Semantics Of Language Research Articles

SECTOR DISCOURSE/TEXT IN THE NOMINATIVE FIELD OF THE COMPLEX CONCEPT WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH

The article is dedicated to the study of the complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH and its medial zone in the naпve picture of the world within a framework of a new scientific direction — dual linguistics: scientific and naive interpretation of language in the English lexicography. The complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH, which is verbalized by nominative units extracted from English general lexicographic sources, is considered. The nuclear zone of the naпve picture of the world counts three lexemes (which together contain 42 sememes), among which 161 semes have been filtered by means of seme analysis method. The most common semanteme, present in all nuclear lexemes, is the idea of the bilateral nature of any communicative unit. All of the nuclear zone lexemes in the primary dictionary position contain the seme, which emphasizes the unity of content and form of the phenomena under consideration. The medial zone of the nominative field of the verbalized WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH complex concept is many times bigger and more variable in comparison with the nuclear zone. It includes more than 700 lexical units with semantic components language, speech, communication. According to the thematic principle, the collected material was divided into 6 sectors: communication; units of language, speech; discourse, text; phonetical, grammatical and stylistic phenomena; language / dialect / slang, speaker; linguistics. The given sector contains nominative units of the English vocabulary to indicate various types of institutionalized discourse, primarily means of written fixation of human communication in public and private spheres. The evolution of verbal communication between people from ancient times to the present is reflected in a diverse palette of nominations of communicative phenomena of religious, artistic, scientific, legal and business, mass media and even everyday communication.

Noncognitivism without expressivism

AbstractAccording to expressivists, normative language expresses desire‐like states of mind. According to noncognitivists, normative beliefs have a desire‐like functional role. What is the relation between these two doctrines? It is widely assumed that expressivism commits you to noncognitivism, and vice versa. This paper opposes that assumption. I advance a view that combines a noncognitivist psychology with a descriptivist semantics for normative language. While this might seem like an ungainly hybrid, I argue that it has important advantages over more familiar metaethical positions. The noncognitivist aspect of the theory captures all of the explanatory benefits standardly associated with expressivism. At the same time, the descriptivist element allows us to avoid the semantic headaches for expressivism.

Scientific value of the quantum tests of equivalence principle in light of Hilbert’s sixth problem

In his sixth problem, Hilbert called for an axiomatic approach to theoretical physics with an aim to achieve precision and rigour in scientific reasoning, where logic and language (semantics) of physics play pivotal roles. It is from such a point of view, that we investigate the scientific value of the modern experiments to perform quantum tests of equivalence principle. Determination of Planck constant involves the use of acceleration due to gravity of the Earth (g) that results in the force on a test mass. The equivalence between the inertial mass and gravitational mass of a test object is assumed in the process of logically defining g from the relevant hypotheses of physics. Consequently, if Planck constant is used as input in any experiment (or in the associated theory that finds such an experiment) that is designed to test the equivalence between inertial and gravitational mass, then it is equivalent to establish a scientific truth by implicitly assuming it, i.e. a tautology. There are several notable examples which plague the frontiers of current scientific research which claim to make quantum test of equivalence principle. We question the scientific value of such experiments from Hilbert’s axiomatic point of view. This work adds to the recently reported semantic obstacle in any axiomatic attempt to put ‘quantum’ and ‘gravity’ together, albeit with an experimental tint.

Towards a Higher-Order Mathematical Operational Semantics

Compositionality proofs in higher-order languages are notoriously involved, and general semantic frameworks guaranteeing compositionality are hard to come by. In particular, Turi and Plotkin’s bialgebraic abstract GSOS framework, which has been successfully applied to obtain off-the-shelf compositionality results for first-order languages, so far does not apply to higher-order languages. In the present work, we develop a theory of abstract GSOS specifications for higher-order languages, in effect transferring the core principles of Turi and Plotkin’s framework to a higher-order setting. In our theory, the operational semantics of higher-order languages is represented by certain dinatural transformations that we term pointed higher-order GSOS laws . We give a general compositionality result that applies to all systems specified in this way and discuss how compositionality of the SKI calculus and the λ-calculus w.r.t. a strong variant of Abramsky’s applicative bisimilarity are obtained as instances.

