System Of Self-government Research Articles

SDN-Based Federated Learning Approach for Satellite-IoT Framework to Enhance Data Security and Privacy in Space Communication

The proliferation of IoT devices and integration of machine learning technologies paved the path towards automation in various sectors such as manufacturing, communication, automobiles, agricultural, health etc. guided by Artificial intelligence (AI). As space exploration is transitioning from a mere idea to a tangible reality, the integration of AI-powered IoT will be an essential aspect of space colonies, where self-governing systems will be the norm. These IoT networks will have a broad range of coverage that will extend to the farthest limits with the aid of low orbit satellite integration. However, the widespread adoption of these IoT technologies is highly contingent on ensuring that data is protected from malevolent intrusions. Therefore, in this paper we have proposed a federated learning based distributed approach in an SDN environment to thwart data breach that can plague satellite-IoT framework with respect to space communication. Additionally, as part of the implementation of the framework, we have devised an SDN backbone equipped with a traffic regulator to prevent malicious traffic flows in the network. Our system correctly classifies malicious traffic, blocks flood sources and ensures safe data transmission between IoT devices. The implemented OpenMined-based federated learning method is promising with an accuracy rate of 79.47% in detecting attacks. Our future work will be focused on improving the accuracy of the federating learning-based approach and in conducting differential privacy-based approaches to demonstrate the privacy related advantages of the proposed framework.

Healthy Financial System of Local Government on the Example of Poland

A healthy local government financial system lays the foundation for the ability of local government units (LGUs) to carry out public tasks at the current qualitative and quantitative level and to meet their obligations in the short and long term. A healthy financial system of local government is a system that is adequate, stable, unified, consistent, transparent, diversified, counter-cyclical, guarantees the financial independence of LGUs, and activates to take measures to increase revenues and efficiency of expenditures. The purpose of the article is to answer the question of what are the characteristics of a healthy financial system of local self-government, assess the system operating in Poland, and formulate recommendations for changes aimed at healing this system. Descriptive analysis, comparative analysis, inductive and deductive reasoning, and critical analysis of the national literature on the subject by economists and lawyers were used.

DIAGNOSTIC METHODOLOGY OF THE FORMATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

It was found that one of the main provisions of the ISO 9000 standard is customer satisfaction through the production of products or the provision of services with characteristics that meet the customer's requirements. When it comes to products, we can formulate what properties and characteristics we would like them to meet. When we receive a service from local self-government bodies, we can also formulate our own requirements and expectations for it. Emphasizes the importance of considering the concept of "quality" as a variable category that depends on personal perception and requires the use of a diagnostic methodology for evaluating the service quality management system. It was emphasized that this methodology involves the application of the following criteria: all documents were accepted from the citizen, he was treated politely, he was provided with all the necessary consultations, a timely response was provided, etc., and, as a result, the citizen is satisfied with the work of the employees. However, local self-government bodies must achieve indicators that will allow an objective assessment of the results of their activities. The obtained diagnostic assessment of the work of public administrations should be thorough. Therefore, he insists on solving the logical question of what services citizens expect from state authorities and local self-government. Probably management services from a structure that is empowered to do so and is accountable for results. The implementation of all the powers of state authorities and local self-government should ensure the main service - comfortable living and stay of residents in a city, town, village. All of them are consumers of management services. Each of these areas has its own executors, legal entities with their own management systems. People's living conditions largely depend on their performance of their duties. It is argued that the management system of state authorities and local self-government should be considered in relation to them, which should be limited only to the generation of management decisions and provide for the full responsibility of public authorities for the services provided. We believe that in this context, an effective model of the quality management system should be introduced in the specified bodies.

