Semantic Elements Research Articles

Темпоральний світ поетичного мовлення ХХ ст. (структурно-семантичний та семантико-прагматичний аспекти)

One of the current problems in semasiology and text linguistics concerns the mechanisms of construction of the world in the 20 th – century poetic language. The study examines the problem of structure, semantics and pragmatics of the world in the poetic language of the XX century. The article defines explicit and implicit markers, including the constituents of the social and historic time microfield. It also focuses on the language mechanisms of forming their alethic, axiological and epistemic modality. In order to achieve this purpose, we us methods developed in the framework of semasiologi and text linguistics: componential, distributive and contextological analisis, as well as the procedur for modeling of the semantic field and contextological interpretation. The present article addresses verbal images of with explicit and implicit components. The former are based on the words of the group, while the latter are based on common and proper names which constitute linguocultural symbols. The author argues that the interaction of distant referential spheres within markers defines the unique character of the 20 th – century poetic language. The components of the subsphere ofthe temporal which form the basis of historical microimages are correlated with the content of the concept of through their extensional structure (semantic scope of nominations), whereas units of other referential spheres are correlated with it through their intensional structure (content of the concept). The semantic features of the markers of historical determine their modality. The latter is also stimulated by the following factors: interaction between elements of diverse referential spheres, asymmetry of the signified and the signifier, integration with the help of axiological operators as well as the actualization of presuppositional semantic elements within the integrative structure of the microimages of history.

Концепты ВРАНЬЕ и ПРАВДА ЖИЗНИ как трансферные смысловые элементы поэтики Дмитрия Горчева

Концепты ВРАНЬЕ и ПРАВДА ЖИЗНИ как трансферные смысловые элементы поэтики Дмитрия Горчева

Специфика конструкций, строящихся на основе сочетания союза а с конкретизаторами по сути, по существу, в сущности

The interaction between conjunction a and its concretizations po suti , po suchshestvu , v suchshnosti is examined. The research urgency is caused by necessity of comprehensive study of each function unit, expressing certain types of relations, the importance of identifying its constructive and co-occurrence possibilities. Practical implementation of the research of function vocabulary at the modern stage is seen in the possibility of a lexicographic representation of received information in special dictionaries. The paper provides a brief overview of the linguistic literature devoted to the description of lexemes po suti , po suchshestvu , v suchshnosti as lexicalized word forms and discursive words. The article focuses on the types of structures built on the basis of a combination of the conjunction a and mentioned concretizations. The novelty of the study lies in obtained results, not previously observed in works devoted to the studied conjunction and its concretizations. The analysis establishes that the conjunction a and mentioned concretizations have matching semantic elements, and that such a coincidence indicates the semantic coordination between the conjunction and its concretizations. The article shows the specificity of the structures with the conjunction a allowing to explicate adversative semantics of the lexemes po suti , po suchshestvu , v suchshnosti .

Национальная стихия творчества: время и трансгрессия

The review analyzes the main content of the reports made at the III International Scientific Conference “The National Environment of Creativity: Time and Transgression”, which was held from June 14 to June 16, 2017 in Saint Petersburg and organized by the Faculty of Humanities of the Saint Petersburg State Economic University in cooperation with the Russian Philosophical Society, Society of Russian Philosophy at the Ukrainian Philosophical Foundation, as well as the Department of Philosophy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations. More than 50 scientists from Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, which are united by interest in the research field of the transgression and the national environment of creativity, took part in the conference. The review analyzes the ideas expressed at the plenary sessions and at the conference sections: “Metaphysical foundations of the creative process”, “Semantic elements of artistic and aesthetic creativity”, “Creativity in the dimensions of national consciousness and historical elements”. The reports presented at the conference contain the results of studies carried out in the context of the philosophy of creativity and related fields, including political science, sociology, cultural studies, comparative psychology, linguistics and other scientific fields.

