Semantic Elements Research Articles

“Creativity as the National Element: The General and the Special in the Modern Socio-Cultural Space” V International Scientific Conference

This summary discusses the main issues of the proceedings of the V International Scientific Conference “Creativity as the National Element: The General and the Special in the Modern Socio-Cultural Space,” which was held from July 1 to July 3, 2019 in Saint Petersburg. The conference was organized by the Department of Philosophy of the Humanities Faculty of the Saint Petersburg State Economic University, the Russian Philosophical Society, the Society of Russian Philosophy at the Ukrainian Philosophical Foundation and the Department of Philosophy of Moscow State Institute of International Relation (MGIMO). Being united by interest in the research on general and special aspects of creativity as the national environment, 69 scholars from Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia, and Spain took part in the conference. The summary considers the ideas discussed at two plenary sessions and at the following sections of the conference: “Metaphysical foundations of the creative process,” “Semantic element of artistic and aesthetic creativity,” “Entrepreneurial creativity as the basis of economic development: common and special in the economic strategy of different countries.” The proceedings of the conference contain the results of research carried out in the field of the philosophy of creativity and related research areas, including social philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, political science, the philosophy of management, economic theory, cognitive science and other scientific fields.

Semantics in MH17 Tragedy Newspaper News

This study is an observation of the use of semantic elements to online newspaper news about the plane crash that has claimed many lives, namely the MH17 Tragedy. The important purpose is to look at the problem of ambiguity of meaning that occurs. In addition, this study also explains the use of semantic elements in newspaper news that can cause changes in the original meaning according to the context of the sentence used. as the main source of information. This study focuses primarily on semantics in online newspaper news by using structural semantic theory approach by (Katz, 1972). This theory emphasizes the meaning of each word based on the sentence used. To achieve that goal, the study was based on identifying semantics and newspaper news. Next make a comparison between the newspaper and describe the semantic meaning in the newspaper news. Through this study, the researcher has used two main newspapers, namely Berita Harian and Utusan Malaysia. A total of 14 newspapers were used as study data, namely seven newspapers were from Berita Harian and seven more were from Utusan Malaysia. Next, the researcher only selected six newspapers to explain the meaning, namely three newspapers from Berita Harian and three more from Utusan Malaysia.

Strategic Documents in the Museum Sphere: International Experience

In some European countries, strategic development documents have alredy been included in the official standard of museum work, and this is gradually becoming a mandatory element of the museum management in the Russian Federation as well. In this regard, there is an urgent need for at least a general description of the scenario for preparing and structuring such documents. As evidenced in practice, the issue of creating strategic planning documents is still relevant for the museum sphere in Russia. One of the ways to solve this problem is use modern international experience. The article analyzes the formats of strategic plans created by individual museums and museum associations in the museum sphere of the United Kingdom and the United States. There are reviewed nine such documents. The article focuses on their structure, i.e. the main semantic elements and presentation format. In the preparation of strategic documents of museums, the following points can be noted: there is an obvious tendency to reduce the documents and present the most important elements in their final text. The elements usually include the following sections: mission (and/or values), main goals/activities and tasks, image of the future. Much less often, they include principles and analysis of the major challenges. The analytical part is usually not allocated to a separate section, being either included in an appendix, or designed as insets to the corresponding parts of the text. There is paid much attention to the visual appearance of strategic documents and their impact on actual and potential stakeholders: both texts and design are primarily aimed at the external audience. As evidenced in practice, the modern museum strategy is becoming not just a tool for museum management, but also an extremely important tool for public relations.

