Self-fulfilling Research Articles

The self-fulfilling prophecy of pulmonary fibrosis: a selective inspection of pathological signalling loops.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating, progressive disease and carries a prognosis worse than most cancers. Despite ongoing research, the mechanisms that underlie disease pathogenesis remain only partially understood. However, the self-perpetuating nature of pulmonary fibrosis has led several researchers to propose the existence of pathological signalling loops. According to this hypothesis, the normal wound-healing process becomes corrupted and results in the progressive accumulation of scar tissue in the lung. In addition, several negative regulators of pulmonary fibrosis are downregulated and, therefore, are no longer capable of inhibiting these feed-forward loops. The combination of pathological signalling loops and loss of a checks and balances system ultimately culminates in a process of unregulated scar formation. This review details specific signalling pathways demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The evidence of detrimental signalling loops is elucidated with regard to epithelial cell injury, cellular senescence and the activation of developmental and ageing pathways. We demonstrate where these loops intersect each other, as well as common mediators that may drive these responses and how the loss of pro-resolving mediators may contribute to the propagation of disease. By focusing on the overlapping signalling mediators among the many pro-fibrotic pathways, it is our hope that the pulmonary fibrosis community will be better equipped to design future trials that incorporate the redundant nature of these pathways as we move towards finding a cure for this unrelenting disease.

Social-cognitive risk for suicide and new relationship formation: False perception, self-fulfilling prophecy, or both?

This study examined the impact of social-cognitive constructs associated with increased suicide risk (i.e., perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) on relationship formation during real-time interactions of older adolescents with strangers in a dyadic context. Two hundred and seventy-four older adolescents (61.9% female, M age=18.96years) were paired with same-gender strangers and completed a laboratory-based interaction task. Both target participants and their partners answered questions about their interaction at three time points during the 45-min session. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized models. Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness predicted interpersonal consequences during the interaction. In the first model, thwarted belongingness led targets to inaccurately perceive their partners' assessments of the interaction. This misperception negatively impacted the participants' own desires for friendship. In the second model, thwarted belongingness predicted decreases in targets' desire to continue the conversation, whereas perceived burdensomeness predicted higher levels of desire to continue the conversation. For females, thwarted belongingness in particular was related to new relationship formation in these models. Overall, those who desired to continue talking were more likely to like their partner at the end of the conversation. Results add to our understanding of how perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness contribute to increased social alienation, which could serve to increase suicide risk.

Ethical Principles for Talent Identification in Sports from the Liberal Perspective

ABSTRACT Even though talent identification in sport is considered by many to be a positive phenomenon, there are several controversies associated with the issue. This article deals with these disputations from the liberal position placing the individual at the centre of our focus. Talent identification is viewed as an example of Maxwell’s demon. Based on questionable methods, it provides children with unequal opportunities and builds a barrier preventing their involvement in sport and development. Equality, as defined by Rawls’ theory of justice, and the child’s right to an open future stipulated by Feinberg, may be easily violated by current practice. Further concerns are connected with placing undue emphasis on effort, limitation of resources, pressure on children to specialise at young age and necessity to undergo the whole process of identification, false positive and negative decisions in talent identification and consequential self-fulfilling prophecies. As a result of these issues, seven principles for talent identification in sport from the defined liberal perspective are formulated.

Stowaways at Bohemia's Shores: Undocumented Emigration and People-Smuggling Networks in Interwar East Central Europe

AbstractThis article investigates interwar people-smuggling networks, based in Germany and Czechoslovakia, that transported undocumented emigrants across borders from east-central Europe to northern Europe, where the travelers planned to sail to the United States. Many of the people involved in such networks in the Saxon-Bohemian borderlands had themselves been immigrants from Galicia. They had left a homeland decimated by the First World War and subsequent violence and entered societies with limited avenues to earn a living. The “othering” of these Galician immigrants became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those on the margins of society then sought illegal ways to supplement their income. This article concludes that the poor economic conditions and threat of ongoing violence that spurred migrant clients to seek undocumented passage had driven their smugglers, who also faced social marginalization, to emigration and the business of migrant smuggling.