МУНІЦИПАЛЬНА РЕФОРМА В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ УКРАЇНИ: ЗАКОНОДАВЧЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The article examines theoretical and legal approaches to identifying problematic aspects of legislative regulation and the practice of implementing municipal reform in Ukraine under martial law. Attention is drawn to the fact that even in the conditions of martial law, the further need for reforming local self-government is determined as an integral prerequisite and factor for the implementation of the strategic course of the state - integration into the European Union. Attention is drawn to the fact that municipal reform is a process that includes a certain set of organizational and legal measures that lead to significant changes in the system of local self-government, determined by social needs and the principles of the formation of effective local self-government according to European standards (decentralization and subsidiarity), aimed at satisfying the interests of the citizens of the respective territory in all spheres of life and coordinating the interests of the state and territorial communities. The problems of legislative regulation and the practice of implementation of municipal reform are analyzed and it is emphasized that in today's difficult conditions it is critically important to continue legislative activities to improve the development of local self-government institutions, primarily related to European integration procedures and the complex of post-war state reconstruction. It was established that the first direction is obviously the territorial concept, which, in turn, requires clear definition and specification regarding the procedure, grounds, criteria for the post-war formation of territorial communities and the legislative definition of their administrative centers. The second direction is directly related to the scope of competence of local self-government bodies, executive authorities and their officials, because a number of unresolved problems remain relevant today. The third direction is aimed, first of all, at increasing the amount of financial capabilities of local self-government bodies, necessary for the implementation of their legally defined powers. Issues of administration and providing access to local taxes and fees are characterized by considerable importance, in particular, the revision of the issue of personal income tax. The need for the adoption of bills that will regulate issues related to communal property, legal responsibility of local self-government bodies, mechanisms for involving and stimulating the public in decision-making, improvement and further development of various forms of people's power, local democracy, formation of competitive principles of service in local self-government bodies, etc., remains relevant. An extremely positive state achievement is the fact of continuation and categorical refusal to suspend the further implementation of the decentralization reform in the martial law regime. It should be noted that, although the current situation is characterized by a decrease and a slowdown in the adoption of decentralization bills, such changes are temporary, because they are mostly caused by a shift in legislative focus and priorities towards solving the problems of martial law. Keywords: reform, municipal reform, European integration, local self-government, decentralization.

ВЫЗОВЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ УКРУПНЕНИЯ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ НА ПРИМЕРЕ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article is devoted to the study of challenges and prospects of the reform of territorial organization of local self-government as the problem, which has become relevant in the context of the upcoming new law on local self-government regulation. Recently, some experts have been expressing concerns about the final transition to a homogenous system of local self-government in Russia, which will be expressed in the abolition of urban and rural settlements. The declared goals of the reform, among which there are an increase of budgetary independence and reduction in the cost of local administration maintenance, are criticized, but at the same time there is still a lack of thematical practice-oriented research. Therefore, the study examines actual results of transformation of territorial organization of local self-government in the Moscow region as an example of a region, where all municipalities were granted the status of urban districts before the end of 2019. The study is based on a theoretical framework, which is centered around public choice and economies of scale theories. A hypothesis is drawn that the spread of urban and municipal districts may lead to a decrease in the territorial accessibility of local self-government followed by no reduction in the cost of its maintenance. The pre- and post-reform values ​​of indicators, characterizing territorial accessibility of local self-governments and its services and the volume of expenses connected to local self-government maintenance are compared. Conclusions are drawn about the negative impact of the reform: the availability of local authorities and local services for citizens is declining, while there are no visible budgetary savings due to staff cuts.

Принципи концептуалізації публічного інвестування в контексті економічного співробітництва та розвитку

The aim of the article is to substantiate the principles of conceptualization of public investment on the basis of foreign experience. The principles of conceptualization of public investment are defined. The tools of management at all levels within the framework of the principles of public investment are substantiated: investing, using an integrated strategy adapted to different places; implementing efficient tools for coordination between levels of management; coordinating the investment between all levels of government in order to invest at the appropriate scale; assessing the long-term consequences and risks of public investments in advance; engaging with stakeholders throughout the investment cycle; mobilizing private actors and financial institutions to diversify funding sources and build capacity; improving the skills of civil servants and representatives of institutions involved in the field of public investment; focusing on outcomes and promoting experiential learning; developing the fiscal policies adapted to investment objectives; requiring the sound and transparent financial management at all levels of government; promoting transparency and strategic use of public procurement at all levels of government; striving for the quality and consistency of regulatory systems between levels of management. For the implementation of effective governance, the Government of Ukraine is working on the following tasks: to form an effective public administration system capable of implementing a holistic and consistent policy aimed at adequately responding to internal and external challenges and sustainable social development; to create a modern system of local self-government that contributes to the dynamic development of regions and transfers the maximum possible amount of powers to the level closest to citizens – communities; to change the approach to public finance management for transparent and efficient use of budget funds; to introduce elements of e-government to improve the efficiency and quality of public services and minimize the petty corruption occurrences.