Visual Reconstruction of Ancient Coins Using Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks

In this paper, our goal is to perform a virtual restoration of an ancient coin from its image. The present work is the first one to propose this problem, and it is motivated by two key promising applications. The first of these emerges from the recently recognised dependence of automatic image based coin type matching on the condition of the imaged coins; the algorithm introduced herein could be used as a pre-processing step, aimed at overcoming the aforementioned weakness. The second application concerns the utility both to professional and hobby numismatists of being able to visualise and study an ancient coin in a state closer to its original (minted) appearance. To address the conceptual problem at hand, we introduce a framework which comprises a deep learning based method using Generative Adversarial Networks, capable of learning the range of appearance variation of different semantic elements artistically depicted on coins, and a complementary algorithm used to collect, correctly label, and prepare for processing a large numbers of images (here 100,000) of ancient coins needed to facilitate the training of the aforementioned learning method. Empirical evaluation performed on a withheld subset of the data demonstrates extremely promising performance of the proposed methodology and shows that our algorithm correctly learns the spectra of appearance variation across different semantic elements, and despite the enormous variability present reconstructs the missing (damaged) detail while matching the surrounding semantic content and artistic style.

„Времето“ като аспект в творбата (избрани примери от полско концептуално изкуство, собствени и студентски творби)

Attempting to visualize concept of “time” has a great tradition in contemporary art, in particular in conceptual art in the 20th century. The starting point for that consideration are conceptual activities in Polish contemporary art and their influence on the didactic program of teaching photography – the topics and selections taken for the visual structure of the work. Discussion on the example of selected works of Polish conceptual art of the 20th century, including the effects of the didactic process of the Photography and Multimedia Activities Studio that I run at the Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź. As a part of research and didactic observations, for many years students have been given the task of creating a visual work that shows the passage of time. The selection of photographic pictures and the method of working should be treated as an attempt to create a personal commentary on the surrounding reality. Students are choosing a theme, planning and recording over for a long period of time, for example a few weeks or months, the natural variability of the motif with particular emphasis on the type of light resulting from the time of day and the environment. The collections are presented in the form of a slide show, and the rhythm of the appearing photographs can be variable, consciously used as an additional artistic element. In the initial phase, the students discuss the selected issue and chosen artistic convention, while the technique and artistic form are free. In my own artistic work, too, the aspect of the “time” is an important factor. In many art works and art projects it is an important semantic element. Years later, I return to the same themes or places to reinterpret them and relate to the past. It concerns both the topic, issues and the composition of the visual implementation. Examples of artistic projects implemented over many years are cycles regarding the identity of the home city, for example “Postcards from Łódź”, “genius_lodzi” or “The Origin”.

“Middleness” in Middlemarch

Cet essai propose une méditation sur les deux moitiés du titre Middlemarch , et en particulier sur le premier segment sémantique du nom. Forgeant le terme de « middleness », l’article étudie la condition humaine telle qu’évoquée dans le roman, « au milieu » à la fois du temps et de l’espace, et analyse celle-ci en suivant trois axes, l’un temporel (en relation avec la conscience de vivre au cœur de l’Histoire) et les deux autres, spatiaux : de ces deux derniers axes, l’un est horizontal, étant lié à la nature des paysages du centre de l’Angleterre (notamment du Loamshire ou Warwickshire), ainsi qu’aux effets psycho-géographiques de ces paysages sur les personnages du roman ; l’autre est vertical, et lié aux personnages appartenant essentiellement à la frange intermédiaire de la hiérarchie sociale. L’article tente de différencier les personnages qui parviennent à atteindre la position du juste milieu (dans le sens que Horace a donné au terme de mediocritas ) et ceux qui sont simplement « médiocres », au sens moderne du terme.

Incorporating Verb Semantic Information in Visual Question Answering Through Multitask Learning Paradigm

Visual Question Answering (VQA) concerns providing answers to Natural Language questions about images. Several deep neural network approaches have been proposed to model the task in an end-to-end fashion. Whereas the task is grounded in visual processing, if the question focuses on events described by verbs, the language understanding component becomes crucial. Our hypothesis is that models should be aware of verb semantics, as expressed via semantic role labels, argument types, and/or frame elements. Unfortunately, no VQA dataset exists that includes verb semantic information. Our first contribution is a new VQA dataset (imSituVQA) that we built by taking advantage of the imSitu annotations. The imSitu dataset consists of images manually labeled with semantic frame elements, mostly taken from FrameNet. Second, we propose a multi-task CNN-LSTM VQA model that learns to classify the answers as well as the semantic frame elements. Our experiments show that semantic frame element classification helps the VQA system avoid inconsistent responses and improves performance. Third, we employ an automatic semantic role labeler and annotate a subset of the VQA dataset (VQAsub). This way, the proposed multi-task CNN-LSTM VQA model can be trained with the VQAsub as well. The results show a slight improvement over the single-task CNN-LSTM model.