A Process Model of the Pygmalion Effect in Organizations: Unfolding Mediating Roles of Leadership and Motivation

학교 환경에서 교사와 학생을 대상으로 한실 험을 통해 입증된 피그말리온 효과는 그 동안많은 연구들을 통해 효과가 증명되었지만, 직장과 같은 조직 내에서 피그말리온 효과가 어떤 메커니즘을 통해 발생하는지를 설명하는 프로세스 모형은 체계적으로 제시되지 않았다. 이는 피그말리온 효과가 다양한교육 및 업무 현장에서도 효과가 있다는 연구결과들에 대한 완전한이해 와검증을 어렵게 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한문제를 해결하기 위해 다양한문 헌 검토를 통해 직장 내 피그말리온효과와 관련된 요인을 확인함으로써 크게 두 가지 목적을 달성하고자 한다. 첫째는 피그말리온효과와 관련된 리더의 행동 지표를 확인함으로써 피그말리온 리더십의 중요성을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 통해 리더십 개발 훈련 프로그램의 필요 내용과 미래 방향을 제시하고 있다. 둘째로 피그말리온 리더십이 직원들의 긍정적 행동에 미치는 매개효과를 설명하고자 한다. 피그말리온 리더십 스타일의 유효성을 제시하고, 피그말리온 리더십이 작용하는 매개요인으로 LMX, 상호작용공정성, 자기효능감을 설명하고 있다. 이러한목적 달성을 위해 본 연구에서는 자기충촉적 예언 개념에 기반하여, 여섯 개의 명제를 제시하고 있으며, 명제 일부 또는 전부를 결합한 두 가지 대안 모형을 제시하여 조직 내 피그말리온 효과에 대한이해를 높일 수 있도록 하였다.The Pygmalion effectis well-suited for not only classroom butals o organization, and direct application to the leadership process. However, there are no empirical or conceptual studies that explicate the phenomena using a process model. This research gap in the literature has hindered a full understanding of the Pygmalion effect in organizations. The purpose of this paper is twofold: 1) to discuss the significance of Pygmalion leadership by identifying related behavioral indicators; and 2) to explicate motivational mediators through which the Pygmalion effect works. Implications for leadership training programs are also discussed. To this end, the purpose of our paper is to propose a Pygmalion leadership process model. We do so by firstreviewing previous research on the Pygmalion effectas itrelat es to Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. We then identify three important mediating factors: leader-member exchange (LMX), self-efficacy, and interpersonal justice. We suggest six propositions and two competing model and conclude by discussing the implications of the Pygmalion effect for leadership training programs and directions for future research.

Event-related brain potentials reflect predictive coding of anticipated economic change

Research has demonstrated the importance of economic forecasts for financial decisions at the aggregate economic level. However, little is known about the psychological and neurophysiological mechanisms that economic forecasts activate at the level of individual decision-making. In the present study, we used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to test the hypothesis that economic forecasts influence individuals’ internal model of the economy and their subsequent decision behavior. Using a simple economic decision-making game, the Balloon Analogue of Risk Task (BART) and predictive messages about possible economic changes in the game before each block, we test the idea that brain potentials time-locked to decision outcomes can vary as a function of exposure to economic forecasts. Behavioural results indicate that economic forecasts influenced the amount of risk that participants were willing to take. Analyses of brain potentials indicated parametric increases of the N1, P2, P3a, and P3b amplitudes as a function of the level of risk in subsequent inflation steps in the BART. Mismatches between economic forecasts and decision outcomes in the BART (i.e., reward prediction errors) were reflected in the amplitude of the P2, P3a, and P3b, suggesting increased attentional processing of unexpected outcomes. These electrophysiological results corroborate the idea that economic messages may indeed influence people’s beliefs about the economy and bias their subsequent financial decision-making. Our findings present a first important step in the development of a low-level neurophysiological model that may help to explain the self-fulfilling prophecy effect of economic news in the larger economy.

