Semantic Restrictions Research Articles

СИМВОЛЬНІ ЗНАЧЕННЯ КОМПОНЕНТІВ-ОСТЕОНІМІВ У СТРУКТУРІ ДІАЛЕКТНИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЗМІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ГОВІРКИ СЕЛА РУСЬКІ КОМАРІВЦІ УЖГОРОДСЬКОГО РАЙОНУ ЗАКАРПАТСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ)

The article is devoted to the study of the symbolic meanings and ethnocultural content of phraseological units with osteonym components, which serve as a means of studying the national specificity of the phraseological composition of the language. It was found that the repertoire of osteonyms in the dialect of Ruski Komarivtsi village in the Uzhhorod District of the Transcarpathian Region is characterized by the presence of typical units for determining the skeletal system of causes, phraseological productivity is demonstrated by such traditional names as кус′т′á, кýстка, кýсточка, ребрό, хреибéт, плеичé. Osteonyms as components of phrasemes traditionally have a negative symbolic load: bones, as the basis of the human body, are associated in speech with, first of all, the basic and defining form of human existence, are perceived as an indicator-measure of physical condition, speech abilities, realize a symbolic load associated with by death; the symbolic functions of the rib osteonym are also characterized by a negative evaluation; the spine is a qualifier of a person's physical condition, it is associated with hard work, suffering, although at the same time it can symbolize a person's negative qualities; osteonymic components the shoulder and back characterize a person's physical, spiritual and even intellectual potential, serve as a representative of its emotional state, negative manifestations in relationships with others, etc. It was found that the ethno-cultural specificity of somatic phrasemes is manifested not only through the peculiarities of the symbolic content, but also through the structural composition of the phrasemes, the appearance of additional meanings or semantic modifications. It was concluded that symbolic osteonyms in the structure of phraseological units of dialect are representatives of ethno-cultural information and traditionally have a negative symbolic load.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the SPICT-ES™ instrument to identify palliative care needs in Chilean older adults

IntroductionChile presents a context of an aging population and increased life expectancy, leading to many older adults (OA) needing palliative care (PC) during the course of their illness. The SPICT-ES™ is an instrument used to clinically evaluate patients with advanced chronic illness (ACI) to detect PC needs. Validating this instrument in Chile will allow for early detection of OA at risk of clinical deterioration who require this care.ObjectiveAdapt and validate the SPICT-ES™ instrument to identify PC needs among OA in Chile.MethodologyStudy following quantitative design – cross-sectional, descriptive, and developed in three stages: cultural adaptation by expert judgment; preliminary test of the SPICT-ESCH instrument to evaluate reliability and application of the SPICT-ESCH in 292 patients, to determine internal consistency and stability of the instrument. This study was done between January 2019 and July 2021. Participants in the study were nurses and OA from 5 health centers in Santiago, Chile. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidad de los Andes.ResultsIn the cultural adaptation with content validity, following expert judgment, all items were kept. Semantic modifications were made on only three of them. A Lawshe coefficient of 84% which determined SPICT-ESCH as an acceptable instrument for the following stages of validation and reliability. The pilot for the new version in Chile, SPICT-ESCH, determined stability and consistency over time, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (ρ) of 0.9167 (p < 0.0001). In the final application of the instrument, to fortify the psychometric evaluation (n = 292) we identified 53.4% positive SPICT-ESCH. The logistical model via OR (< 0.001) showed that the items predicted the positivity of the instrument. The internal consistency obtained was 0.8662, confirming a correlation and intercorrelation between items. 100% of nurses evaluated the SPICT-ESCH as a useful and feasible instrument.ConclusionSPICT-ESCH includes all the relevant indicators for adequate clinical identification of PC needs among the Chilean OA population, who could Benefit from the early introduction of palliative support contributing to their quality of life.

Comparative Constructions “orange as”, “pink as”, “purple as” (on the material of the Balkan Slavic languages)

Comparative constructions “orange as”, “pink as”, “purple as” are rare. The found examples give an ambiguous idea of the characterized color. The same constructions are used to clarify different colors: pink and orange, pink and purple. This article discusses the semantic restrictions on the compatibility of these color terms. The material demonstrates that the close Balkan Slavic languages may use different strategies for constructing comparisons. The use of the comparative constructions shows the meanings unnoticed in dictionaries.

