آذری معاصر مفهوم تازه یافته‌اند. برخی دیگر از آن‌ها (4 مورد) دایرۀ معنایی گسترده‌ای نسبت به اصل فارسی خود دارند. بعضی دیگر از کلمات دخیل (6 مورد)، از قاعدۀ جایگزینی واژه‌ها پیروی کرده‌اند. در این حوزه‌های معنایی، شرایط جغرافیای سیاسی مؤثر بوده و کاربرد واژه‌های دخیل در دو سوی ارس متفاوت از یکدیگر شده است. به طور کلی، سهم دخل و تصرف معنایی و بهره‌برداری از واژه‌های قرضی فارسی در زبان معاصر جمهوری آذربایجان به دلیل پویایی زبان در عرصه‌های ملی و بین المللی، بیشتر است.

Подводка к медиатексту СМИ в социальной сети: семантические трансформации новостной пропозиции

The paper aims to reveal semantic transformations of news propositions in introductions to news media texts posted in social networks. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the author for the first time identifies and describes types of semantic transformations of propositions in introductions to news media texts posted in social networks. The conducted analysis allows identifying the following semantic changes: semantic compression; introduction of additional elements; semantic increment due to introducing implicit semantics; replacement of certain components of a proposition by generalized descriptors; full replacement of semantic components and combined techniques.

Transformations in the concept of quality at the beginning of the educational privatisation process in Chile: a historical study (1985–1990)

ABSTRACT This paper aims to recognise the transformations in the concept of quality as formulated by Chilean educational policies between 1985 and 1990, at the beginning of the educational privatisation process. Using a conceptual history approach allowed us to analyse the meanings attributed to the concept of quality in the design and implementation of two evaluation systems: The Educational Quality Assessment System (SECE, Spanish initials) and the Educational Quality Measurement System (SIMCE, Spanish initials). The findings show a transformation in meaning for the concept of quality. It moved from the operationalisation, management, and improvement of school systems to equating quality with the results of educational evaluations. This new definition of quality resulted from decisions by the Chilean State, which simplified its complexity and helped manage the new school system. An implication of this semantic transformation is the understanding of quality as a tool used to rank schools.

Trinity, Number and Image. The Christian Origins of the Concept of Person

The studies on the history of the notion of “personhood” have largely recognized that Christian thought had a central role in the development and significance of this concept throughout the history of Western civilization. In late antiquity, Christianity used some terms taken from the classic and Hellenistic vocabulary in order to express its own theological content. This operation generated a “crisis” of classical language, namely a semantic transformation in the attempt to address some aspects of reality which were not envisioned by the previous usage of these words. The term person is a paradigmatic example of this process. In fact, from the outset, it played a strategic role in formulating the idea of Incarnation, one of the central doctrines of Christianity. This essay aims to show how, during the first centuries of Christianity, the terms commonly used in order to express the notion of “personhood” (prosōpon, hypostasis and persona) became pivotal elements for the formulation of the discourse about the Trinity and progressively acquired new meanings. The analysis focuses only on the initial stage of the elaboration of this concept in Christianity and, based on some of the most significant texts, tries to bring out a series of theoretical problems that may be useful to understand the subsequent debate. In order to do so, the author divides the text in two parts. In the first one, he analyses two features strictly connected to the theological use of the term “persona”, which remained central also when this term was later referred to man. These features are individuality and ontological stability, along with the structurally relational status of personhood. In the second part, the author offers more details about the theology of the Cappadocian Fathers, in particular of Basil of Caesarea, and analyses two sectorial languages—mathematical and iconic language—used by Basil in order to describe the intra-trinitarian relationships.

Script concordance testing to understand the hypothesis processes of undergraduate nursing students - Multiple case study

Background: Albeit essential to clinical reasoning (CR), strategies for generating student nursing clinical hypotheses at the time of transition to professional practice are underdeveloped. While script concordance testing (SCT) has been shown to be a valid and reliable assessment tool for CR in nursing education, the thought processes including the hypothesis processes involved in choosing an answer is not examined.Methods: A multiple case study was used to understand the complex phenomenon of students’ hypothesis activation and confrontation with the combined use of SCT questions and the think-aloud method. Structured individual interviews were conducted.Results: A total of 18 students, nine first-year and nine third-year students participated in the study. The results show that the students demonstrate certain CR cognitive processes, including early representation of a clinical situation, semantic transformation of data, and hypothesis comparison.Conclusions: Results suggest promoting knowledge articulation aloud and the frequent use of micro-judgments to compare and differentiate hypotheses involving the uncertainty of clinical practice, which underpin learning in successive layers.