How the Other Half Looks: The Lower East Side and the Afterlife of Images

How the Other Half Looks: The Lower East Side and the Afterlife of Images

Present at the Beginning: The Origins and Evolution of “Opportunism” in Management Thought

Williamson’s theory of opportunism within his transaction cost economics framework is one of the most controversial concepts within management. Considered bad for practice, a self-fulfilling prophecy, scholars over the years have challenged this notion citing that the managers who focus on opportunism ignore other concepts such as effectiveness and innovation. We argue that opportunism is something very central to management thought. We trace the writings of Taylor, Mayo, Fayol, Barnard, Follett, and Simon and demonstrate that early attention to opportunism have in fact considered work effectiveness and innovation as other implications of opportunism. We also argue that the critics’ attempts to replace opportunism have their elements in some of the previous work namely the use of incentives to encourage individuals to work collectively in pursuit of the organizational objectives. By tracing the roots of opportunism in early management thought, this work helps answer some of the criticisms of opportunism in recent studies.

The Protracted Socio-Economic Impact of Perceived White-collar Crime

While the antecedents, consequences, and management of stigma have been well analyzed, it is less well understood how the double stigma of white collar crime and incarceration impacts upon individuals. We also know less about how individuals respond to such stigma in their attempts to manage the perceived devaluation, prejudice, and discrimination before, during and after their incarceration. Drawing on three waves of semi-structured interview and focus group data with 70 inmates at a federal prison in the United States (US) over a period of 16 months, this paper explores how white-collar inmates are impacted by and think about responding to challenges associated with their perceived stigmatization as incarcerated felons. The paper provides three theoretical insights. First, the perceived unintended consequences of stigma associated with incarceration exceed the intended benefits of incarceration. Second, we show six inter-related strategies that help incarcerated individuals to overcome the negative consequences of perceived stigma: i) rationalizing and educating, ii) selective engagement and disclosure, iii) borrowing credibility and networking, iv) demonstrating ability to contribute, v) reassuring soundness of character, and vi) morphing Identity. Third, we conceptually decouple legal illegitimacy, which is time- bound, from social illegitimacy, which is incessant and creates a vicious cycle of self-fulfilling prophecy. Practically, this leaves us to question whether existing approaches to criminal justice overly stigmatize white collar criminals and result in protracted negative socio-economic consequences.

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Evaluated by Brain Autopsy and Neuroprognostication After Cardiac Arrest

Neuroprognostication studies are potentially susceptible to a self-fulfilling prophecy as investigated prognostic parameters may affect withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. To compare the results of prognostic parameters after cardiac arrest (CA) with the histopathologically determined severity of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) obtained from autopsy results. In a retrospective, 3-center cohort study of all patients who died following cardiac arrest during their intensive care unit stay and underwent autopsy between 2003 and 2015, postmortem brain histopathologic findings were compared with post-CA brain computed tomographic imaging, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, somatosensory-evoked potentials, and serum neuron-specific enolase levels obtained during the intensive care unit stay. Data analysis was conducted from 2015 to 2020. The severity of HIE was evaluated according to the selective eosinophilic neuronal death (SEND) classification and patients were dichotomized into categories of histopathologically severe and no/mild HIE. Of 187 included patients, 117 were men (63%) and median age was 65 (interquartile range, 58-74) years. Severe HIE was found in 114 patients (61%) and no/mild HIE was identified in 73 patients (39%). Severe HIE was found in all 21 patients with bilaterally absent somatosensory-evoked potentials, all 15 patients with gray-white matter ratio less than 1.10 on brain computed tomographic imaging, all 9 patients with suppressed EEG, 15 of 16 patients with burst-suppression EEG, and all 29 patients with neuron-specific enolase levels greater than 67 μg/L more than 48 hours after CA without confounders. Three of 7 patients with generalized periodic discharges on suppressed background and 1 patient with burst-suppression EEG had a SEND 1 score (<30% dead neurons) in the cerebral cortex, but higher SEND scores (>30% dead neurons) in other oxygen-sensitive brain regions. In this study, histopathologic findings suggested severe HIE after cardiac arrest in patients with bilaterally absent cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials, gray-white matter ratio less than 1.10, highly malignant EEG, and serum neuron-specific enolase concentration greater than 67 μg/L.