Formalizing CCS and π-calculus in Guarded Cubical Agda

Dependent type theories with guarded recursion have shown themselves suitable for the development of denotational semantics of programming languages. In particular, Ticked Cubical Type Theory (TCTT) has been used to show that, for guarded labeled transition systems (GLTS), interpretation into the denotational semantics maps bisimilar processes to equal values. In fact the two notions are proved equivalent, allowing one to reason about equality in place of bisimilarity.We extend that result to the Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) and the π-calculus. For the latter, we pick early congruence as the syntactic notion of equivalence between processes, showing that denotational models based on guarded recursive types can handle the dynamic creation of channels that goes beyond the scope of GLTSs.Hence we present fully abstract denotational models for CCS and the early π-calculus, formalized as an extended example for Guarded Cubical Agda: a novel implementation of Ticked Cubical Type Theory based on Cubical Agda.

Some Aspects about Visualization of Natural Semantics for a Selected Domain-Specific Language

In this article, we present a practical way to visualize natural semantics calculations for a selected domain-specific language for motion control of a robot in an orthogonal grid. Natural semantics is important from the point of view of verifying the properties of the language and for expressing the dynamics of the calculation and the construction of a set of states during the calculation. Domain-specific languages are used more and more in practice, therefore their inclusion in the curriculum of the subject Semantics of Programming Languages is a significant innovation of the traditional way of teaching the semantics of (mostly) imperative languages. In the article, we present the basics of the natural semantics of the robot language and its software visualization. For this, we have developed an application, the use of which is of great importance in the teaching itself and allows students to easily understand the basics of formal semantics thanks to interactivity.

XACML-based semantic rules language and ontological model for reconciling semantic differences of access control rules

Internet of things interconnects increasing numbers of artefacts and individuals, allowing the setup of ambient intelligence systems in multi-domains (e.g., hospitals). Designing a suitable architectural framework is required to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of the implementation of such systems. Consolidating public services about citizens' safety and authorisation decisions when a resource is accessed in an open-dynamic environment are the main challenges that can be highlighted. Therefore, the semantic heterogeneity between the local policies of the different domains is a crucial lock for implementing this process. Our approach goes beyond the semantic web languages' weaknesses by combining the XACML-based security policy model with a semantic rules language developed during the European SembySem Project. Built on top of RDF(S), the proposed model aims to abstract the security implementation, reconcile semantic differences across multi-domain, and maintain the local security policy. Moreover, this model addresses the semantic heterogeneity of sensors' data during knowledge-sharing.

Programming language semantics: It’s easy as 1,2,3

Abstract Programming language semantics is an important topic in theoretical computer science, but one that beginners often find challenging. This article provides a tutorial introduction to the subject, in which the language of integers and addition is used as a minimal setting in which to present a range of semantic concepts in simple manner. In this setting, it is easy as 1,2,3.

Destructive verbs with defective paradigms in the Russian language

The subject of this research are verbs with destructive semantics in the Russian language, which are characterized by a paradigmatic defect. Verbs with a destructive meaning form one of the most numerous subgroups within the group of verbs with a paradigmatic defect. The semantic category of destructiveness, which denotes it in the broadest sense, has not yet received a comprehensive description in linguistics. A paradigmatic (systemic) defect is caused by a semantic mismatch between a certain grammeme and the lexical meaning of the lexeme. The given verbs have a two-part paradigm, and the impossibillity of using them in the other persons most often happens due to semantic barriers. They denote an action that is not related to a person as the doer of the action, but most often represents processes, states, and phenomena characteristic of the animal or plant world, etc. ? verb of destructiveness denotes an action with the meaning of ?decomposition?, ?deterioration?. Within the group of verbs with such semantics, we distinguished several subgroups: (1) verbs with the meaning of ?spoil?; (2) verbs with the meaning of ?disappear?; (3) verbs with the meaning of destruction, disintegration and (4) verbs with the meaning ?to cause damage?, ?to damage?. As the semantics of destructiveness primarily refers to phenomena or objects, there is almost no need to use other persons within the paradigm of these verbs.