Un modelo de análisis del discurso aplicado a las traducciones literarias

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an investigation which employed a discourse analysis’ model to analyze the translations into Span-ish and French of a literary work (The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973) in order to show the advantages of using such a model and to demonstrate how such a model can helps both the analysis of the source and target texts and the translation process. Halliday’s discourse analysis model was used as proposed by Hatim and Mason with its three metafunctions (ideational, interpersonal and textual) and taking into account semantic, morphological, syntactic, textual and pragmatic elements. The final aim of this article is to show that a translation-oriented source text analysis using a discourse analysis model or any other linguistic-derived model can be used as an analytical tool to achieve an in-depth understanding of literary texts, since it heightens the literary translators’ awareness of its characteristics, enhances their reflective process and help them select the best alternatives to reproduce the complex world of the source text with all its details, which, in turn, will help the readers of the target text understand the world created by the author.

Покровская гора как смысло­вая доминанта брянского текста

The article is carried out within the framework of semiotic approach to the town study. Its purpose is to substantiate the idea thatPokrovskayaMountainis a semantic element of theBryansktext and most fully and systematically expresses its main idea — the ancient history of the town, which determined its fate, image and destination. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made. Firstly, the semiotic system ofPokrovskayaMountainis characterized by a rich content and, in many ways, nourishes and determines the uniqueness of theBryansktext itself. Secondly, these historical and cultural objects, in the aggregate of their meanings, representBryanskas an ancient and sacred topos, a symbol of courage, military and peaceful labor, literary fame. Thirdly, the example ofPokrovskayaMountainin theBryansktext highlights the metaphorical significance of the town’s location at the highest point of the terrestrial space and the associated with it idea of a special mission of the town as a center for the spread of Orthodoxy and the defender of Russian lands. Fourthly,PokrovskayaMountainis the semantic constant of theBryansktext and is actively used to determine the cultural identity of the territory, plays a special role in the construction of the identity ofBryanskand the creation of its mythological image.

Measuring similarity of academic articles with semantic profile and joint word embedding

Long-document semantic measurement has great significance in many applications such as semantic searchs, plagiarism detection, and automatic technical surveys. However, research efforts have mainly focused on the semantic similarity of short texts. Document-level semantic measurement remains an open issue due to problems such as the omission of background knowledge and topic transition. In this paper, we propose a novel semantic matching method for long documents in the academic domain. To accurately represent the general meaning of an academic article, we construct a semantic profile in which key semantic elements such as the research purpose, methodology, and domain are included and enriched. As such, we can obtain the overall semantic similarity of two papers by computing the distance between their profiles. The distances between the concepts of two different semantic profiles are measured by word vectors. To improve the semantic representation quality of word vectors, we propose a joint word-embedding model for incorporating a domain-specific semantic relation constraint into the traditional context constraint. Our experimental results demonstrate that, in the measurement of document semantic similarity, our approach achieves substantial improvement over state-of-the-art methods, and our joint word-embedding model produces significantly better word representations than traditional word-embedding models.

Between Connotation and Denotation. Posters Announcing the Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music in 1956-2015

Abstract The posters that accompany the successive Warsaw Autumn Festival editions are a unique collection of works, mostly of outstanding quality. One might venture the thesis that their artistic value – living up to the high demands of the topic – exceeds the typical standards of representation characteristic of popular art. Formally speaking, they abandon the conventions of egalitarian iconographic art in favour of a more elite-oriented visual formula, addressed to a competent audience knowledgeable about contemporary music and its qualities. The authors of these WA posters include many artists associated with the Polish school, such as Jan Lenica, Jan Młodożeniec, Julian Pałka, Waldemar Świerzy, Henryk Tomaszewski, and Wojciech Zamecznik. Their graphic representations of the achievements of the musical avant-garde do not, however, situate this poster series within the well-sanctioned canon of the “Polish poster school”, mostly associated with the film and theatre – generally considered as more “democratic” and entertainment-oriented disciplines of art. The WA posters point to an evident polarisation of visual culture, corresponding to the division between high and low culture and between two types of audiences, differing in expectations. These posters form a largely autonomous collection and may be viewed as supplementary to the music they refer to, which determined the choice of expressive means appropriate to this topic. The whole collection is a display of its authors’ evident skills and their ability to live up to the high demands placed on these works. The task of translating one medium into another (in this case – a visual one) requires intellectual discipline. Some kind of (at least formal) similarity between the two media needs to be discovered, and shared semantic elements ought to be traced. On the verbal level, such similarities are presented in terms of related distinctive features, ways of describing phenomena, and intuitions. The 19th-century Romantic concept of the correspondance des arts was based on similar assumptions. The Romantics attempted to systematise the emotions accompanying the experience of different arts, looking for affinities and similar form-building strategies.

Applying systems biology to biomedical research and health care: a pr\xe9cising definition of systems medicine

BackgroundSystems medicine has become a key word in biomedical research. Although it is often referred to as P4-(predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory)-medicine, it still lacks a clear definition and is open to interpretation. This conceptual lack of clarity complicates the scientific and public discourse on chances, risks and limits of Systems Medicine and may lead to unfounded hopes. Against this background, our goal was to develop a sufficiently precise and widely acceptable definition of Systems Medicine.MethodsIn a first step, PubMed was searched using the keyword “systems medicine”. A data extraction tabloid was developed putting forward a means/ends-division. Full-texts of articles containing Systems Medicine in title or abstract were screened for definitions. Definitions were extracted; their semantic elements were assigned as either means or ends. To reduce complexity of the resulting list, summary categories were developed inductively. In a second step, we applied six criteria for adequate definitions (necessity, non-circularity, non-redundancy, consistency, non-vagueness, and coherence) to these categories to derive a so-called précising definition of Systems Medicine.ResultsWe identified 185 articles containing the term Systems Medicine in title or abstract. 67 contained at least one definition of Systems Medicine. In 98 definitions, we found 114 means and 132 ends. From these we derived the précising definition: Systems Medicine is an approach seeking to improve medical research (i.e. the understanding of complex processes occurring in diseases, pathologies and health states as well as innovative approaches to drug discovery) and health care (i.e. prevention, prediction, diagnosis and treatment) through stratification by means of Systems Biology (i.e. data integration, modeling, experimentation and bioinformatics). Our study also revealed the visionary character of Systems Medicine.ConclusionsOur insights, on the one hand, allow for a realistic identification of actual ethical as well as legal issues arising in the context of Systems Medicine and, in consequence, for a realistic debate of questions concerning its matter and (future) handling. On the other hand, they help avoiding unfounded hopes and unrealistic expectations. This especially holds for goals like improving patient participation which are intensely debated in the context of Systems Medicine, however not implied in the concept.

Yoad Winter’s Elements of Formal Semantics, 2016, Edinburgh Advanced Textbooks in Linguistics (Edinburgh University Press)

Elements of Formal Semantics (EFS) has already been reviewed twice (Rett in Glossa 1(1):42, 2016; Erlewine in Comput Linguist 42(4):837–839, 2017). As well, the website for the work is accompanied by evaluative quotes by noted scholars. All are very positive concerning its clarity and its utility as an introduction to formal semantics for natural language. As I agree with these evaluations my interest in reiterating them in slightly different words is limited. So my reviews of the content chapters will be accompanied by a Reflections section consisting of my own reflections on the foundations of model theoretic semantics for natural language as laid out in EFS. The issues I address—alternate ways of accomplishing the tasks Winter treats—should not be included in an introductory work but they may be helpful for those who teach classes for which EFS is an appropriate text. They might also help with queries about the content of the text by those using it. I note that a mark of a clear text is that it allows the reader to reflect on its content not its presentation.

Особенности смысловой сферы личности, переживающей психологическое отчуждение

The article discusses the issues of individual’s semantic sphere, structural elements and sense of a person experiencing different types and forms of psychological alienation. It also covers the main concepts of the study; presents the results of a comparative analysis of adults experiencing psychological estrangement; describes the prospects of further studies in this area.

Globalisation des politiques de santé et psychiatrie française : enjeux et impacts

ObjectiveIn recent years, the French psychiatric landscape seems to be shifting towards an approach that focuses on community care. The purpose of this article is to comment on this recent evolution as well as the impact of these changes. It is important to discuss because of the links that our psychiatric institutions have established with organizations entertaining a global view of mental health, such as the World Health Organization. MethodOur article begins with a literature review of 12 specialized databases, 41 articles, 15 legislative texts, 13 reports from the World Health Organization and the Haute Autorité de santé, 5 books and 1 communication. ResultsThe evolution of our institutions devoted to mental health will be examined by focusing on the levers underpinning these transformations, with particular emphasis on those used by the World Health Organization. Then, the main theoretical and practical consequences arising from the generalization of community psychiatry in France will be categorized into four distinct parts. DiscussionWe thus explore the emergence of new semantic elements aiming to reduce the stigmatization of the user in the area of mental health. We will then discuss legislative developments facilitating the instatement of community mental health policies. Similarly, the appearance, dissemination and appropriation by teams of new concepts will be described. Finally, the generalization of new support systems will be reviewed on the basis of the recent emergence of the Local Councils in Mental Health or the Mutual Assistance Groups. ConclusionFinally, the future evolution of these changes will be discussed.

Between rap and jihad: spectacular subcutlures, terrorism and visuality

ABSTRACTThis article underlines the importance of terrorist jihadist online communication. The visual expressions of sociocultural identity are a trademark of jihadist terrorist groups. This paper also shows that subcultural perspective constitutes a privileged point of view for the analysis of the phenomenon of Western-born jihadist terrorism. In scientific literature there is a lack of empirical research on the visual dimension of jihadist terrorism in a subcultural perspective. In this perspective, the article analyses the subcultural identity of a Western-born jihadist terrorist, the former rapper Deso Dogg, also known as Abu-Maleeq. This paper proposes an original analysis of terrorist group membership, analysing through visual sociology the YouTube videos of Deso Dogg – Abu-Maleeq. The visual jihadist representation is based on the repetition of semantic elements. This result confirms the importance of the semantic coherence of communication, namely the Hebdigian homology. Furthermore, terrorist communication assigns new meanings to traditional cultural elements. This result confirms the relevance of the subcultural practice of bricolage. In conclusion, the article allows an original perspective for the study of terrorist communication and underlines the importance of Hebdigian perspective for the understanding of what processes turned troubled Western youth into terrorists.

추측확인법과 확인추측법의 의미와 기원

The grammatical sum does not form a coherent semantic identity. In the arrangement of the prefinal ending, the following elements add the grammatical and semantic meanings to the preceding elements. In conclusion, the arrangement of the prefinal ending of the estimation－confirmation is composed of the functions of estimation and confirmation and adds the semantic qualities of the information to the assumed element, and the confirmation－estimation undermines grammatical structure by less emphasizing the significance of confirmation. The ‘－리어－’ of the estimationconfirmation and the ‘－어리－’ of the confirmation－estimation have different syntactic structures, leading to different semantic qualities in terms of [±Confirmation]. This is accompanied by a change in the semantic elements of the estimation according to the meaning of the confirmation that precedes to or follows after the ‘－리－’, which is realized in the same form. Specifically, the form of estimation－confirmation carries the semantic element of simple assumption, while functioning to deliver the information. Therefore, the meaning unit of confirmation is not clearly distinguished. On the other hand, confirmation－estimation takes a form of rhetorical questionand therefore conveys the opposite meaning. It strengthens the role of confirmation, by placing the semantic element of the confirmation after the prefinal ending. The sentence of the confirmation－estimation often takes a form of “interrogative －려” (or “interrogative －리어－”) in front of the final ending. On the other hand, confirmation－estimation is associated with ‘－아－ + －리 － + －아 (＜ 가)’. The grammatical arrangement and placement determines different semantic roles.BR If ‘－리－’ is realized in the form of estimation, it can be used to express the semantic differences determined byaccording to the order of arrangement. However, as a result, this research shows that ‘－리₁－’, which is settled in the form of estimation－confirmation, and ‘－리₂－’, is realized in a form of the confirmation－estimation, and the both are originally different grammatical elements. In a historical sense, there is no precedent to ‘－리₁－’ coming before the prefinal endings of ‘－거/어－아－’, except for ‘－리₂－’. ‘★’ and ‘★’ in Sǒktok kugyǒl during the Koryǒ period, which reveals the historical trajectory of the grammar functions corresponding to ‘ － 리₁－’ and ‘－ 리₂－’ of the 15th century Korea, respectively. For example, ‘★’ functions as the prefinal ending and ‘★’ functions as the interrogative ending in combination with interrogative auxiliary element.BR In the 15th century, ‘－리₁－’ and ‘－리₂－’ show different grammatical categorization, as the ‘－리－’ element was originally a combination of two or more morphemes, not a single morpheme, deriving from other grammatical elements. The element was drawn from a combination of a gerund ending and a copula, but ‘리₁－’ and ‘－리₂－’ were differentiated by which prefinal ending the element is being combined with. The two forms derived from the grammaticalization process of the interrogative endings and formed new grammar categories. Although they contain different semantic compositions, their properties indicates that they share the semantic function of the estimation.

THE MODEL OF THE INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKS OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The paper presents the model of the intelligence system for carrying out the comparative analysis of qualifications frameworks of European Countries. The conceptual construct of the model consists of national qualifications frameworks, qualification levels and descriptors such as Knowledge, Skills etc. Each notion is matched with a set of semantic elements which are determined in the field that characterizes all the components of European frameworks. The model allows a user to determine a quantitative measure of correlation between frameworks and qualification levels in different countries. The proposed model of the intelligent system is based on the concept of knowledge base application in the process of solving various tasks, depending on user needs. Such a system is, as a matter of fact, an expert system. At present there is not any universal body of logics and mathematics which could meet requirements of any IS developer. Our model is developed on the basis of special knowledge related to the classification of European education levels in the context of the Bologna process.

The Development of the Origin Sense of the Preposition מִן in Biblical Hebrew

The origin sense of the preposition מן in Biblical Hebrew has been treated in various ways by traditional grammars and lexica. The discrepancy between the entries for מן in these sources indicates that a systematic and theoretically justifiable account of the nature of this sense was lacking. In this paper the Principled Polysemy Approach (Tyler and Evans 2013) was employed to analyse the origin sense (as defined) by investigating whether 1) it should be viewed as a distinct sense and 2) how is it related to the primary sense and the other senses of the preposition. The conclusion is reached that the origin sense is a distinct sense of the preposition and that it is related to the primary sense, which contains the semantic elements of locational source and separation, in a principled way.

Five mechanisms of sound symbolic association

Sound symbolism refers to an association between phonemes and stimuli containing particular perceptual and/or semantic elements (e.g., objects of a certain size or shape). Some of the best-known examples include the mil/mal effect (Sapir, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 225–239, 1929) and the maluma/takete effect (Köhler, 1929). Interest in this topic has been on the rise within psychology, and studies have demonstrated that sound symbolic effects are relevant for many facets of cognition, including language, action, memory, and categorization. Sound symbolism also provides a mechanism by which words’ forms can have nonarbitrary, iconic relationships with their meanings. Although various proposals have been put forth for how phonetic features (both acoustic and articulatory) come to be associated with stimuli, there is as yet no generally agreed-upon explanation. We review five proposals: statistical co-occurrence between phonetic features and associated stimuli in the environment, a shared property among phonetic features and stimuli; neural factors; species-general, evolved associations; and patterns extracted from language. We identify a number of outstanding questions that need to be addressed on this topic and suggest next steps for the field.

The Hierarchical Cortical Organization of Human Speech Processing.