Gone with the Wind

If the narrative of "coronavirus" has an underlying theme, it may perhaps for some be one of survival, whilst for others, the theme might be suffering. The recurring motif of survival has continued throughout history, yet for the first time the sum of all fears has amounted to a run on the bare essentials. This paper seeks to offer an alternative formulation of "panic buying," with references to literature, philosophy, and contemporary neurobiology. The bare essentials disappeared perhaps as part of some self-fulfilling prophecy: the supermarkets became bare because others inadvertently lead us to believe they would become bare. The contagion model of emotional propagation provides a psychological model of how "panic buying" by an individual might lead to the replication of panic in an observer. The Polyvagal Theory further informs us of how the threat posed by the pandemic primes our limbic system to perceive danger, and explains how witnessing others engaging in fight-flight responses might evoke a fearful affect in an observer. In the end, it is perhaps through Nietzsche's study of classical tragedy that we may find some meaning to the pandemic, allowing our collective lived experience to serve as a template for growth.

Towards a holistic approach for assessing the impact of IEQ on satisfaction, health, and productivity

ABSTRACT While there is broad evidence of the impact of tangible factors (i.e. room temperature, indoor air quality) on work well-being and productivity, the objective measurement of intangible factors (i.e. ergonomics and privacy) is still an under-researched subject. A holistic approach to indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has been developed in this study by combining the research dimensions of IEQ factors (tangible vs. intangible), outcome (workplace satisfaction, health, productivity), method (subjective vs. objective assessment) and impact (direct vs. indirect effects), and it has been tested in a laboratory (n = 180). The main findings are that (i) workplace satisfaction, health and productivity are more strongly affected by intangible factors than by tangible ones, (ii) impaired privacy leads to sick building symptoms and less creativity, (iii) negative self-assessment impairs objective performance in the form of a self-fulfilling prophecy, while (iv) personality traits correlate differently with ergonomics and privacy. Hence, a holistic IEQ approach that also considers interrelations between the research dimensions is beneficial for creating supportive workplace designs.

Definition of the Situation – a Misunderstood and Undervalued Concept. The Contribution of Literature

Definition of the situation, the core concept of Symbolic interactionism, sometimes erroneously confused with Merton’s self-fulfilling prophecy, is often overlooked both in sociological theorization and in everyday life. Since human beings tend to believe in the existence of a solid, incontrovertible reality, they do not put themselves in the role of others to know their definitions of the situation; consequently, misunderstandings and suffering arise. Being often obscure, difficult to grasp and remote from the men and women it studies, sociological theory that could help to improve social life often remains in textbooks. As social sciences and good literature have the same object of interest - human beings and their relationships - a better formulation and better understanding of sociological theorizations could be obtained by linking them to novels, short stories and plays. Narratives could clarify sociological concepts and highlight their potentialities. I have focused here on two episodes, one taken from Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , the other from Elizabeth von Arnim’s The Pastor’s Wife , that let us see how the same object can be defined in opposite ways. Subsequently, I have highlighted how the contributions of Proust and Pirandello, two authors who look at reality with a symbolic interactionist gaze, could help in better understanding the dramatic power and the fragility of the definitions that give sense to human behavior and human existence.

Trademarks in the Light of the Thomas Theorem: a model of a social object ontology

The paper considers the reasons for the existence of trademarks as a social phenomenon. The authors reveal three dominant functional explanations: rationalistic, stratification and semantic. A rationalistic model describes a trademark in terms of identifying the source of the goods (the trademark allows the consumer to identify the goods of a particular manufacturer). The stratification explanation defines the function of the trademark in terms of demonstratively maintaining social differentiation and the distribution of prestige. The semantic approach focuses on the trademark as a mental cell in the consumer’s memory archive, which contains information about the product and its associations. All three approaches are characterized by common problems of functional explanation, namely: the logical circle and internal connection with the homeostatic image of the social system. To overcome these problems, the authors propose an approach to the social ontology of trademarks based on the well-known “Thomas theorem”, which allows to establish causal relationships between the subjective and objective world on the basis of the postulation of equality between reality and perception at the level of formation of human actions. The authors demonstrate the explanatory power of the “Thomas theorem” on example of self-fulfilling prophecies that can be observed in the practice of using trademarks, considering the rationalistic, prestigious and semantic functions of trademarks through the prism of this principle.