Semantic and Sentiment Dissonant Framing Effects on Online News Sharing

Information artifacts incorporate cognitive elements in their design to inform users about and entice them to consume relevant content. Sparse research has examined how to design cognitive elements in information artifacts in the digital news platforms context. This study investigates how information artifacts’ semantic and sentiment elements convey meaning and emotion to elicit users to share online news. We propose a dissonant framework and hypothesize that three dissonance dimensions (namely, semantic dissonance, textual sentiment dissonance, and visual sentiment dissonance) influence news sharing. We tested the hypotheses using real-world data from 2013 to 2015 from Mashable—a popular digital news platform. We used novel machine-learning techniques to extract topics and sentiments from text and photos in news articles. Findings from our econometric analysis support that textual sentiment and visual sentiment dissonance positively affect news sharing.

Semantics-Driven Programming of Self-Adaptive Reactive Systems

In recent years, new classes of highly dynamic, complex systems are gaining momentum. These classes include, but are not limited to IoT, smart cities, cyber-physical systems and sensor networks. These systems are characterized by the need to express behaviors driven by external and/or internal changes, i.e. they are reactive and context-aware. A desirable design feature of these systems is the ability of adapting their behavior to environment changes. In this paper, we propose an approach to support adaptive, reactive systems based on semantic runtime representations of their context, enabling the selection of equivalent behaviors, i.e. behaviors that have the same effect on the environment. The context representation and the related knowledge are managed by an engine designed according to a reference architecture and programmable through a declarative definition of sensors and actuators. The knowledge base of sensors and actuators (hosted by an RDF triplestore) is bound to the real world by grounding semantic elements to physical devices via REST APIs. The proposed architecture along with the defined ontology tries to address the main problems of dynamically re-configurable systems by exploiting a declarative, queryable approach to enable runtime reconfiguration with the help of (a) semantics to support discovery in heterogeneous environment, (b) composition logic to define alternative behaviors for variation points, (c) bi-causal connection life-cycle to avoid dangling links with the external environment. The proposal is validated in a case study aimed at designing an edge node for smart buildings dedicated to cultural heritage preservation.

Binary cause-and-effect model

The subject of this research is the abstract model of functionality of cause-and-effect relations, which can be depicted as a construct x leads to y, where x is producing cause, and y – the effect. Leaning on semantics of the text, this model can be presented as P, cause that leads to P effect, where P is any semantic predicate, being on the place of either causing element or the effect element. The object of this research is the texts with cause-and-effect semantics. The goal consists in examination of the structure of cause-and-effect relations from the perspective of the logic of language and the semantic of text. The main conclusion is the depiction of cause-and-effect relations through the simplest binary model, in which the chain is created between to situations of propositions. Elements of the model are interconnected – one situation exists because of the other. Such relationship can be determined on the in-depth level – a semantic element equal for both situations, as well as on the meaningful level – connection between the elements of the situation. The study applies the methods of component analysis, propositional analysis, and contextual analysis. Relevance of the article is substantiated by referring to such modern linguistic trends as the logic of language, semantic syntax, and syntax of the text.