Comparative Analysis of Two Versions of A Chapter from the History of Charles V by Baron de los Valles

This article features two versions of A Chapter from the History of Charles V written by Louis Xavier Auguet de Saint- Sylvain, Baron de los Valles. The original French version was published in 1835, while the Spanish translation appeared 1837. The text describes the background and the start of the First Carlist War in Spain in 1833–1835. The author was a confidant of Don Carlos, and so his book reflected the Carlist perspective. The author believes that the Spanish translation included certain semantic modifications and additions made due to fit the changing political situation. These almost imperceptible modifications were able to change the perception of some military and political figures of the era, e.g., former Minister F. T. Calomarde, Carlist general V. Gonzalez Moreno, Christino general and future Regent B. Espartero, etc. The research objective was to show how Baron de los Valles interpreted the events related to the capture of Villafranca by the Carlists in 1834. This historical episode, later popularized by numerous memoirs and fiction, appeared only in the Spanish version of the book. The account made by the Baron de los Valles differed from the versions of other memoirists, as well as from the official press reports. A Chapter from the History of Charles V by Baron de los Valles has a low value as a historical source, but presents a considerable interest as an example of Carlist propaganda during the war of 1833–1840.

‘외래어 어근+-되다/-당하다/-시키다’ 파생어 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the acceptance pattern of the parts of speech of loanwords and the restrictions on the derived forms of the loanwords by targeting the verbs formed by combining the suffixes -doeda (되다) , -danghada (당하다), and -sikida (시키다) with the roots of loanwords in Korean. The pattern of acceptance of loanwords can be divided into three types according to the word’s part of speech in the source language. First, when loanwords are nouns in the original language, the word is derived by combining loan words with the derivation suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida without changing the part of speech. Second, when loanwords are verbs in the source language, they are accepted as roots that cannot be used independently in Korean; verbs are derived from loanwords by combining the latter with the suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida. Third, when loanwords are adjectives in the source language, they are accepted as roots that cannot be used independently in Korean. Verbs are then derived by combining these loanwords with the suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida. On the other hand, restrictions on the derived forms of loanwords can be divided along two dimensions. First, there is a semantic restriction regarding the use of the passive and causative affixes: -doeda/-danghada functions to reduce the verb’s valency and semantically adds the meaning of [passive]; contrariwise, -sikida functions to increase the verb’s valency and adds the meaning of [causative] semantically. Second, there is a binding restriction according to the part of speech of the root, such that the part of speech of the loanword in the source language is retained as much as possible.

Multimodal fusion recognition for digital twin

The digital twin is the concept of transcending reality, which is the reverse feedback from the real physical space to the virtual digital space. People hold great prospects for this emerging technology. In order to realize the upgrading of the digital twin industrial chain, it is urgent to introduce more modalities, such as vision, haptics, hearing and smell, into the virtual digital space, which assists physical entities and virtual objects in creating a closer connection. Therefore, perceptual understanding and object recognition have become an urgent hot topic in the digital twin. Existing surface material classification schemes often achieve recognition through machine learning or deep learning in a single modality, ignoring the complementarity between multiple modalities. In order to overcome this dilemma, we propose a multimodal fusion network in our article that combines two modalities, visual and haptic, for surface material recognition. On the one hand, the network makes full use of the potential correlations between multiple modalities to deeply mine the modal semantics and complete the data mapping. On the other hand, the network is extensible and can be used as a universal architecture to include more modalities. Experiments show that the constructed multimodal fusion network can achieve 99.42% classification accuracy while reducing complexity.

Adverbs of degree in Early Middle Dutch1

Adverbs of degree are prone to undergo change, and new adverbs frequently emerge through grammaticalisation. These adverbs tend to adhere to various syntactic and semantic restrictions that govern their usage depending on their degree of grammaticalisation (Klein 1998). During the grammaticalisation process, they first tend to expand in function and then become more specialised (Bolinger 1972, Klein 1998). This article provides documentation for the usage of the different adverbs of degree in Early Middle Dutch, and draws comparisons with Modern Dutch in order to shed light on the changes that led to the present situation. Using data from the Corpus Gysseling (2013), the present study focuses on eight adverbs. These include adverbs of high degree (harde, vele, sere, grotelike, utermaten), low degree (een deel, iewet), a negative polarity item (buere) and a modifier of comparatives. Some of these are still around in Modern Dutch, but with differences in distribution (veel) or in register (zeer), while others have disappeared (een deel). We present evidence that distributional patterns may be preserved even when the adverbs themselves are replaced by other expressions. We also found that the high degree adverbs show greater distinctions than those of low degree.