Coping Strategies On Wives in a Long-Distance Marriage And Live with In-laws

This study aims to find out the coping strategy of wives who living the two phenomena of married life that are famous with the conflict, which is, long distance marriage and living with parent in-laws. This research used a qualitative approach, a phenomenological method. Respondents in this study were 3 wives undergoing long-distance marriages with no more than 5 years of marriage and lived with parent in-laws. Data collection used individual interviews and observations. The results shows that the wife did a coping strategy in living her married life. Social support, seeking busyness, making children as an excuse to maintain the marriage, self-fulfilling prophecy, delaying problem-solving, succumb to in-laws, and trusting with husband. Coping strategies are influenced by several factors such as a picture of future hopes, feelings of longing, love, and marriage commitments. As for the inhibiting factors, including intervention from in-laws and limited meetings with husbands.

The impact of tracking by attainment on pupil self-confidence over time: demonstrating the accumulative impact of self-fulfilling prophecy

The impact of self-fulfilling prophecy in education, and of attainment grouping on pupil self-perception, remain topics of longstanding debate, with important consequences for social in/justice. Focusing on self-confidence, this article draws on survey responses from 9,059 12-13 year olds who were tracked by subject (‘setting’). They provided survey responses when placed in ‘ability’ sets at the start of their secondary schooling, and again late the following year; enabling analysis of impact over time. After controlling for prior attainment, the gap in general self-confidence between students in the top and bottom sets for mathematics is shown to widen over time, and high set students’ self-confidence in English had also grown significantly; although there was not further widening in the cases of self-confidence in mathematics or in general self-confidence between students in the top and bottom sets for English. Implications of these findings for interventions directed at addressing educational disadvantage are discussed.

Why is use of donor eggs not viewed as treatment failure? A call for improvements in treatments with autologous oocytes

Based on national registry reports, after age 42, the number of IVF cycles utilizing autologous oocytes is very small; after age 43, autologous oocyte use in US IVF cycles is almost non-existent. We here argue that the in vitro fertilization (IVF) field has created a self-fulfilling prophecy by basically abandoning the utilization of autologous oocytes after ages 42-43years. This not only resulted in almost no IVF cycles with autologous oocytes being performed but also in abandonment of research that could lead to improvements in IVF outcomes in older women when using autologous oocytes. As a consequence, IVF has largely stagnated in this area. We further argue that third-party oocyte donation in clinical IVF should be considered a treatment failure, as it requires patients to choose a second rather than a first-choice treatment. Such a redesignation of third-party egg donation would not only be appropriate but could lead to necessary changes in physician attitudes, considering that women almost exclusively prefer to conceive with their autologous oocytes.

Performance of a guideline-recommended algorithm for prognostication of poor neurological outcome after cardiac arrest

PurposeTo assess the performance of a 4-step algorithm for neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest recommended by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM).MethodsRetrospective descriptive analysis with data from the Target Temperature Management (TTM) Trial. Associations between predicted and actual neurological outcome were investigated for each step of the algorithm with results from clinical neurological examinations, neuroradiology (CT or MRI), neurophysiology (EEG and SSEP) and serum neuron-specific enolase. Patients examined with Glasgow Coma Scale Motor Score (GCS-M) on day 4 (72–96 h) post-arrest and available 6-month outcome were included. Poor outcome was defined as Cerebral Performance Category 3–5. Variations of the ERC/ESICM algorithm were explored within the same cohort.ResultsThe ERC/ESICM algorithm identified poor outcome patients with 38.7% sensitivity (95% CI 33.1–44.7) and 100% specificity (95% CI 98.8–100) in a cohort of 585 patients. An alternative cut-off for serum neuron-specific enolase, an alternative EEG-classification and variations of the GCS-M had minor effects on the sensitivity without causing false positive predictions. The highest overall sensitivity, 42.5% (95% CI 36.7–48.5), was achieved when prognosticating patients irrespective of GCS-M score, with 100% specificity (95% CI 98.8–100) remaining.ConclusionThe ERC/ESICM algorithm and all exploratory multimodal variations thereof investigated in this study predicted poor outcome without false positive predictions and with sensitivities 34.6–42.5%. Our results should be validated prospectively, preferably in patients where withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy is uncommon to exclude any confounding from self-fulfilling prophecies.