Speech comprehension requires that the brain extract semantic meaning from the spectral features represented at the cochlea. To investigate this process, we performed an fMRI experiment in which five men and two women passively listened to several hours of natural narrative speech. We then used voxelwise modeling to predict BOLD responses based on three different feature spaces that represent the spectral, articulatory, and semantic properties of speech. The amount of variance explained by each feature space was then assessed using a separate validation dataset. Because some responses might be explained equally well by more than one feature space, we used a variance partitioning analysis to determine the fraction of the variance that was uniquely explained by each feature space. Consistent with previous studies, we found that speech comprehension involves hierarchical representations starting in primary auditory areas and moving laterally on the temporal lobe: spectral features are found in the core of A1, mixtures of spectral and articulatory in STG, mixtures of articulatory and semantic in STS, and semantic in STS and beyond. Our data also show that both hemispheres are equally and actively involved in speech perception and interpretation. Further, responses as early in the auditory hierarchy as in STS are more correlated with semantic than spectral representations. These results illustrate the importance of using natural speech in neurolinguistic research. Our methodology also provides an efficient way to simultaneously test multiple specific hypotheses about the representations of speech without using block designs and segmented or synthetic speech.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To investigate the processing steps performed by the human brain to transform natural speech sound into meaningful language, we used models based on a hierarchical set of speech features to predict BOLD responses of individual voxels recorded in an fMRI experiment while subjects listened to natural speech. Both cerebral hemispheres were actively involved in speech processing in large and equal amounts. Also, the transformation from spectral features to semantic elements occurs early in the cortical speech-processing stream. Our experimental and analytical approaches are important alternatives and complements to standard approaches that use segmented speech and block designs, which report more laterality in speech processing and associated semantic processing to higher levels of cortex than reported here.

Les périphrases verbales « venir a/llegar a + VINF » et leur rôle en discours : une approche dialogique

Abstract Based on the « dialogisme » theory developed by Jacques Bres, this paper focuses on the pragmatic effects produced by the use of Spanish verbal periphrases, particularly by the use of « llegar a + infinitive » versus « venir a + infinitive ». It also takes into consideration the characteristics of each auxiliary within the respective periphrasis. With the ongoing process of grammaticalization leading to periphrases, some spatial semantic elements are retained by the auxiliary and the preposition a, which contribute to the utterance-construction. In fact, the respective auxiliary operates as an indicator of the type of relations between the major utterance (E) and the minor ones (e) convoked by the major utterer E1. The analysis of over a thousand authentic examples taken from two corpora of the database Sketch Engine, as well as the classification of the verbs preferably appearing in the infinitive position allows a more precise description of both periphrases. By restricting the analysis to one « shared » infinitive verb (decir), we focus on different pragmatic effects, showing that « venir a + decir » and « llegar a + decir » involve a different type of argumentation. By choosing llegar, E1 indicates that it rejects the minor utterer e1 without providing any rational arguments ; by choosing venir, (a) E1 indicates that it rejects one anterior (e) – effectively produced by e1 – and introduced by « venir a decir » or (b) E1 mentions it rejects a series of minor utterances by providing an exaggerated synthesis the verbal periphrasis introduces. It is a synthesis built by E1 but presented as summarizing a series of minor utterances (e) attributed to e1 utterer. The aim is to dismiss the other’s statements by summarizing them in a magnifying trait synthesis.

Blind Speakers Show Language-Specific Patterns in Co-Speech Gesture but Not Silent Gesture.

Sighted speakers of different languages vary systematically in how they package and order components of a motion event in speech. These differences influence how semantic elements are organized in gesture, but only when those gestures are produced with speech (co-speech gesture), not without speech (silent gesture). We ask whether the cross-linguistic similarity in silent gesture is driven by the visuospatial structure of the event. We compared 40 congenitally blind adult native speakers of English or Turkish (20/language) to 80 sighted adult speakers (40/language; half with, half without blindfolds) as they described three-dimensional motion scenes. We found an effect of language on co-speech gesture, not on silent gesture-blind speakers of both languages organized their silent gestures as sighted speakers do. Humans may have a natural semantic organization that they impose on events when conveying them in gesture without language-an organization that relies on neither visuospatial cues nor language structure.