Self-esteem In Adults Research Articles

Adiksi Media Sosial Sebagai Penyebab Harga Diri Rendah Pada Usia Dewasa Muda

The use of social media has increased in the last few years. Social media has a negative impact on a person's self-esteem because they make social comparisons based on what they see on social media. This study aims to examine the relationship between the level of social media use and the level of self-esteem in young adults. The study used a cross-sectional approach, and the population in this study was college students (19-20 years old) in Malang, Indonesia. The sample consisted of 96 respondents, selected using purposive sampling. Respondents filled out the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) questionnaire and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (CSEI). Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test in SPSS. The results showed that 57.3% of respondents were at the alert category level of social media use, and 63.5% of respondents had very low self-esteem. The correlation test showed a negative relationship between social media use and self-esteem (p-value = 0.044; r = -0.206). The strength of the relationship is weak and has a negative direction, meaning that the higher the level of social media use, the lower the self-esteem level will be. Alert-level social media use among young adults has an effect on low levels of self-esteem.

The Loving Experience of the Therapeutic Relationship as a Factor in Affective Maturation in Adults

This analysis aims to clarify our hypothesis on the role of love experience as a factor of emotional maturation in adults. Affective experiences during childhood may influence adult self-esteem and sense of worth, as well as affective maturation and the capacity to love. Positive affective relationships, such as therapeutic ones, have the potential to heal entrenched negative emotions such as low self-esteem, and thereby foster confidence and joy. However, love alone does not always overcome the feeling of unworthiness that results from a deeper negative self-evaluation. Similarly, as Conrad Baars and Anna Terruwe elucidate, this sense of unworthiness often stems from early emotional wounds and unmet needs, which necessitate a healing journey beyond the realm of love alone. From the perspective of Baars's theory, integrated psychology can explain how for the person to develop a transcendental love proper to the affectively mature person, it is essential that the therapist helps the clients to (a) identify and heal affective deficiencies in the more immature stages of love, including the strengthening of self-esteem, and (b) promote psycho-spiritual integration, helping the clients to discover their personal worth and the meaning of their existence.

Enhancing self-esteem in adults with body dysmorphic symptoms: experimental testing and initial evaluation of a brief internet-based training.

Low self-esteem is an important factor associated with body dysmorphic concerns. In treatment, self-esteem cannot always be adequately addressed. Internet-based interventions offer a low-threshold and cost-efficient possibility for treating body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). For this reason, we conducted two studies to explore the effectiveness of an internet-based intervention targeting improving self-esteem in adults with BDD symptoms. The first study investigated the differential effects of a 1-week self-esteem training compared with a 1-week attention-focus training. Two hundred twenty adults with elevated body dysmorphic symptoms were randomly assigned to one of the two trainings. Our second study (n = 58 adults with body dysmorphic symptoms) evaluated an extended 2-week stand-alone self-esteem training. In the first study, self-esteem in different domains (appearance, performance and social), self-focused attention, and BDD symptom severity improved in both groups. Other-focused attention only increased in the attention training group. Participants' overall adherence was high. In the second study we observed significant improvements in self-esteem, BDD symptom severity, and other secondary outcomes, with additional improvements in most outcomes in the second week. Adherence was again high. Together, these findings show that a brief internet-based intervention may be a highly accepted and effective way of improving self-esteem in people suffering from BDD symptoms.

An Investigation of The Correlation Between "Unhealthy Use" Of social media And the Satisfaction of Self-Esteem in Young Adults: Findings from A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Tunisia

The paper explores the negative impact of social media, particularly on body image and self-esteem, on young people. This approach emphasizes the detrimental effects of comparisons, especially with retouched images. The research aimed to establish correlations between time spent on social media or unhealthy use and individual self-esteem using a questionnaire. The results revealed a negative correlation between self-esteem and the amount of time spent on platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. Spending more than 2.69 hours on Instagram, 3.59 hours on Facebook, or 4.69 hours on YouTube daily may lead to self-esteem dissatisfaction. The study concludes that the relationship between social media use and self-esteem satisfaction is complex, underscoring the importance of setting healthy boundaries and prioritizing real-life interactions.

Disparities in the impact of economic well-being on self-esteem in adulthood: Race and ethnicity.