Государство развития: новая форма для нового содержания

The article proposes and substantiates a new form of vertically integrated state and municipal government, including, first of all, a sufficiently developed system of local self-government. This form of state management is considered by the authors as the most adequate for a mixed, socially-oriented, state-corporate model of the Russian economy, defined by them as a "development state".

Digital socialization of students in the conditions of professional training

The article examines the role of socially responsible behavior of an individual in the digital space. The research has been implemented since 2021 as part of the scientific project “Social responsibility of students in the conditions of professional training in universities of Western Kazakhstan”, IRN AR09058126, funded by the Committee of Science of the MSHE of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Modern university students are the future leaders of the state, therefore, their way of thinking and behavior determines the framework of sustainable development of the country. That is why the mission of the modern domestic university is to form a system of values of students through socially responsible education. The authors confirm the need for ideas and tools for the implementation of corporate social responsibility and personal social responsibility of students through high-quality educational programs in a digital university. The scientific and methodological basis was made up of the works of foreign scientists S.L. Davis, L.M. Rives, S. Ruiz-de-Maya; J.C.R. Sousa, E.S. Siqueira, E. Binotto, L.H.N. Nobre, etc. In order to confirm the relevance of the problem, the results of the diagnostics of the activity component, the indicator of which is the social activity of the individual, were presented. It was revealed that purposeful work is needed to develop an integral system of selfgovernment for the majority of respondents, generally leading to an increase in the level of social responsibility of students.

Особенности современной регионализации системы местного самоуправления (на примере национальных республик Северного Кавказа)

In democratic political systems, the question of the quality and effectiveness of the local self-government system has always come first.At the same time, the development of democratic institutions suggested a mutually beneficial dialogue between the authorities and civil society.In countries with a transit system of democracy, where political institutions and civil society are in a state of formation, such dialog forms of relations have always caused numerous complaints due to constant and numerous systemic failures. The North Caucasus region has a number of specific features that are both transformational (modernist) in nature and connected with the historical ethnopolitical traditions existing here. Specificity is largely determined by existing traditions based on the experience of an original pre-state ethnodemocracy, caught up with specific power relations. At the same time, the local government systems existing here are very organically combined with ethnocratic traditions. Up to the analysis of these features this paper would be devoted.

About the concept of "Listening State" and the role of local governments in its implementation

Local Self-Government in Kazakhstan is at the initial stage of its development, since the role and significance level requires due attention and further implementation. The process has been continuing for 30 years, and for the time being we cannot observe the intended outcomes. We constantly inquired about the development of Local Self-Government through the introduction of foreign experience in many scientific and public platforms and statements of high-ranking officials. It is imperative to revise the legislative framework and the approved concepts, considering the opinion and mentality of the population in order to achieve the standards of developed countries. Local Self-Government bodies should be intimately connected to public associations, since they represent interests and true voice of the nation. Moreover, the local community can also provide a precise assessment of the activities of executive bodies, since they can witness all the performance from the inside. In this regard, the article focuses on researching the problem of interaction of local executive bodies with the population, determining the reasons for the lack of consistency of Local Self-Government in dealing with citizens' appeals and the sluggish activity of state bodies. The main purpose of the study is to elaborate recommendations for enhancing the role of Local Self-Government in order to implement the "Listening State" concept. In the process of conducting the research and writing the article, the following methods were used: the ADF unit root test, the Granger causality test, regression analysis, quantitative method of analysis and sociological survey. Achieving this goal is possible by solving the following tasks: an analysis of the current state of the Local Self-Government system, an examination of the main factors affecting the participation of citizens in solving issues of local importance, an analysis of the state of interaction between citizens and local executive bodies.

ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСНОВЫ РЕФОРМЫ МЕСТНОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ В МОЛДОВЕ (1994-2023 ГГ.)

The article analyzes the legal foundations of the local government reform in Moldova since 1994 up to the present time. The author states that positive and negative experience of Moldova in the field of municipal governing reform deserves special attention of scientific community, as the reform is implemented amidst the unsolved territorial and political issues and realization of the course for Euro-integration. The article consecutively considers the main landmarks in the process of building the Moldovan statehood, and assesses the activities of superior authorities in the context of the municipal reform. It is pointed out that immediately after gaining independence, the highest power structures proclaimed a pro-Western course of further development, the essence of which was an active striving for membership in the European Union. It is noted that while carrying out reforms, including construction of the new local self-government system, European models and standards of development were used, including at the legislative level, but the process of effective introducing such models and standards was hindered by the specifics of post-Soviet political and economic development of Moldova. The influence of the “ Romanianization” of the country on reforms is studied particularly. The author concludes by stating, that the desire of national political elite to retain power and financial resources in their hands had a eminently negative impact on the formation of post-Soviet local self-government system in Moldova and points out that the development of local self-government system is still considered by Moldovan authorities not as one of the tools of modernization of national governance system, but as a burden, a liability, necessary for accession to the European Union.

Elections of rural akims: new electoral reform

The article describes the election system of rural akims in the Republic of Kazakhstan since 2021 and examines the technologies of pre-election campaigning from the point of view of electing village akims. During the elections of akims, the main attention is paid to the need to agitate the electoral system of akims. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the main problems of campaigning activities of rural leaders in the electoral process.The authors argue that the direct elections of rural akims are a very important event, marking a completely new stage in the modernization of the local self-government system. The innovation of the bill is the introduction of elections of rural akims by secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and immediate suffrage, as well as the introduction of the procedure for nominating candidates through political parties and self-nomination.Direct elections of rural akims provide an opportunity for citizens to actively exercise their constitutional rights, increase their understanding of the needs and problems of local executive bodies, and fully implement the concept of a «listening state».

FEATURES OF ADAPTATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS TO THE PROFESSION

This article deals with the problem of adaptation of younger schoolchildren to the profession. The essence of the concept of adaptation is revealed, attention is focused on identifying the features of adaptation of younger schoolchildren to the profession. The problem of children's adaptation to the profession from an early age creates favorable conditions for the activities of the younger generation in the conscious choice of their future profession. The need to adapt children from an early age to the profession, outlined in the Address of the Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to the people of Kazakhstan, is associated with the development of science. The development of science is our most important priority. Also in the article, the main aspects of the phenomenon of adaptation of younger schoolchildren to the profession can begin with the definition of its features. Forms a single self-governing system as a result of adaptive activity to perception, allowing to realize a human orientation that combines psychophysiological, socio-psychological, activity-psychological ways of interacting with the environment and all levels of mental organization. A number of scientists consider human adaptation to be inextricably linked with socialization. Overall adaptability matters. The process of overcoming each individual problem situation can be considered as a process of socio-psychological adaptation of a person, during which she applies the skills acquired at previous stages of her development and socialization, behavioral models or discovers new ways of behavior and problem solving, new programs and plans for internal psychological processes. When the mechanisms of human adaptation lead to the adaptation of a person to a social situation and the natural environment, he successfully performs this function.

Political Portrait of Jovan Rašković, 1970–1976

The article deals with the opposition activities of the first chairman of the Serbian Democratic Party in Croatia, the psychiatrist Jovan Rašković in 1970–1976. During this period, he became well-known as a supporter of liberal and Serbian national values. In his writings, the scientist, speaking as an advocate of antipsychiatry ideas, openly declares the imperfections of the Yugoslav society. Analyzing the causes of certain social phenomena in various social systems, he points to the inefficiency of the SFRY development, advocates the abolition of the self-government system and the liberalization of the regime. Rašković perceives the “Maspok” movement with anxiety and, contrary to it, participates in the activities of the Serbian Cultural Society “Prosvjeta”. After the suppression of the “Croatian spring”, he speaks negatively about the situation of Serbian culture in Croatia in conversations with the government officials. Dissatisfaction with the situation in SFRY predetermined Rašković‘s active interaction with nationally oriented Serbian opposition circles. Throughout the whole period, he maintained friendly relations with the Orthodox clergy, in the mid-1970s he became close to Serbian dissidents. There is no doubt that the scholar’s views formed during this period, valuable contacts, connections and experiences of this period determined a number of important features of his further rise as a political figure, the creation and activities of the Serb Democratic Party in 1990.