Economic Mind: From Attribution Error to Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Abstract I argue in this text that the economic mind is a culturally hegemonic, naturalistic interpretation of the behavior produced by the revolutionary nature of the economic and technical developments of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Despite persistent criticism, people fulfilled the predictions of the economic model of a human being for so long that they committed an attribution error and took it to be the adequate vision of human nature. Neoclassical economic theory played a significant, even if involuntary, role in the spread of this illusion. I also claim that the concept of economic mind—as the dominant interpretation of human nature—currently functions as a self-fulfilling prophecy, reproducing behaviors that would have a chance to change (refuting the theory developed on their basis), were it not for the popularity of this concept as commonsensical definition of human nature.

The Emperor’s New Clothes: How Our Fear of Seeming Stupid Became a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Academy of Management Learning & EducationVol. 19, No. 2 Special Section: Responses to Dennis Tourish’s “The Triumph of Nonsense in Management Studies”The Emperor’s New Clothes: How Our Fear of Seeming Stupid Became a Self-Fulfilling ProphecyLaura EmpsonLaura EmpsonCass Business School, University of London, United KingdomPublished Online:24 Jul 2020https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2020.0121AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail View articleREFERENCESAlvesson, M., & Gabriel, Y. 2013. Beyond formulaic research: In praise of greater diversity in organizational research and publications. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12(2): 245–263.Link , Google ScholarAndersen, H. C. 1837. The Emperor’s New Clothes, The Hans Christian Andersen Centre, https://andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/hersholt/TheEmperorsNewClothes_e.html, accessed 17 February 2020. Google ScholarBaer, M., & Shaw, J. 2017. Falling in love again with what we do: Academic craftmanship in the management sciences. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4): 1213–1217.Abstract , Google ScholarBothello, J., & Roulet, T. 2018. The imposter syndrome, or the mis-representation of self in academic life. Journal of Management Studies, 56(4): 854–861. Google ScholarClarke, C., Knights, D., & Jarvis, C. 2012. A labour of love? Academics in business schools. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 28: 5–15. Google ScholarEmpson, L. 2013. My affair with the ‘other’: Identity journeys across the research–practice divide. Journal of Management Inquiry, 22(2): 229–248. Google ScholarEmpson, L. 2017. My liminal life: Perpetual journeys across the research-practice divide. In J. BartunekJ. McKenzie (Eds.), Academic practitioner research partnerships: Developments, complexities and opportunities. Routledge. Google ScholarHarley, B. 2019. Confronting the crisis of confidence in management studies: Why senior scholars need to stop setting a bad example. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 18(2): 286–297.Link , Google ScholarKnights, D., & Clarke, C. 2014. ‘It’s a bittersweet symphony, this life’: Fragile academic selves and insecure identities at work. Organization Studies, 35(3): 335–357. Google ScholarPrince, A. 1998. Hans Christian Andersen: The fan dancer. London: Allison & Busby Ltd. Google ScholarTienari, J. 2012. Academia as financial markets? Metaphoric reflections and possible responses. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 28(3): 250–256. Google ScholarTourish, D. 2019. Management studies in crisis: Fraud, deception and meaningless research. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google ScholarTourish, D. 2020. The triumph of nonsense in management studies. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 19: 99–109. Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byFrom the Editors—Extending the Big Table: A Call to ActionWilliam M. Foster23 December 2020 | Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 19, No. 4 Vol. 19, No. 2 Permissions Metrics in the past 12 months History Published online 24 July 2020 Published in print 1 June 2020 Information© Academy of Management Learning & EducationDownload PDF