Design, Development and Applicability Evaluation of a Digital Cartographic Model for 3D Cadastre Mapping in China

Structurally describing the portrayal-related information by using a standalone Digital Cartographic Model on top of a Digital Landscape Model has been proved applicable and beneficial for 2D mapping but has not yet been applied to 3D cadastre. This study, therefore, evaluates the applicability of digital cartographic model and the corresponding visualization pipeline for 3D cadastre in the context of Chinese urban cadastre. This research starts by identifying the requirements and design features of 3D cadastre mapping through a literature review and interviews with users and cartographers. Addressing the limitations of the existing general-purpose models, this paper proposes an ad hoc 3D cadastre digital cartographic model. The main developments of the proposed model are the inclusion of 3D content modeling, the support of the compound 3D symbols, and the introduction of the semantic transformation. The proposed model is then embedded into three parts of the cadastre visualization pipeline: the symbolic rule design, graphic content creation, and scene dissemination. The empirical result of qualitative proof-of-concept user tests supports that the proposed visualization pipeline is applicable and yields promising visualization results. The digital cartographic model-based visualization pipeline is a novel 3D cadastre mapping paradigm that facilitates designing, producing, sharing, and administrating.

Scalable multi-label canonical correlation analysis for cross-modal retrieval

Multi-label canonical correlation analysis (ml-CCA) has been developed for cross-modal retrieval. However, the computation of ml-CCA involves dense matrices eigendecomposition, which can be computationally expensive. In addition, ml-CCA only takes semantic correlation into account which ignores the cross-modal feature correlation. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to simultaneously integrate the semantic correlation and feature correlation for cross-modal retrieval. By using the semantic transformation, we show that our model can avoid computing the covariance matrix explicitly which is a huge save of computational cost. Further analysis shows that our proposed method can be solved via singular value decomposition which has linear time complexity. Experimental results on three multi-label datasets have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed method.

Learning metamorphic malware signatures from samples

Metamorphic malware are self-modifying programs which apply semantic preserving transformations to their own code in order to foil detection systems based on signature matching. Metamorphism impacts both software security and code protection technologies: it is used by malware writers to evade detection systems based on pattern matching and by software developers for preventing malicious host attacks through software diversification. In this paper, we consider the problem of automatically extracting metamorphic signatures from the analysis of metamorphic malware variants. We define a metamorphic signature as an abstract program representation that ideally captures all the possible code variants that might be generated during the execution of a metamorphic program. For this purpose, we developed MetaSign: a tool that takes as input a collection of metamorphic code variants and produces, as output, a set of transformation rules that could have been used to generate the considered metamorphic variants. MetaSign starts from a control flow graph representation of the input variants and agglomerates them into an automaton which approximates the considered code variants. The upper approximation process is based on the concept of widening automata, while the semantic preserving transformation rules, used by the metamorphic program, can be viewed as rewriting rules and modeled as grammar productions. In this setting, the grammar recognizes the language of code variants, while the production rules model the metamorphic transformations. In particular, we formalize the language of code variants in terms of pure context-free grammars, which are similar to context-free grammars with no terminal symbols. After the widening process, we create a positive set of samples from which we extract the productions of the grammar by applying a learning grammar technique. This allows us to learn the transformation rules used by the metamorphic engine to generate the considered code variants. We validate the results of MetaSign on some case studies.

Feature Space Transformation for Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery under Different Working Conditions.

In recent years, various deep learning models have been developed for the fault diagnosis of rotating machines. However, in practical applications related to fault diagnosis, it is difficult to immediately implement a trained model because the distribution of source data and target domain data have different distributions. Additionally, collecting failure data for various operating conditions is time consuming and expensive. In this paper, we introduce a new transformation method for the latent space between domains using the source domain and normal data of the target domain that can be easily collected. Inspired by semantic transformations in an embedded space in the field of word embedding, discrepancies between the distribution of the source and target domains are minimized by transforming the latent representation space in which fault attributes are preserved. To match the feature area and distribution, spatial attention is applied to learn the latent feature spaces, and the 1D CNN LSTM architecture is implemented to maximize the intra-class classification. The proposed model was validated for two types of rotating machines such as a dataset of rolling bearings as CWRU and a gearbox dataset of heavy machinery. Experimental results show the proposed method has higher cross-domain diagnostic accuracy than others, therefore showing reliable generalization performance in rotating machines operating under various conditions.