Most studies have defined economic well-being as socioeconomic status, with little attention given to whether other indicators influence self-esteem. Little is known about racial/ethnic disparities in the relationship between economic well-being and self-esteem during adulthood. To explore the impact of economic well-being on self-esteem in adulthood and differences in the association across race/ethnicity. The current study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The final sample consisted of 2267 African Americans, 1425 Hispanics, and 3678 non-Hispanic Whites. Ordinary linear regression analyses and logistic regression analyses were conducted. African Americans and Hispanics were more likely to be in poverty in comparison with non-Hispanic Whites. More African Americans were unemployed than Whites. Those who received fringe benefits, were more satisfied with jobs, and were employed were more likely to have higher levels of self-esteem. Poverty was negatively associated with self-esteem. Interaction effects were found between African Americans and job satisfaction predicting self-esteem. The role of employers is important in cultivating employees' self-esteem. Satisfactory outcomes or feelings of happiness from the workplace may be more important to non-Hispanic Whites compared to African Americans and Hispanics.

Contact with nature through virtual reality and video: An effective solution for improving self-esteem in adults

Abstract It is widely acknowledged that exposure to natural environments offers emotional, cognitive, and behavioural benefits. However, some individuals may face difficulties in accessing these areas frequently and conveniently due to urbanisation, disability, or a lack of time. As a result, research has explored the advantages of nature substitutes, such as photographs, videos, or virtual reality (VR), and has demonstrated their ability to provide psychological benefits. Therefore, our study aims to examine the impact of these substitutes on enhancing individuals’ self-esteem. The study involved 236 participants, who were divided into six experimental groups based on the type of exposure (photographs, video, or virtual reality) and the environment (natural or urban). A control group was also exposed to geometric shapes. The participants completed the French version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale three times: upon arrival at the experimental room (baseline), after the rumination induction task (post-induction), and after exposure (post-exposure). The analysis focused on changes in self-esteem scores during the experimental study, considering the type of exposure and its content. The results suggest that exposure to nature, in any form, enhances self-esteem more than exposure to urban environments or geometric shapes. Additionally, it was found that virtual reality or video exposure to nature produced greater benefits than natural photographs. In the future, alternative tools may serve as valuable support for individuals who are unable to experience direct contact with nature. However, it is important to recognise that they should be considered as supplementary options rather than exclusive substitutes.

단기 마음챙김기반 집단상담이 사회불안과 자존감에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term mindfulness-based group therapy (SMGT) on social anxiety and self-esteem in adults. The study was conducted in Busan, South Korea, and recruited 16 adults through the counseling center at OO University. The participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group participated in 5 weeks of weekly 2-hour SMGT. The control group did not receive any treatment. To measure the effects of the intervention, the participants completed pre-tests, post-tests, and follow-up tests at baseline, immediately
 after the intervention, and 5 weeks after the intervention. The Mindfullness Scale(MS) was used to measure mindfulness, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was used to measure self-esteem, the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) was used to measure social anxiety, and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) was used to measure the fear of negative evaluation. The results showed that SMGT was associated with significant improvements in mindfulness and self-esteem. However, there was no significant improvement in social anxiety. The study's implications were discussed at the end.

The Silent Struggle: Exploring the Link between Xenoglossophobia and Adult Self-Esteem, Quality of Life, and Communication Experiences

The Silent Struggle: Exploring the Link between Xenoglossophobia and Adult Self-Esteem, Quality of Life, and Communication Experiences

Disentangling self-concept clarity and self-esteem in young adults.

Self-concept clarity and self-esteem are powerful determinants of people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Yet, even after over 30 years of research, the conceptual and empirical ties between these two self-aspects remain understudied, and little is known about the nature and function of their relationship. The present study aimed at discerning the empirical similarities and differences between self-concept clarity and self-esteem in order to examine whether they can be considered sibling constructs that are conceptually and empirically related, but not identical. Specifically, we used multivariate eight-wave longitudinal data from two cohorts of young adults (Cohort 1, N = 460; Cohort 2, N = 412) to examine the structural, cross-sectional, and longitudinal links between self-concept clarity and self-esteem, as well as their incremental validity and within-person transactions over time. We found strong evidence that self-concept clarity and self-esteem are not the same but sibling constructs. Specifically, both self-aspects were as follows: (a) structurally different and (b) cross-sectionally related, (c) shared similar but not identical developmental trajectories, (d) codeveloped over time, (e) demonstrated incremental validity in the prediction of important life outcomes, and (f) demonstrated distinctive within-person associations over time. Overall, the present study provides the most comprehensive demonstration that self-concept clarity and self-esteem are similar but different in several meaningful ways, which is of crucial importance for theory, research, and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Relationship between Healthy Lifestyle, Self-Esteem, and Subjective Vitality in the Older Adults of Sirjan