ZNAČENJSKI EFEKTI INTERAKCIJE ASPEKTUALNIH INFORMACIJA U FRANCUSKOM JEZIKU

The aim of the paper is to investigate the possibilities of combining different aspectual categories in the same sentence in French and the semantic effects resulting from such combinations. We examine the possibilities and consequences of combining the perfective and imperfective aspectual perspective, on the one hand, with four types of situations as carriers of the lexical aspect, on the other hand. The theoretical framework of the work is represented by the theory of two-component aspectuality. The research material consists of a corpus of examples mostly from the literary French language. It was established that all four types of situations, activities, states, accomplishments and achievements, can be combined with both the perfective and the imperfective aspectual perspective, with significant consequences on the semantic level since different meanings and semantic and stylistic nuances are generated. It often happens that the syntactic environment of the verb affects the change of the type of situation, so in the overall interpretation of aspectual meanings, the complements of the verb and sentence clauses must be taken into account. This paper sheds light on the complex issue of the combination of syntax and semantics in the French language, which manifests itself in highlighting certain phases of the situation or the entirety of its interval, and contributes to the clarification of not so simple questions for all those who teach and learn the French language.

Visualization Tool for Structural Operational Semantics of Simple Imperative Language

We teach the subject of the semantics of programming languages at the graduate level, where we present different approaches to the definition of formal semantics for imperative languages. In this paper, we present a new teaching tool for visualization of semantics computation of a toy imperative language by the small-step semantic method. We have developed a responsive web application that simulates a computation of a program’s semantics as is done by hand on a blackboard.

Kuban State University: Russian Philology on the 45th Parallel

The article represents the history and modernity of philological scholarship in Kuban State University, the oldest university of classical education in the south of Russia, which has been preserving and developing the traditions in the sphere of education, science and social and educational activity since 1920. The authors describe the principal directions of philology development at the faculty: teaching Russian language and literature, academic research work in the field of literary studies, the history of Russian literature from its beginning up to present times, including literature of Russian expatriate community, literature of the peoples of Russia, literary regional studies, literary criticism, folklore studies, etc. One of the main directions of the research activities which the scholars have chosen is the search and comparison of the universal and nationally specific in the works of foreign and Russian poetry and prose. The problems of contemporary Russian language are discussed in the research and development project “Russian language potential”. The scholars of Kuban State University devote a lot of attention to studying Russian language from the perspective of psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, cross-cultural communication, sociolinguistics, terminology studies, discourse theory. The leading idea of scholarly interests of professors and associate professors is the theme of “Linguoaxiology”, revealing a valuable component of Russian language unit and Russian discourse field. It’s necessary to point out that the research of linguistic and methodological basic training of Russian as а Foreign language/Russian as Non-Native language, the training of specialists in this field, questions of linguo-didactic testing in Krasnodar region are carried out only at the department of Russian as а Foreign language at the Kuban State University. The scholars deal with the description of the semantics of Russian language, study the regional cultural component of onomastics and problems of language policy. The development and teaching of Russian as а foreign language are also aimed at the perception of the uniqueness of Russian civilization. Russian philology on the 45th parallel is trying to preserve and develop the world of the Russian word, and the Russian world as a concept containing natural bounds of language, mentality and culture.