Glosy jako integralny składnik średniowiecznego tekstu

GLOSSES AS AN INTEGRAL ELEMENT OF MEDIEVAL TEXT: IN SEARCH OF ADEQUATE RESEARCH PROCEDURES
 Most Old Polish texts are in fact sixteenth century copies with accompanying inscribed or reinscribed glosses (interlinear and marginal) introduced into the text. The aim of this article is not only to show how to recognize these types of glosses in the text using elements of semantics, syntax, rhetoric and source studies, but also to propose a typology of tools adequate for recognizing incorporated glosses.The authors believe that only a multidimensional analysis gives a chance to achieve this goal. They also show that analyses conducted usually from one, sometimes two, perspectives, yield results that can be easily undermined from another perspective.The majority of examples come from four Old Polish apocrypha, including the most extensive monument of Polish and Slavic medieval prose and apocryphal literature, Rozmyślanie przemyskie (‘The Przemyśl Meditation’). In the only preserved copies of these apocryphal texts, glosses are incorporated into the main body of the text. Proper recognition of glosses leads to a complete change of thinking about these texts and about Polish religious language in the Middle Ages in general.

Deep learning-based extraction of predicate-argument structure (PAS) in building design rule sentences☆

Abstract This paper describes an approach to extracting a predicate-argument structure (PAS) in building design rule sentences using natural language processing (NLP) and deep learning models. For the computer to reason about the compliance of building design, design rules represented by natural language must be converted into a computer-readable format. The rule interpretation and translation processes are challenging tasks because of the vagueness and ambiguity of natural language. Many studies have proposed approaches to address this problem, but most of these are dependent on manual tasks, which is the bottleneck to expanding the scope of design rule checking to design requirements from various documents. In this paper, we apply deep learning-based NLP techniques for translating design rule sentences into a computer-readable data structure. To apply deep learning-based NLP techniques to the rule interpretation process, we identified the semantic role elements of building design requirements and defined a PAS for design rule checking. Using a bidirectional long short-term memory model with a conditional random field layer, the computer can intelligently analyze constituents of building design rule sentences and automatically extract the logical elements. The proposed approach contributes to broadening the scope of building information modeling-enabled rule checking to any natural language-based design requirements.

Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English

Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper “The Dawn” since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. The results show that, when the Urdu language loan words are morphologically integrated in Pakistan English, they do not change their grammatical category. Moreover, four distinguished morphological process are identified in integration of these loan words. The results also reveal that deficit hypothesis is the main reason of this lexical borrowin.

The Effectiveness of Using a Deductive-Cum-Process Writing Process Approach to Teach Tone Formality

This study aims to investigate the usefulness of a deductive-cum-process writing approach to raise native Cantonese-speaking ESL students’ awareness of the inappropriate use of informal language in academic writing. Achieving tone formality by incorporating appropriate syntactic and semantic elements poses great difficulties to freshmen at the City University of Hong Kong. Furthermore, the effectiveness of using a deductive approach to teach word usage has been inconclusive despite numerous studies on this issue (e.g., Alzubi, 2015; Tammenga-Helmantel, 2014; Vogel et al., 2011). In the current study, seven types of informal language expressions and corresponding formal alternatives were first taught, followed by peer review and individual teacher-student consultations to reinforce the teaching.The experimental group consisted of 19 students taking an academic writing course in the summer semester 2017-2018. The end-of-course writing examination showed that the experimental group used significantly fewer informal expressions than did the control group in three measures—the total number of informal expressions and two component measures (p?0.05). Questionnaire findings confirmed the usefulness of the current teaching approach, as perceived by the majority of the participants. Qualitative analysis revealed several types of informal expressions that were most difficult for the participants to identify and to make correction.

Visual Reconstruction of Ancient Coins Using Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks

In this paper, our goal is to perform a virtual restoration of an ancient coin from its image. The present work is the first one to propose this problem, and it is motivated by two key promising applications. The first of these emerges from the recently recognised dependence of automatic image based coin type matching on the condition of the imaged coins; the algorithm introduced herein could be used as a pre-processing step, aimed at overcoming the aforementioned weakness. The second application concerns the utility both to professional and hobby numismatists of being able to visualise and study an ancient coin in a state closer to its original (minted) appearance. To address the conceptual problem at hand, we introduce a framework which comprises a deep learning based method using Generative Adversarial Networks, capable of learning the range of appearance variation of different semantic elements artistically depicted on coins, and a complementary algorithm used to collect, correctly label, and prepare for processing a large numbers of images (here 100,000) of ancient coins needed to facilitate the training of the aforementioned learning method. Empirical evaluation performed on a withheld subset of the data demonstrates extremely promising performance of the proposed methodology and shows that our algorithm correctly learns the spectra of appearance variation across different semantic elements, and despite the enormous variability present reconstructs the missing (damaged) detail while matching the surrounding semantic content and artistic style.