Older adults are a vulnerable group and face a series of problems that are preventable by changing their lifestyle, so it is necessary to understand the healthy lifestyle and its related factors in older adults. This study aimed to determine the relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality in the older adults of Sirjan. This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study included 200 older adults referred to community health centers in Sirjan in 2021. Older adults with inclusion criteria were selected by two-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected by demographic information questionnaire, the healthy lifestyle questionnaire for elderly, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the subjective vitality scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS20 and descriptive and inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis, post hoc tests, and Spearman correlation coefficient). A significance level <0.05 was considered. The study results showed that the mean scores of healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality were 134.42 ± 13.78, 36.34 ± 4.62, and 21.80 ± 2.85, respectively. We observed a direct and significant relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality ( p < 0.001 ). Considering the relationship between healthy lifestyle, self-esteem, and subjective vitality in older adults, managers and planners can help older adults to promote their healthy lifestyles.

Camouflage, self-esteem and gratitude in young adults with varying degrees of autistic traits in Poland

Autistic spectrum conditions (ASC) imply functioning difficulties in adulthood due to the fact that they are caused by early-onset problems in social communication, unusually restricted repetitive behavior, and narrow interests. Living with ASC might be difficult for young adults who face specific developmental tasks, such as undertaking a professional career and engaging in social and civic responsibilities. Because of the need to hide their dysfunctions and to conform to social norms and conventions, affected people use camouflage strategies. In order to improve their well-being and functioning, they may also use the regulatory function of self-esteem and gratitude. The presented research carried out in Poland aimed to determine the relations between the intensity of camouflage, self-esteem, and gratitude and to test for differences in the levels of these variables, taking into consideration the intensity of the autism spectrum conditions (ASC). The study comprised a total of 104 young adults (68 women = 65.38%, and 36 men = 34.62%) who graduated from secondary or tertiary education aged between 19 and 35 years. The entire group was divided into two subgroups based on the screening questionnaire Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ10), a ten-item abridged version. One subgroup consisted of 52 adults with a high intensity of autistic traits, and the other consisted of individuals with a low intensity of autistic traits. The results showed a correlation between the level of autism spectrum conditions and camouflage. The level of camouflage was significantly higher in the subgroup with an increased severity of autistic traits compared with the subgroup with a low severity. In contrast, no significant differences were detected between the subgroups in the levels of self-esteem and gratitude, nor were any linear correlations between spectrum conditions and self-esteem and gratitude found.

Genetic and Familial Influences on Self-Perception in Early Childhood and Self-Esteem in Adulthood: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Self-perception in early childhood and self-esteem in adulthood are related to a variety of aspects of psychological wellbeing. The goal of the present study was to examine genetic and familial influences on self-perception and self-esteem in separate samples of children (153 twin pairs of 5-year-olds) and adults (753 twin pairs between the ages of 25-75 years). Genetic common factor modeling showed that three facets of self-perception (physical competence, peer acceptance, and maternal acceptance) loaded onto a single heritable factor in children. Multilevel modeling showed no effects of self or co-twin sex on self-perception, but authoritative parenting style was negatively related to self-perception in boys. Similarly, in Study 2, with the adult sample, five self-esteem items loaded on a single heritable factor with no effects of co-twin sex on adult self-esteem. Remembered maternal affection, paternal affection, and maternal discipline were positively related to self-esteem in adults; maternal affection was especially significant for women. The reversal in direction of parenting effects between early childhood and adulthood suggests that parents may play different roles in shaping how children and adults think of themselves. These results suggest that self-perception in childhood and self-esteem in adulthood are both influenced by genetic and environmental factors and that parenting is an important environmental factor for both children and adults.

Active music making and leisure activities for people with intellectual disabilities: A cluster randomized pilot study