Enlargement in the RA Communities: Challenges and Obstacles

The development prospects of each country and the proportional development of its territorial units primarily hinge on the establishment and effectiveness of the state, territorial administration, and local self-government systems. In a broader sense, the system of administrative territorial division plays a crucial and indispensable role in fortifying the capacity of communities and advancing the local self-government system. In any country with a stable democratic system, administrative territorial units undergo certain changes over time, aligning with the state's priorities and the resources at its disposal.

Демоны неолиберализма: о политической теологии позднего капитализма

This is an abridged translation of the chapter from Adam Kotsko’s Demons of Neoliberalism: On the Political Theology of Late Capital. The author examines the politicaltheological characteristics of neoliberalism, in which the free market appears at first glance to be devoid of any external interference, but in fact turns out to be the result of a political strategy of governance, enriching elites, humiliating racial and gender minorities, and creating poor marginalized populations. Neoliberalism, according to Kotsko, is both a social order (the structure of family and sexuality, as well as the racial hierarchy) and a political order involving law and punishment, wars and international relations. Above all, however, neoliberalism is a coherent moral system that rests on a logic of constrained subjectivity (demonization), competition (in which there must be both winners and losers), and conformity at all levels, from the individual to the global. Kotsko identifies the core principles of neoliberal politics, such as demonization, criminalization, competition, and conformism, and locates their origins in the concepts of Western theology, describing neoliberalism as a holistic self-reinforcing system of political theology. All these principles are directly related to the notions of providence and free will: while granting people political freedom, the neoliberal state restricts it in every possible way, so that poverty, illness, and other failures become not just the personal, but the ideologically declared responsibility of an individual or an entire group. Neoliberalism, according to Kotsko, becomes a trap from which it is difficult to escape, because its active forces are disguised behind a selfgoverning system of universal justice, equality, and freedom of choice.

주민자치에 대한 이해와 오해

Misunderstanding on the Concept of Local Self-Governing, Resident Self-Governing Board and Its Consequences: Referring to the Concept of ‘Governmentality’ of M. Faucault.
 The paper confirms that the resident self-governing committee of Korea faces difficulties of being settled down yet. The author doubts that they misunderstand the concept of local autonomy, self-governing. They may believe that it would be possible in promoting the self-governing system for the state to rely on local authorities. Consequently, they put more personnel and financial resources on local authorities, which have been taking over authority and accountability from the national government. The process accelerates those local people to be located around the periphery. They are still the being governed, not the governor. Those 6 employed elements of Faucault’s governmentality indicate that the current resident self-governing board has been derailed from the right track. The analysis also proposes that the so-called cooperative model would be recommended among 3 proposed models of resident self-governing board with regard to various constraints. In the near future the resident led model should also be positively reviewed as the standard guidance be amended again.

Electoral legislation of the Second Polish Republic and elections of 1934 to community councils of the Eastern Galicia