Social and Interpretation Codes of Female Hairstyles in the Aegean Art

The aim of this study is to identify the specific features of artistic, aesthetic, ceremonial and social aspects of the female hairstyle of the Aegean world on the basis of art analysis of frescoes of the Crete-Mycenaean civilization.Research methodology. The following methods of scientific cognition have been used in the article: the method of historicism (for the study of the artistic-aesthetic, ceremonial and social aspects of a female hairstyle in the context of the specificity of the Cretan-Mycenaean art); typological method (contributed to the determination of the features of the hairstyle according to the woman’s belonging to a certain age group); method of comparative analysis (aimed at identifying common and distinctive elements of female hairstyles of Minoan and Mycenaean culture, as well as understanding of their interpretive codes); method of art analysis (to determine the stylistic features of the female hairstyle of the Aegean world), method of theoretical generalization (to summarize the study).Results. A long-standing women’s hairstyle is not only a representative means of expressing beauty, but also a complex system of semantic elements, peculiar visual indicators that play an extraordinary role in the process of personality image formation.Artistic analysis of the Minoan and Mycenaean women’s hairstyles revealed that in addition to directly artistic and aesthetic function, hairstyles should be positioned as a symbol of belonging to a certain age (child, teenager, young girl, adult woman, elderly woman) or social group, as well as important element of ritual.Novelty. The specific aesthetic, ritual and social aspects of the female hairstyle of the Aegean world are studied. On the basis of art analysis of frescoes of the Cretan-Mycenaean culture, social and interpretative codes of the Minoan (Cretan) and Mycenaean women’s hairstyles are determined.The practical significance. Material statistics may be used in theory and practice of the Peruvian mystery; article historical, factual and theoretical basis for the development of food, due to the specific needs of women’s critically-minded customers.

Perempuan di Bidang Politik dalam Surat Kabar Lombok Post Tahun 2019: Analisis Wacana Kritis Perspektif Teun A. Van Dijk

This study focuses on the analysis of critical discourse on microstructure, superstructure, and macrostructure in women's text in the political field in the Lombok Post newspaper in 2019. The theory used in this study is the theory of critical discourse analysis according to Teun A. van Dijk on the text dimension which consists of microstructures related to linguistic aspects consisting of semantic, syntactic, stylistic, and rhetorical elements. Superstructures related to the structure of the text or the text scheme. Macrostructure related to the theme in general. This research is qualitative research. Data collection methods in this study use the method of literature, which is a method that can help researchers in collecting data and filtering data that will be used for research. The data analysis method in this research uses the data analysis method according to Miles and Huberman. The results of this study show how the text analysis of news texts about women in politics in the Lombok Post newspaper in 2019 is based on van Dijk's discourse analysis theory.

Features of the Transformation of Urban Public Spaces Based on Their Socio-Cultural Potential

Changes in the structure of public spaces of cities are conditioned by spatial-planning, environmental, social factors and often in post-Soviet cities have spontaneous and a little controllable character. At the same time, the set methodology of urban planning cannot provide an effective tool for environment formation, fully complied with new social needs, which makes the development of principles and technologies of the transformation of environment relevant, which is capable of evolution and self-development. The particularity of construction of public spaces of the Soviet city and the features of their social and spatial transformation in the post-Soviet period are considered. Urban public spaces, being in the process of development in space and changing in time, are characterized by the properties of incompleteness and enrichment of their environment with elements of time. On this basis, the typology of public spaces is considered on the example of the territories of the Krasnoarmeysky district of Volgograd as the main semantic structure-forming elements and socially significant dominants of the city, the types of spaces are defined according to the degree of completion of the formation: emerging, habitable, stable, subject to reconstruction and possible directions of their transformation are proposed. The conclusion about the need of preservation of the specific spaces of the city, containing outstanding historical elements, and their transformation based on the principle of historical continuity, built on the combination of historical objects and new components of the environment is made.