AimA pilot cluster randomized controlled trial was performed to evaluate the effects of a music group intervention and a leisure activities group intervention on well-being, self-esteem, social acceptance, challenging behaviour and three components of executive functions (inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and visual working memory) of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). MethodTwenty-nine participants living in four residential facilities for people with ID were randomized into a music or a leisure activities group intervention. Sixteen weekly sessions of one hour were performed with six to eight participants per group. Measurements were carried out at baseline, post-intervention and 11 weeks follow- up. Results were analysed with linear mixed models. ResultsThe leisure activities group intervention improved more than the music group intervention on internalizing behaviour overall and on inhibitory control at post-intervention. However, further analyses showed that this improvement was only significant in one of the two leisure activities facilities. ConclusionA leisure activities group intervention seems a promising intervention to improve internalizing behaviour and inhibitory control of younger adults with mild ID. Implications for the delivery of leisure activities group interventions and especially music group interventions are discussed. What this paper addsInvolvement in leisure activities of people with ID is associated with better well-being, an improvement in social skills and a reduction in emotional and behavioural problems. Active music making, as a specific form of leisure activities, seems to improve well-being, social acceptance and challenging behaviour (CB) as well. Moreover, in different (non-clinical) groups a significant effect of active music making has been found on self-esteem and executive functioning (EF). So far, little attention has been paid to the possible positive effects of active music making on adults with ID. In the current paper, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to compare the post-intervention and follow-up measurements with baseline measurements between a music group intervention and a leisure activities group intervention on well-being, self-esteem, social acceptance, CB and EF in adults with ID. Multilevel models were used to detect possible intervention effects of 16 weekly sessions. Overall, inhibitory control and internalizing behaviour improved more amongst the participants of the leisure activities group than amongst the participants of the music group. This was mainly the case for younger participants who had mild ID. These effects are discussed and recommendations regarding the improvement of a music intervention for people with ID are presented.

Exploring the Impact of Body Shaming and Emotional Reactivity on the Self-Esteem of Young Adults

The current study aimed to examine how emotional reactivity and body shaming effect young adults' self-esteem in the northern area “Malakand” of Pakistan. A convenience sampling method was used to gather data from N=300 respondents, aged 19 to 28, from various postgraduate colleges and universities. Of these, 147 men and 153 women, in equal numbers, were males (n=147) and females (n=153). Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess emotional reactivity, self-esteem, and body shaming. The regression and Pearson correlation analyses supported the findings by demonstrating that body shaming significantly lowers young adults' self-esteem. Additionally, a link between body shaming and emotional reactivity was discovered. Males and females scored significantly differently on emotional reactivity, with females scoring higher, according to the t-test analysis. These findings have significant implications for mental health interventions and support programs in the Malakand region because they highlight the damaging effects of body shaming on young adults' self-esteem and emotional well-being.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Self-esteem in Adolescents and Young Adults with Acne Vulgaris.

Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by a preoccupation with a perceived flaw, which is commonly seen among dermatology patients. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of body dysmorphic disorder and assess self-esteem among a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults being managed for acne vulgaris. A total of 105 patients, age range 13-24 years, receiving acne treatment at 1 of 2 dermatology outpatient clinic were included. A self-report questionnaire was used, which included a body dysmorphic disorder screening tool (based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Acne was graded with the Cook's acne grading scale. Out of 105 adolescents and young adults visiting a dermatologist due to acne, 13 (12.4%) screened positive for body dysmorphic disorder (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6.8-20.2%). Patients with body dysmorphic disorder were more likely to have female gender (p = 0.020) and had lower self-esteem (RSES 15.8 vs 20.5, respectively, p = 0.013) compared with patients without body dysmorphic disorder. No differences were found in the frequency of body dysmorphic disorder with DSM-IV or DSM-5 criteria. This is the first study to report on the frequency of body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem in adolescents and young adults with acne. Ultimately, more awareness of body dysmorphic disorder among adolescents and young adults presenting with dermatological disorders could lead to more rapid recognition and referral to psychiatric units.

Acceptability, feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a compassion-based cognitive behavioural intervention for low self-esteem in sexual minority young adults.

Low self-esteem can impair daily functioning and is a risk or maintenance factor for several mental health problems. Sexual minority young adults, for example, those identifying as lesbian, gay or bisexual, on average have lower self-esteem than their heterosexual peers. Compassion-based interventions for low self-esteem might be especially beneficial for sexual minority young adults, whose higher levels of shame and self-criticism are likely to be contributing to maintenance of their low self-esteem. This study explored the acceptability, feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a new compassion-based cognitive behavioural intervention for low self-esteem tailored to sexual minority young adults. Participants were a community sample of 24 sexual minority young adults aged 16-24 experiencing clinically significant low self-esteem. An uncontrolled pre-/post-design was used with qualitative feedback and quantitative outcomes. Self-report standardised measures were completed at baseline, pre-intervention, intervention mid-point, post-intervention and 2-month follow up. Preliminary efficacy was examined through post-intervention changes in self-esteem, functioning, anxiety and depression. Potential mechanisms of change were examined through changes in self-compassion, self-criticism and unhelpful coping responses to minority stress. Results showed good acceptability and feasibility and preliminary evidence of intervention efficacy for improving self-esteem, functioning, depression and anxiety. There was evidence for improvement in self-compassion and reduction in self-criticism, and these constructs could be investigated in future studies as treatment mediators. Randomised controlled studies are needed to further examine efficacy of the intervention.