The article studies the changes in the electoral legislation of interwar Poland and its at-that-time part Galicia, in particular - the legal norms regarding the elections to public councils. In 1933, in the Second Polish Republic, the "unification" law was adopted "On the partial change of territorial self-government system", which introduced the concept of "collective" gmina into legal circulation, which, in turn, was divided into communities called "hromada". The study covers the main legal characteristics of a hromada according to this act. The executive governing bodies in a hromada were the community council and community assembly. Community council functioned in those hromadas where more than 200 residents lived, and, respectively, in smaller hromadas, the community assemblies were convened, initiated, and conducted by a soltys. It is indicated that, following the Law of 1933, elections to community councils were defined to be general, equal, and direct, and had to be controlled by specific regulations of the Minister of Internal Affairs. The author analyzes "The rules of elections to community councils in Cracow, Lviv, Pomeranian, Poznan, Stanislav and Ternopil Voivodeships". The article examines the order, functionality, and algorithm of the behavior of the subjects of the electoral process. The elections to community councils in 1934 became the first within the process of reformation and unification of the territorial-administrative system of the Second Polish Republic at the beginning of the 1930s. Consequently, the author mentions that elections to community councils had significant meaning since the chosen representatives of community councils participated in the elections of gmina members, and in turn, elected the gmina wojt. The very voting procedure in a community lasted at least five hours.
 The analysis of the legislation gives grounds to claim that the electoral process and its conclusion were dependent on the intervention of officials, in particular, the povit starosta. The article notes certain specificities of the election conducting process and election results in 1934 in certain povits of Eastern Galicia. Particularly, in Ternopil povit, the elections to community councils were a failure. In fact, not a single Ukrainian deputy was elected.

Systems of Advocates’ Self-Governance Bodies in European Union Countries

The purpose of the article was to study the experience of self-governance of lawyers in the countries of the European Union EU. On the basis of this material recommendations aimed at improving the advocacy system are provided. Achieving the set goal involved the resolution of the following tasks: a) to reveal the mechanism of functioning of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries and identify its universal features, and; b) to determine the main models of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries. The scope of the study was constituted by public rules, regulated by law, arising in the provision of legal services in the application of the legal profession and the implementation by representatives of its bodies of the right to self-government. The methodological basis of the study consists of general and specific research methods. It is concluded that, the manifestation of the principle of independence of the legal profession and the guarantee of full functioning of the self-governing bodies of bar associations in the EU countries consists in ensuring the freedom of their activities within the legality and its implementation in practice.

THE CONSTITUTION AS THE REGULATOR OF THE STATE'S ECONOMIC POLICY

Introduction. The article examines one of the main problems of modern constitutional economics, namely the role of the constitution as the main law in regulating the state's economic policy. The author substantiates the opinion that the Constitution establishes the statics of the economy in the form of an economic system and at the same time determines its dynamics in the form of economic policy. At the same time, the constitution must legally resolve the contradiction between the economy as a self-governing system and the state as a sovereign organization responsible for maintaining stability and order in society. Summary of the main research results. Economic policy has a complex structure. Its elements include goals, tools, indicators, objects and subjects. Together, they form a whole system that is not immutable. However, the amount of normative consolidation of the mentioned elements of economic policy in the constitutions of different "generations" differs significantly and has a growing tendency. The constitutions of the first generation did not mention economic policy. Being liberal-democratic in their ideological basis, in the economic sphere they were limited to the recognition of the inviolability of private property, freedom of business and legal equality of all citizens. However, already the constitutions of the second generation established for the state an active role in the economic system, in particular, its right to exert a regulatory influence on the behavior of economic entities by establishing taxes and duties, establishing state prerogatives and preferences, prohibiting monopolies, etc. Starting with the constitutions of the third generation, adopted at the end of the Second World War, and until now, the economic policy of the state has occupied a significant place in the structure of the main laws, where the presence of special chapters and sections has become a general rule. However, the scope and content of the normative consolidation of economic policy in constitutions varies significantly and depends on many factors: from national traditions of constitutionalism to the specifics of the structure of the national economy and the main challenges facing the country at the time of adoption of the basic law. Conclusions. The evolution of constitutions follows the path of ever wider regulation of the economic policy of the state is substantiated. Starting with the constitutions of the third generation, adopted at the end of the World War II, and until now, the economic policy of the state has occupied a significant place in the structure of the main laws, where the presence of special chapters and sections has become a general rule. Modern constitutions, regardless of the form of the state and the degree of their economic development: determine the goals and objectives of the economic policy of the state; establish the priorities of the state's economic policy and its individual subspecies; identify key sectors of the economy that require state support; determine the limits of state intervention in the economic system; consolidate the initiative of the state in the economic sphere, the mandatory availability of the state's economic policy; secure separate, most important instruments of state economic policy; establish an institutional mechanism for developing and implementing the state's economic policy.