Two paths to habituality: The semantics of habitual mode in Tlingit

This paper presents a detailed description and formal semantic analysis of habitual sentences in Tlingit (Na-Dene; Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon). As in many other languages (Carlson 2005, 2012), there are two means in Tlingit for expressing a habitual statement, such as my father eats salmon. The first employs a relatively unmarked verb, realizing imperfective aspect. In the second type of habitual sentence, however, the verb bears special habitual morphology. Although there is a significant overlap in the use of these constructions, certain semantic contrasts do exist. Most notably, the special habitual marking cannot be used to express pure, unrealized dispositions/functions/duties (e.g., Mary handles any mail from Antarctica). In other words, Tlingit habitual morphology --- unlike imperfective aspect --- requires the habituality in question to have actually occurred, an effect that has also observed for habitual morphology in a variety of other, unrelated languages (Green 2000, Bittner 2008, Boneh &amp; Doron 2008, Filip 2018). I develop and defend a formal semantic analysis that captures these (and other) contrasts between imperfective and habitual verbs. In brief, imperfective aspect is argued to possess a modal semantics, quantifying over alternative worlds/situations (Arregui et al. 2014, Ferreira 2016). Habitual morphology, however, is argued to be associated with a (potentially covert) quantificational adverb, one that quantifies strictly over times in the actual world. The consequences of this account for the analysis of habitual sentences in other languages are explored. Most notably, we find that (i) “habituality” so-called is potentially a heterogeneous phenomenon, and resists unified definition or semantic analysis, and (ii) therefore is a sui generis category of phenomena, which cannot be reduced as an instance of aspect or modality (Filip &amp; Carlson 1997, Filip 2018). EARLY ACCESS

A Study of English Reading Modality Recognition and Practice Based on Intelligent Sensor Networks

Intelligent sensor networks are a current hot topic in the field of communication and are widely used in subject education, quality education, and home security monitoring. In today’s world of increasingly diverse services and growing information needs, wireless communication systems require more information to better understand and analyse the observed objects. In this context, this paper presents a study on the identification and practice of English reading modality based on intelligent sensor networks. The paper divides English reading modality into two parts: semantic modality and situational modality, and its system consists of three main modules: English reading article data collection, English article data semantic analysis, and English reading article situational picture feedback module. Finally, a practical study is carried out on the basis of this application, and it is concluded that the development and future prospects of this application are considerable.

Free Choice in Modal Inquisitive Logic

This paper investigates inquisitive extensions of normal modal logic with an existential modal operator taken as primitive. The semantics of the existential modality is generalized to apply to questions, as well as statements. When the generalized existential modality is applied to a question, the result is a statement that roughly expresses that each way of resolving the question is consistent with the available information. I study the resulting logic both from a semantic and from a proof-theoretic point of view. I argue that it can be used for reasoning about a general notion of ignorance, and for reasoning about choice-offering permissions and obligations. The main technical results are sound and complete axiomatizations, both for the class of all Kripke frames, and for any class of frames corresponding to a canonical normal modal logic.

Kıpçak Türkçesindeki kelimelerin Başkurt Türkçesinde uğradığı anlam değişmeleri örnekleri

Anlam değişmeleri, dünyadaki tüm dillerde zaman, tarihi olaylar, yaşam biçimlerinin değişmesi, teknolojik gelişmeler vb. sebeplerden dolayı oluşmaktadır. Diller, insanlar gibi doğar, büyür ve ölür. Anlam değişmeleri de dillerde var olan kelimelerin zaman içinde anlam evrenin değişmesi neticesinde oluşmaktadır. Toplum yaşamındaki değişiklikler anlam değişmelerini meydana getirir. Diller, zaman içinde farklı milletlerin dillerinden etkilenir veya farklı dilleri etkileyebilir. Diller arasında kelime alışverişi olağan bir durumdur. Özellikle Türkçe, birçok farklı coğrafyada, birçok millet ile temasta bulunmuş ve bu milletlerin dillerinden etkilenmiş ya da etkilemiştir. Özellikle din değişimi, göçler ve savaşlar gibi toplumun tümünü etkileyen değişiklikler dildeki kelimelerin anlam evrenin genişletmekte, daraltmakta ya da başka anlama taşımaktadır. Art zamanlı dilbilim yöntemi ile dillerin tarihi sözlükleri ve günümüzdeki halini karşılaştırarak anlam evrenin nasıl değiştiğini tespit edebiliriz. Bu çalışmada, Tarihi Kıpçak Türkçesi ve onun günümüzdeki mirasçılarından biri olan Başkurt Türkçesi arasındaki anlam değişmeleri sınıflandırılmış ve kelime örnekleri gösterilmiştir. Etimoloji yapılmamıştır. Anlam değişmeleri, anlam daralması, anlam genişlemesi, başka anlam geçiş, anlam iyileşmesi ve anlam kötüleşmesi ana başlıkları ile sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu çalışma hazırlanırken sadece sözlüklerdeki kelimeler esas alınmıştır. Türkçenin tarihsel süreçte kelime bağlamında yaşadığı değişiklikler tespit edilmiştir. Böyle çalışmalar Türkçenin anlam evreni göstermesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Diğer Türk lehçeleri arasındaki bu gibi çalışmalar, kelime bağlamında Türkçenin hangi süreçlerden geçtiğini bize gösterecektir.