Категория причастодетия в русском литературном языке XVIII века (на примере произведений сибирского цикла А. Н. Радищева)

The artificial, at first glance, and peripheral category of prichastodetie (Gerundivum) (special nominal forms of the verb in -teln-) dynamically turns into the category of state, adverbs, adjectives, discursive words, prepositions, preserving its traces in its meaning of verbal action and a separate subject of action. Discovered by M. Smotritsky and described by other scholars, the prichastodetie experienced a boom in its development in the 18th century, accompanied by the lexicalization of the most common word forms. The process of formation and further lexicalization of the grammatical forms in question (“passing to the rank of qualifying adjectives,” according to Vinogradov) is rather similar to how participles are formed from verbs and transformed into adjectives and adverbial participles into adverbs. The difference is not in the quality but in the degree of productivity. The metaphorization of the verb meaning, its transfer from the physical to the emotional, and, more broadly, to the spiritual sphere facilitates the transformation of Russian “gerundives” into qualifying adjectives. The increased use of Russian “gerundives” formed from verbs of specific semantics in scientific and technical language strengthens their direct semantic link with the verb and prevents them from losing the meaning of verbal action. The prichastodetie is on the periphery of the morphological system of the Russian language and interacts with its system of word formation. The development of the category of prichastodetie is analyzed using the National Corpus of the Russian Language and the works of the Siberian cycle of A. N. Radishchev.

Метод мутации сложноструктурированных входных данных при фаззинг-тестировании JavaScript интерпретаторов

Fuzzing of JavaScript engines is one of the most difficult areas in web-browser testing due to the complexity of input data generating. JavaScript engines process JavaScript code on a web page and require constant support for new language standards and increasing complexity in their architecture. The most common fuzzers today are not able to effectively mutate complexly structured input data during fuzzing. Generating JavaScript code from scratch does not allow encapsulating the necessary semantics, and current mutators quickly destroy the syntax and semantics of the input data language. This article presents a new mutation strategy that preserves the syntax and semantics of the input data by modifying the AST of JavaScript code fragments. This method allows you to efficiently generate diverse and correct input data, which can lead to the identification of errors and vulnerabilities in JavaScript engines. This method can be used to improve the security of web browsers and ensure reliable interpretation of JavaScript code.

Observing LOD: Its Knowledge Domains and the Varying Behavior of Ontologies Across Them

Linked Open Data (LOD) is the largest, collaborative, distributed, and publicly-accessible Knowledge Graph (KG) uniformly encoded in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and formally represented according to the semantics of the Web Ontology Language (OWL). LOD provides researchers with a unique opportunity to study knowledge engineering as an empirical science: to observe existing modelling practices and possibly understanding how to improve knowledge engineering methodologies and knowledge representation formalisms. Following this perspective, several studies have analysed LOD to identify (mis-)use of OWL constructs or other modelling phenomena e.g. class or property usage, their alignment, the average depth of taxonomies. A question that remains open is whether there is a relation between observed modelling practices and knowledge domains (natural science, linguistics, etc.): do certain practices or phenomena change as the knowledge domain varies? Answering this question requires an assessment of the domains covered by LOD as well as a classification of its datasets. Existing approaches to classify LOD datasets provide partial and unaligned views, posing additional challenges. In this paper, we introduce a classification of knowledge domains, and a method for classifying LOD datasets and ontologies based on it. We classify a large portion of LOD and investigate whether a set of observed phenomena have a domain-specific character.

O corpus AMR-PT e a anotação semântica de sentenças desafiadoras de textos jornalísticos e opinativos

ABSTRACT One of the most popular semantic representation languages in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). This formalism encodes the meaning of single sentences in directed rooted graphs. For English, there is a large annotated corpus that provides qualitative and reusable data for building or improving existing NLP methods and applications. For building AMR corpora for non-English languages, including Brazilian Portuguese, automatic and manual strategies have been conducted. The automatic annotation methods are essentially based on the cross-linguistic alignment of parallel corpora and the inheritance of the AMR annotation. The manual strategies focus on adapting the AMR English guidelines to a target language. Both annotation strategies have to deal with some phenomena that are challenging. This paper explores in detail some characteristics of Portuguese for which the AMR model had to be adapted and introduces two annotated corpora: AMRNews, a corpus of 870 annotated sentences from journalistic texts, and OpiSums-PT-AMR, comprising 404 opinionated sentences in AMR.