What You Are Hiding Could Be Hurting You: Autistic Masking in Relation to Mental Health, Interpersonal Trauma, Authenticity, and Self-Esteem.

Autistic masking refers to some autistic individuals' tendency to hide, suppress, or camouflage their autistic traits, autistic identity, or autism diagnosis. Autistic masking also may include unconscious or conscious attempts to mimic the behavioral, cognitive, or sensory styles of nonautistic neurotypical people and to suppress natural forms of autistic behavior, cognition, and reactions to sensory experiences. Since autistic people are a stigmatized minority in many neurotypical dominated societies, passing as nonautistic through autistic masking may be an attempt to avoid autism stigma and a reaction to previous interpersonal trauma. Increased autistic masking behaviors are associated with reports of increased depression, anxiety, burnout, and exhaustion in autistic people, and thus, exploring the roots and impact of autistic masking is an important mental health topic. This study investigated the relationships between autistic masking and depression, anxiety, gender identity, sexual orientation, interpersonal trauma, self-esteem, authenticity, and autistic community involvement. Participants were autistic adults (n = 342) recruited through autistic social media groups. This study found that higher self-reported autistic masking behaviors were associated with higher reports of past interpersonal trauma, greater anxiety and depression symptoms, lower self-esteem, lower authenticity, and lower participation within the autistic community. Autistic masking was not associated with gender identity or sexual orientation. The results of this study highlight the relationship between autistic masking and past interpersonal trauma, finding that autistic masking behavior is associated with mental health, self-esteem, and authenticity risks for autistic adults. We call into question the teaching of autistic masking strategies in therapies and education programs for autistic people based on the negative associations with autistic masking presented in this study and other research in this field.

미래시간조망이 자아존중감에 미치는 영향: 한국 청년세대와 노년세대 간 비교를 중심으로

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of future time perspective on self-esteem among Korean young and
 older adults. The participants were young adults aged from 20 to 29 (n=157) and older adults aged 60 or older (n=150). Hierarchical regression
 analyses were conducted. After adjusting for covariates, the results showed that age group moderated the relationship between future time
 perspective and self-esteem. The test of a conditional effect of age group demonstrated that young and older adults who reported higher
 levels of future time perspective tended to have higher self-esteem. Our findings suggest that adopting an open-ended future time perspective
 could positively impact the self-esteem of both young and older adults in South Korea. In addition, based on our findings, we shed light
 on the role of future time perspective as a psychological intervention to enhance self-esteem among young and older adults in South Korea.

The Impact of Regular Exercise on Life Satisfaction, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy in Older Adults.

This study employed the correlational survey model to examine how regular exercise influenced life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in men over 65. The study sample included a total of 215 participants, of whom 110 exercised regularly (for at least 45 min, three times a week), while 105 engaged in no physical exercise. Regular exercisers were found to score significantly higher on life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-efficacy scales as compared to non-exercisers. These scores also increased significantly with age and prolonged exercise history. A moderate and positive correlation was detected between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-efficacy among regular exercisers, while non-exercisers showed low to moderate correlations. The findings suggest that regular exercise can enhance life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in the elderly male population. Such effects appear to be associated with greater age and lifetime exercise history, highlighting the value of regular physical exercise in improving the quality of life among older adults.

Uso de redes sociales y factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de trastornos relacionados con la alimentación en España: una revisión sistemática

ObjectiveReview the available scientific literature on the relationship between the use of social networks and risk factors for the development of eating disorders, such as low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and/or idealization of thinness, in the Spanish population. DesignA systematic review of scientific literature published between 2010 and 2022 was carried out. Data sources: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Selection of studies: Only original articles were included, published in Spanish or English, that measured at least one variable of use of social networks and at least one risk factor for eating disorders in the Spanish population. Data extraction: The PRISMA 2009 statement was used as a guide. The quality of selected articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. ResultsTwelve cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Evidence suggests that the use and frequency of use of social networks is significantly associated with body dissatisfaction (p≤0,01), drive for thinness (p≤0,001), and low self-esteem (p≤0,05) in adolescents and young adults in the Spanish population. ConclusionsUsers of social networks, mainly those based on images, are exposed to factors that could increase their risk of developing an eating disorder.