The De re–De dicto Distinction

Abstract The identification of two possible readings – de re and de dicto – of modal claims is considered one of the greatest achievements of Abelard’s logic. In the Dialectica and the Logica “Ingredientibus,” Abelard uses this distinction as a basis for his modal semantics and theory of modalities. Rather than focusing on Abelard’s own theory, the aim of this article is to pay attention to a number of sources that – like Abelard’s logical works – are datable to the first decades of the twelfth century, to investigate whether the de re–de dicto distinction was already adopted and debated in them. It argues that, even if there is no systematic theorization of the distinction in these sources, Abelard’s contemporaries put forward a number of questions concerning the syntax and the signification of modal claims that contributed to set the stage for the distinction’s identification and later development.

LEXICAL CREATION BY SEMANTIC SHIFT IN FRENCH WRITTEN IN THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO

The semantic shift contributes to the creation of new words in French. This process is also observed in the Congolese written press in Brazzaville. This article therefore analyses lexies that have undergone semantic modifications. A threefold approach of differential linguistics, stylistics and semantaxis allows us to identify the different figurative procedures of word-sliding that deserve a description and an analysis. The first is the expression of metonymy. The second is irony and satirical creation. Keywords: French in Congo, semantic shift, metaphor, semantaxis, antonomasia

The social hierarchical restrictions of Chinese verbs rapidly guide online thematic role assignment in comprehension

The information about social hierarchical relationship has been intrinsically embedded into semantic restrictions of some Chinese verbs theoretically. For example, the Chinese verb ‘赡养’(shanyang, support: provide for the needs and comfort of one's elders) only allows its Agent role to have a lower social status compared to the Patient role. However, whether this hierarchical restriction can be rapidly activated and how it impacts online thematic role assignment in reading remains to be seen. To answer this question, a 2 (Verb Type: hierarchical vs non-hierarchical verbs) × 2 (Social Hierarchy Sequence: match vs mismatch) design was constructed in the present study to investigate the interaction between the two factors. ERPs showed that hierarchical restriction violations evoked a stronger anterior negativity to the sentence-final noun (NP2). This effect was absent under two non-hierarchical conditions. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal that social hierarchical restrictions of Chinese hierarchical verbs can be rapidly available to guide online thematic role assignment and this process might be closely related to readers’ thematic role knowledge.

The rise of colligations

Abstract This article examines the lexically parallel English and German constructions can’t stand somebody/something and jemanden/etwas nicht ausstehen können “not tolerate (someone or something)”, from synchronic, diachronic, and quantitative perspectives. Syntactic and semantic restrictions suggest that the usage of stand and ausstehen in the relevant sense is older than other semantically similar verbs (e.g. English tolerate, German leiden), while quantitative evidence from corpora shows that the can’t stand and nicht ausstehen können constructions are both colligationally stronger than lexical competitors. Evidence from the history of stand indicates that the lexeme stand in the Germanic and other Indo-European languages has a long history of being employed in the relevant sense. The restrictions on usage and the colligational strength of the respective English and German constructions are thus argued to result from the antiquity of the construction and functional competition from other lexemes.

On Logics and Semantics for Interpretability

AbstractWe study various properties of formalised relativised interpretability. In the central part of this thesis we study for different interpretability logics the following aspects: completeness for modal semantics, decidability and algorithmic complexity.In particular, we study two basic types of relational semantics for interpretability logics. One is the Veltman semantics, which we shall refer to as the regular or ordinary semantics; the other is called generalised Veltman semantics. In the recent years and especially during the writing of this thesis, generalised Veltman semantics was shown to be particularly well-suited as a relational semantics for interpretability logics. In particular, modal completeness results are easier to obtain in some cases; and decidability can be proven via filtration in all known cases. We prove various new and reprove some old completeness results with respect to the generalised semantics. We use the method of filtration to obtain the finite model property for various logics.Apart from results concerning semantics in its own right, we also apply methods from semantics to determine decidability (implied by the finite model property) and complexity of provability (and consistency) problems for certain interpretability logics.From the arithmetical standpoint, we explore three different series of interpretability principles. For two of them, for which arithmetical and modal soundness was already known, we give a new proof of arithmetical soundness. The third series results from our modal considerations. We prove it arithmetically sound and also characterise frame conditions w.r.t. ordinary Veltman semantics. We also prove results concerning the new series and generalised Veltman semantics.Abstract prepared by Luka Mikec.E-mail: luka.mikec1@gmail.comURL: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/177373

On definability of team relations with k-invariant atoms

We study the expressive power of logics whose truth is defined over sets of assignments, called teams, instead of single assignments. Given a team X, any k-tuple of variables in the domain of X defines a corresponding k-ary team relation. Thus the expressive power of a logic L with team semantics amounts to the set of properties of team relations which L-formulas can define. We introduce a concept of k-invariance which is a natural semantic restriction on any atomic formulae with team semantics. Then we develop a novel proof method to show that, if L is an extension of FO with any k-invariant atoms, then there are such properties of (k+1)-ary team relations which cannot be defined in L. This method can be applied e.g. for arity fragments of various logics with team semantics to prove undefinability results. In particular, we make some interesting observations on the definability of binary team relations with unary inclusion-exclusion logic.

‘Do’-support in the northern Italian Camuno

The Camuno dialect uses an auxiliary fa ‘do’ in an interrogative construction that strongly resembles English do-support. Stages of its grammaticalization remain within the different valley dialects. When optional, fa-support (FS) coexists with verb-subject clitic inversion (SCI), e.g fa-la mangià (does she eat) / màngia-la (eats-she)‘l peh da hena? (the fish for supper?) There are semantic restrictions on the type of supported verb: manner &gt; result &gt; state. Questions are pragmatically marked with speaker answer expectations, and are opinion-seeking. A wh-item (normally ‘insitu’) has specific reference. Impersonal questions are agrammatical with optional FS but not obligatory FS. A biclausal model with a lexically rich fa ‘do’ is suggested for optional FS.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of Breast Cancer and Lymphedema Symptom Experience Index.

Lymphedema is a common late and chronic adverse effect of breast cancer treatment. This study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the BCLE-SEI Spanish version with Spanish-speaking breast cancer patients. 286 patients were recruited (2018 to 2020), from the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Data analysis included descriptive statistics; internal consistency and test-retest reliability; principal component analysis and exploratory factor analysis; average variance extracted; and receiver operating characteristic curves. No semantic modifications to items were needed. The scores of the instrument demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach´s alpha = .95-.97; McDonald´s omega = .96-.98) and test-retest reliability (r = .78-.87, n = 29). A significant difference was observed between the lymphedema group and non-lymphedema group (p < .001) in terms of total scale, symptom occurrence (p < .001), symptom distress in the physical-functional (p < .001), and psychosocial dimension (p < .001). Principal component analysis for symptom occurrence revealed a unidimensional factor and two factors were identified for symptom distress via exploratory factor analysis, the two of which explained 45.71% and 54.77% of the total sample variance, respectively. This study provided initial evidence to support the psychometric properties of the BCLE-SEI Spanish version.

What is required for the truth of a general conditional?

General conditionals, if p then q, can be used to make assertions about sets of objects. Previous studies have generally found that people judge the probability of one these conditionals to be the conditional probability of q given p, P(q|p). Two experiments investigated the qualitative relation between the exhaustive possibilities, p & q, p & ¬q, ¬p & q, and ¬p & ¬q, and truth and possibility judgements about general conditionals. In Experiment 1, for truth judgements, people evaluated a general conditional as "true" in sets containing p & q cases but no p & ¬q, and "true" judgements depended only on P(q|p). In Experiment 2, for possibility judgements, people's responses implied that only p & q cases have to be possible in a set for a general conditional to be true of the set. Our results add to earlier findings against representing a general conditional as the material conditional of extensional logic, and they provide novel disconfirmation of two recent proposals: the modal semantics of revised mental model theory and certain inferentialist accounts of conditionals. They supply new support for suppositional theories of conditionals.