РАСШИРЕНИЕ НОТАЦИИ IDEF0 ДЛЯ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ОПИСАНИЯ ДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ

The development of rules for transitions between the design stages of dynamic systems: the goals of the system consumer, system requirements, technical solutions and consumer properties of systems, remains one of the most important aspects in the design of complex systems. The article implements an extension of the IDEF0 notation – a notation system for functions and their components. For a more detailed functional description of dynamic systems, an extension of the semantic notation language is introduced. Such an extension allows getting more detailed information about the system as a whole, and creates links between the functional and behavioral models. Extended semantics is applied to the design of functional descriptions of the aircraft parts. The notation extension is also a component of the lifecycle management system under development, that, in particular, should solve the issue of engineering semantics deficiency, not allowing to ensure in the elaborating processes the correspondence between requirements and technical solutions, the verification of those relationships and the validation of the system being developed. As a result, the expansion of the IDEF0 notation, new, expanded properties of the system model will be formed, which contribute to solving validation and verification problems in the development of complex technical systems.

XACML-based semantic rules language and ontological model for reconciling semantic differences of access control rules

XACML-based semantic rules language and ontological model for reconciling semantic differences of access control rules

Invalidator: Automated Patch Correctness Assessment via Semantic and Syntactic Reasoning

Automated program repair (APR) faces the challenge of test overfitting, where generated patches pass validation tests but fail to generalize. Existing methods for patch assessment involve generating new tests or manual inspection, which can be time-consuming or biased. In this paper, we propose a novel technique, INVALIDATOR, to automatically assess the correctness of APR-generated patches via semantic and syntactic reasoning. INVALIDATOR leverages program invariants to reason about program semantics while also capturing program syntax through language semantics learned from a large code corpus using a pre-trained language model. Given a buggy program and the developer-patched program, INVALIDATOR infers likely invariants on both programs. Then, INVALIDATOR determines that an APR-generated patch overfits if: (1) it violates correct specifications or (2) maintains erroneous behaviors from the original buggy program. In case our approach fails to determine an overfitting patch based on invariants, INVALIDATOR utilizes a trained model from labeled patches to assess patch correctness based on program syntax. The benefit of INVALIDATOR is threefold. First, INVALIDATOR leverages both semantic and syntactic reasoning to enhance its discriminative capability. Second, INVALIDATOR does not require new test cases to be generated, but instead only relies on the current test suite and uses invariant inference to generalize program behaviors. Third, INVALIDATOR is fully automated. Experimental results demonstrate that INVALIDATOR outperforms existing methods in terms of Accuracy and F-measure, correctly identifying 79% of overfitting patches and detecting 23% more overfitting patches than the best baseline.

Perspectives of cultural conceptual linguistics (a study of the belarusian concept narod)

Since the end of the 20th century, intense studies have been conducted in the realms of cognitive linguistics and cultural linguistics. One of the features peculiar to the development of these realms in the East Slavic countries is their integration. As a result, a new field of study emerged – cultural conceptual linguistics. This field has gained the greatest popularity in the region since then. This popularity didn’t come out of thin air. Firstly, cognitive linguistics and cultural linguistics began to progress almost simultaneously in the post-Soviet era. Secondly, much of the credit goes to the local well-established research schools which contributed a lot to language semantics. The article analyses the focus and novel approaches of cultural conceptual research. Different definitions to “concept” are provided. The concept is a mental unit that can be represented by a word, phrase, sentence, or even a whole text. The cultural linguistic concept differs from other mental units due to its evaluative component. The core of a concept always contains values. In most Belarusian research at the turn of the 20th – beginning 21st cc. key linguistic issues revolved around more traditional topics – in the paradigm of structural and functional linguistics. However, some ideas proposed by cultural and cognitive linguists in recent decades were known long before that, as Belarusian linguistics has always recognized the fact that language and cognitive processes are closely related. The article addresses one of the focal concepts of Belarusian cultural conceptualizations that is the concept narod ‘folk; people; nation’ by employing the prototypical approach which is an effective way to determine the concept structure and its specific character.