Специфіка функціювання фразеологічних одиниць в ідіостилі Дари Корній

The paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of phraseological units in the novels Honykhmarnyk, The Reverse Side of the Light by Dara Korniy and The Wings of the Colour of Clouds by Dara Korniy and Tala Vladmyrova. Two ways of applying phraseological units in the literary works are outlined: 1) the use of traditional fixed units recorded in phraseological dictionaries (usual use); 2) purposeful replacement and transformation of communicative setting, connectivity, semantics, form, or structure of phraseological units (occasional use). The specifics of introducing traditional and transformed phraseological units into the lingual structure of literary works are described. The unmodified phraseo- logical units that are entered into the text in their original linguistic form (in Ukrainian, Greek, and Latin languages) are analyzed. If the writer uses foreign-language fixed units in the text, she gives the Ukrainian equivalents. The stylistic features of the phraseological units which appear as a result of euphemization are revealed. The ways of formalization of standard phraseological units are marked in inverted commas as quotes or without inverted commas but in the context where there is a formal indication of the author’s words.The ways of transformation of phraseological units are singled out: changes in the communicative setting of a fixed unit, modifications of the component structure of a phra- seological unit, and the contextual processing of a phraseological unit or its components. The changes in the component composition of phraseological units are systematized: the replacement of the grammatical form of the predicate, the lexical replacement of the com- ponents (substitution), and quantitative changes in the component composition. Lexical re- placement implies such modifications: the replacement by paronymous words, synonyms, or other lexemes. The degree of coverage of a phraseological unit by substitution may be minimal (one component is replaced), moderate (several components are replaced), and maximum (full replacement of the components). Quantitative changes which provide for the expansion or reduction of the component composition are described. The reduction of the component composition covers the following processes: truncation, contamination, and phraseological hint. The cases of the contextual processing of phraseological units are ana- lyzed, their qualification characteristics are determined.It is concluded that Dara Korniy introduces phraseological units into literary text with- out changing their structure and semantics, and also uses transformed fixed units, compo- nents of which get new, phraseologically predetermined meanings because of transforma- tions. The use of varieties of techniques for the expression of well-known phraseological units testifies the high skill of the writer to achieve maximum expressiveness, irony, and laconicism.

Роль контекста в процессе семантических преобразований лексической единицы

The paper is devoted to the study of the role of context in the process of semantic derivation. The authors propose to distinguish between the term "semantic derivation" as a dynamic process of the appearance of a new word meaning and the term "polysemy" as the result of this process. Terminological distinction makes it possible to diversify research methods depending on the stage of semantic transformations. In the conditions of entirely completed polysemy, the speech context in which the polysemant is used serves as a means of identifying a specific lexico-semantic variant. At the current stage of semantic derivation, the context creates the necessary conditions for the emergence of a new meaning, and therefore the detection of innovative contexts in speech practice should be used for the purpose of linguistic monitoring of semantic transformations. The specific ways of changing the context in the process of neosemantization depend on the part of speech, which the word belongs to. Semantic derivation of adjective proceeds as a result of its attribution to the new object. The appearance of new meanings in the verbal units implies a change in the taxonomic class within the actant framework. In the case of a noun the context change is not of an obligatory nature and varies depending on the type of semantic transformations.

Ономатопи як мотиватори прамовних ексклюзивів

Background. The article is devoted to the semantic and word-formation evolution of Proto-Slavic dialectal verbal onomatopes. Being a linguistic universal, onomatopoeia are realized in words that have a national specifics due to idioethnic characteristics, cul-ture and traditions of the speakers of Slavic languages and dialects. The analysis of on-omatopes was carried out taking into account the attention paid of modern Slavic studies to changes in the semantic structure of the word, their causes and local characteristics. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study the vocabulary of the Proto-Slavic age, to classify its semantic transformations in synchronic and diachronic aspects. Purpose. To establish regularities of semantic and derivational evolution of Proto-Slavic dialectisms on the material of onomatopoeic fragment of vocabulary; analyze se-mantic history of Proto-Slavic onomatopoeic word stems and specifics of acoustic sig-nals reflection in proto-lingual dialects. The object of research is Proto-Slavic local-isms, motivated by verbs of onomatopoeic origin with proto-stems *l’uх- / *l’uš-, *gъd-, *loр- / *lар-, *lob- / *lаb-, *lup-, *ba-, *kle(p)-, *tor-, *cvik-, *bux-, *rju- / *re-. The paper mainly focuses on the linguistic zones of Slavia, which have retained the lexemes unchanged from the common proto-language to the present day. One of the ways to reconstruct the dialectal structure of the Proto-Slavic language is to recreate the Proto-Slavic dialectisms – reflexes of proto-language concentrated in the peripheral zones of Slavia, which have retained their phonetic, morphological and semantic fea-tures unchanged. Results. The regularities of formation of Proto-Slavic dialectal ono-matopoeic vocabulary in semantic, derivational and linguo-geographical aspects are re-vealed in the work; systematization and comparison of Proto-Slavic deverbatives are improved; the semantic, derivational and localization approaches to modeling of ono-matopes are combined in a fundamentally new way; new information on the participa-tion of dialect vocabulary in the conceptualization of the sound reality is obtained. Most of the proto-lingual onomatopes have gone through the deriva-tional path from the onomatopoeic elements of the proto-language to the verb stages and, with the help of suffixes, to the names of subjects, objects, definitions and pro-cesses. Bulgarian onomatopoeic reflections of the Proto-Slavic language are concentrated mainly in the western region, Croatian – in the southern, Macedonian – in the peripheral areas of the northern and eastern regions of the country. The zones of dis-tribution of local onomatopes of the eastern Slavia are most often recorded in the north-ern east of european part of Russia and the north of Belarus. Separate semantic components of the South Slavic dialectal derivation show a specific relationship with the dialects of other Slavic areas. Outside of their area, the Proto-Slavic reflexes correlate with the Lithuanian, Latvian and Germanic equiva-lents. The obtained data can form a basis for the reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic lan-guage. Key-words: Proto-Slavic dialectism, deverbative vocabulary, semantic transformations, models of semantic derivation, isoglosses, onomatope. Dal', V. I., 1981. An explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language, 1–4. 8-e izd. Moskva: Russkij yazyk. (In Russian) Zhelehovskij, Ye. ta Nedyilskij, S, 1886. Malorusko-nyimeckij slovar, 1–2. Lviv. (In Ukrainian) Melnychuk, O. S., Kolomiiets, V. T., Lukinova, T. B., Pivtorak, H. P. ta in., 1982–2012. Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language, 1–5. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. (In Ukrainian) Fasmer, M., 1987. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language, 3. Moskva: Progress. (In Russian) Trubachev, O. N., Varbot, Zh. Zh., Zhuravlev, A. F., Kurkina, L. V. ta іn., 1974–2014. Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages: Pre-Slavic lexical fund, 1–39. Moskva: Nauka, IRYA RAN. (In Russian) Erhart, А. and Havlová, Е., eds., 2006. Etymological dictionary of the Old Slavic lan-guage, 13. Praha: nakl. Československé akad. vĕd. (In Slovak) Skok, P., 1973. Etymological dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian language, 3. Za-greb: JAZU. (In Croatian)

To the Problem of Greek Loanwords in the Ukrainian Argots

The article considers Greek borrowings in the Ukrainian lyric-craft argots in the context of the genesis and development of the East Slavic „secret languages”. The main linguistic views on the problem of Greek borrowings in the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian historical sociolects expressed during the XIX–XXI centuries are analyzed, a number of critical remarks on some approaches to the problem are offered. Particular attention is paid to the critique of V. Bondaletov’s „Proto-Ofenian theory”, in particular to the statement of the exceptional influence of the sociolect of Russian itinerant traders as „praargot” on other East Slavic sociolects. The views of ethnographers and linguists on the extra-linguistic reasons for the formation of a common fund of Greek borrowings in the East Slavic „secret languages” are systematized and commented on. Numerous Greek borrowings in the Ukrainian lyric-craft argots have been studied on the background of other East Slavic sociolects: the study is based on a comparative method aimed at establishing substandard lexical units the most similar to the Greek etymon in the internal and external forms. This enabled to conclude to which specific sociolect or sociolect group the analyzed argots belong, as well as how they spread further among other sociolects, undergoing various phonetic, derivational and semantic transformations. The method mentioned above implemented on the basis of Greek borrowings in the domestic substandard systems enabled to emphasize the author’s views on the genesis of the Ukrainian lyric-craft argots, in particular, more clearly revealed the common Belarusian-Ukrainian argotic array and transitional „contact” sociolects, borrowing a great number of lexical units from it.

МЕТОДЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНЫХ И НАДЕЖНЫХ ПРОГРАММ И ПРОГРАММНЫХ СИСТЕМ НА ОСНОВЕ ГРАФОВЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ И СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЙ

Since 2021 in the Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS the project «Methods and technologies for constructing efficient and reliable programs and software systems based on graph models and semantic transformations» has been implementing by a team of researchers of the Program Construction and Optimization Laboratory and System Programming Laboratory under the scientific leadership of D.Sc., Full Professor V.N. Kasyanov. The main executors of the project are Ph.D., Associate Professor E.V. Kasyanova and Ph.D. V.I. Shelekhov. This article briefly presents such results of the first stage of this project, which were obtained by the staff of the Program Construction and Optimization Laboratory.

ΠΆΘΟΣ ЯК СТРУКТУРНИЙ ЕЛЕМЕНТ ТРАГЕДІЇ “ВАКХАНКИ” ЕВРІПІДА

Ancient Greek tragedies remain not only a source of aesthetic pleasure for modern readers, but also the subject of multi-vector research, and represent an interesting linguistic material at the same time. In particular, on the history of the formation of modern scientific terminology, the definition of sources and methods of terminological nomination. We have chosen the term πάθος (pathos) as the object of our diachronic research, which has a complex semantic structure and an expressive emotional connotation. The origins of the connotation point to the existing connection between pathos and Greek tragedy, which was first noticed by the philosopher Aristotle in his treatise Poetics. He also used this term in his other work “Rhetoric”, no longer in the negative meaning of “suffering”, as in the first case, but in the positive meaning of “emotionality”, appealing to emotions as an obligatory component of any orator’s speech. In our study, we tried to determine the motivation and reasons for the transition of the term “pathos” from the sphere of literature and philosophy (a structural component of Greek tragedy, a rhetorical means) into the language of modern medicine (the word-forming elements patho–, -pathicity, -pathic) and the ways of its semantic transformation. Based on the material of ancient Greek tragedy of Euripides “Bacchae”, we analyzed the concept of “pathos” at the level of actions that cause a camp of emotional stress, as well as at the verbal level, examining the lexemes that convey this state. We have determined that the culturological component of these mantic transformations of the term πάθος is closely related to the cult of the god Dionysus, who, having endured severe suffering, became for the ancient Greeks a symbol of renewal and rebirth. The unique feature of the resurrection of Dionysus evoked in the audience a feeling of catharsis – one of the most important emotional components of Greek tragedy. As a result of our research, we have identified the key moments of the tragedy “Bacchae”, where Euripides described strong physical and mental suffering of the heroes, which were supposed to evoke empathy in viewers or readers and bring them closer to a state of catharsis. Linguistic analysis of these fragments helped us to conclude that the source of metaphorization of medical terminology (patho-, -pathic) is associated with Greek tragedy and indicates the existence of a linguocultural parallel with the mythological complex describing life and suffering, death and rebirth of the Greek god Dionysus.

Внутренняя форма между логикой и семантикой: В. фон Гумбольдт – Г. Шпет – Р. Якобсон – Н. Жинкин. Жинкин Н.И. Письмо П.С. Попову. Публикация Б.И. Пружинина и Т.Г. Щедриной

The reason for writing this article was a letter from Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin to Pavel Sergeevich Popov (has been reproduced hereafter), which discusses the es­sential logical-epistemological problem of the relationship between conscious­ness and language. The authors immerse the ideas expressed by N.I. Zhinkin in the late – psychological – period of creativity, in the field of his early – philo­sophical – interests, motivated by the conceptual constructions of his teacher G.G. Shpet (first of all, by his phenomenologically oriented studies of the inner form of the word). The concept of inner form, the European sources of its origin, the trajectory of its historical movement in Russia from philosophy (G.G. Shpet) to linguistics (R.O. Yakobson) and psychology (N.I. Zhinkin) is central for the authors of the article, as well as the semantic transformations that occur with him during the transfer from the sphere of philosophy to specific scientific areas of knowledge. At the same time, the historical continuity of Russian pre-revolution­ary philosophy and scientific and humanitarian thought of the Soviet period is demonstrated. In methodological terms, the authors focus on the features of philosophical ideas’ application in their projection onto the emerging positive scientific research itself. When a positive (albeit humanitarian) science assimi­lates any approach initiated by philosophy, it accentuates aspects of its concep­tual content relevant to a given subject area under study, thereby determining its ideological and conceptual potential. Such a semantic limitation of philosophical ideas and concepts, arising in the course of their projection onto positive scien­tific research, stops their dynamics, which is inevitable retribution for their spe­cific cognitive effectiveness.