Морфологические и функциональные особенности объектов паразитологии и их отражение в терминологии

The article considers the morphological and functional characteristics of some objects of parasitology, the etymology of names and the methods of their nomination. Knowledge of the history of origin, the realization of the word-building analysis of parasite names and understanding the semantic components of terms will help to make the educational process more interesting and more effective. The names of parasites are divided into several groups: the names, in which there are semantic elements, which indicate the names of diseases; the names, comprising the semantic elements of anatomical nature; the names, comprising the semantic elements of geographical nature; the names, indicating the connection of term with the history of its detection and containing surnames of researchers; the names, containing semantic elements, which characterize the exterior view of parasites. Besides, the article shows the connection of semantic association (metaphorical transfer) between the initial meaning of the term in the language — ultimate source (Latin or Greek) with the morphological and functional characteristics of various parasites.

Late Westerns: The Persistence of a Genre by Lee Clark Mitchell

Reviewed by: Late Westerns: The Persistence of a Genre by Lee Clark Mitchell Chelsea Wessels Late Westerns: The Persistence of a Genre. By Lee Clark Mitchell. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018. xi + 318 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $55.00, cloth. The Western is a genre that has been declared dead, revived, given its postmortem yet again, and made a comeback countless times since early cinema. Part of this journey has included considering the "post" Western, to explain how the genre has evolved from its so-called classical form. But genres are always unstable categories, and as Lee Clark Mitchell writes in Late Westerns: The Persistence of a Genre, "examples from any period in the past are as incompatible, sometimes irreconcilable and chaotic, as more recent examples brought together to justify a presumed generic claim" (5). As such, Mitchell considers the Western as always being "post," drawing instead on the classification of "late Westerns" to examine the longevity of the genre in "its openness to other mediations, other influences, other genres" (40). These films, Mitchell argues, move toward reflexivity in terms of the genre, particularly through their form—the book pays particular attention to cinematography—and how they address semantic elements such as borders, violence, and masculinity. The strength of the book is its careful attention to close formal analysis—a model for any film scholar of how to craft arguments that focus on the audiovisual constructions. Mitchell focuses on adaptations in multiple chapters, considering the way films like 3:10 to Yuma (Delmar Daves, 1957, and James Mangold, 2007), No Country for Old Men (Ethan and Joel Coen, 2007), and The Counselor (Ridley Scott, 2013) adapt the written language of the source text to the screen. Thematically, the book connects the often seemingly disparate film examples in terms of how they unsettle or present "misgivings" about "supposedly settled questions of identity" (34). For example, chapters on Lone Star (John Sayles, 1996), The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (Tommy Lee Jones, 2005), and A History of Violence (David Cronenberg, 2005) investigate how issues of male violence, families, and borders—all common to the Western genre—are challenged through shifting genre strategies involving noir, mystery, and melodrama. The discussions of and connections between the different films Mitchell labels as "late Westerns" help illustrate the subtitle of the book: "the persistence of a genre." While there is no shortage of writing on the Western, Mitchell's genre approach offers a framework for considering why so many films might fall under the categorization of the Western, even while missing some of the assumed "crucial" semantic elements. The evolving syntax of the genre, as Mitchell rightly points out, is what allows films to continue to be recognizable cinematically, while "displaying distinctive visual styles that have as much to do with their immediate historical era as with their generic identification" (241). And so, the Western persists. [End Page 327] Chelsea Wessels Film and Media Studies East Tennessee State University Copyright © 2021 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln