Selective Policy Research Articles

How does land subsidy policy affect economic performance? Theory and evidence from China

ABSTRACT The causes and consequences of governments’ land subsidy policy aiming for promoting industry development have been little studied. We measure the degree of industrial land subsidy from the spatial perspective by the price ratio of neighbouring commercial and residential land to the industrial land which firm purchased from local governments. By merging data of Chinese listed firms with land transaction data over 2007–2017, we find that industrial land subsidy is related to political connection and governments’ selective industry policy. We also find that industrial firms received land subsidies have lower productivity and profitability. Our results indicate the inefficiency of industrial land subsidy policy. We interpret these findings as evidence of the resource curse of subsidies, where the industrial land subsidy policy benefits firms at the expense of efficiency. Policy of reshaping the incentives of local governments is recommended to correct the distortion of land subsidy policy.

Ageism Harms Older People's Health, Cognition, and Well-Being: A Selective Review and Policy Recommendations

Ageism refers to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination directed towards individuals based on their age, such as perceptions that someone is “too old” for certain activities. Ageism directed at older people is prevalent; over 90% of older people in the United States report that they regularly experience ageism, such as when others assume they are forgetful or need assistance because of their age. Experiencing ageism is associated with poorer health outcomes, reduced cognitive performance, and increased healthcare costs. Reducing ageism requires a multifaceted approach, including strengthening anti-ageism laws and reframing societal narratives about what it means to grow older. Growing older should not be presented as a problem but as a fundamental part of the human journey. Ageism can also be reduced through positive intergenerational interactions and educational initiatives. Reducing ageism can promote healthier aging trajectories.

Selective policy transfer in multi-agent systems with sparse interactions

Previously trained single-agent strategies, which are considerably easier to acquire than multi-agent strategies, are instructive for multi-agent reinforcement learning, especially when the interactions between agents are sparse. Traditional methods of knowledge transfer, from single-agent source tasks to multi-agent target tasks, typically rely on a pre-designed Markov-decision-process similarity function or metric function for evaluating the task similarity. In this study, we propose a selective policy transfer (SPOT) algorithm that eliminates the need for the manual crafting of a metric function to assess the similarity between source and target tasks. The SPOT algorithm enables agents to autonomously determine when and which policy to transfer using well-trained single-agent policies as options in the training process. We introduced a multi-agent policy-learning option in the option library, thus allowing the SPOT algorithm to leverage the transferred knowledge while concurrently learning new policies. The SPOT algorithm efficiently transfers sequential strategies in a few steps, thereby capturing high-level semantics. Experimental results obtained in both multi-agent arcade and multi-agent particle environments have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of jump-start and convergence speeds. Our evaluation indicators included the jump start, steps to threshold, cumulative reward, and asymptotic performance. Furthermore, visualizations of the strategies and termination functions of the agents aid in elucidating the operational principles of the SPOT algorithm.

Selective Policy Regarding the Granting of Foreign Stay Permits Based on Indonesian State Sovereignty

Selective Policy Regarding the Granting of Foreign Stay Permits Based on Indonesian State Sovereignty

Selective industrial policy and innovation resource misallocation

Innovation resource misallocation is a major obstacle to improving innovation quality and economic efficiency. This study draws on a quasi-natural experiment designed from the “Ten Industrial Rejuvenation Plan” (TIRP) in China and investigates how selective industrial policy impacts innovation resource misallocation. The results show that the TIRP intensifies innovation resource misallocation and that this impact persists even after the policy terminates. Mechanism analyses reveal that TIRP-induced disparities in innovation resource accessibility among firms with varying productivity are potential causes. Specifically, the TIRP raises innovation personnel, innovation capital, and government subsidies for low-productivity firms but lowers them for high-productivity firms. The financing constraints of the low-productivity firm groups ease, whereas those of the high-productivity firm groups worsen. Heterogeneity examinations demonstrate that the exacerbating influence is more noticeable in businesses with state-owned attributes and in low-marketization regions. These findings deepen our understanding of policy interventions and innovation development in emerging nations.

Do presidents favor co-partisan mayors in the allocation of federal grants?

Do presidents favor co-partisan mayors in the allocation of federal grants?

An optimal selective maintenance policy for multi-state series production systems by considering environment impact

Series production systems are prevalent in the manufacturing industry. The productivity of these systems is influenced by various factors, including system conditions, on-site environment, maintenance planning, and others. Efforts to develop an effective maintenance plan that considers the on-site environment are crucial for maximizing net revenue over the system’s lifetime, which has practical significance. Against this backdrop, a selective maintenance model is constructed for a multi-state series production system over a finite time horizon. This model describes the operation and maintenance processes at any decision period and analyzes the impact of the on-site environment on system productivity. Subsequently, an optimal maintenance strategy is formulated with the goal of maximizing net revenue throughout the system’s lifetime. To efficiently solve this optimal strategy, a hybrid solution approach is developed by integrating a deterministic method with a heuristic method. Finally, a numerical example involving a real chip mounter system is presented to verify the developed maintenance strategy. This is followed by a comparative experiment to validate the performance of the hybrid solution approach. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to test the strategy’s robustness. The results from the numerical example, comparative experiment, and sensitivity analysis demonstrate that the developed strategy is effective and robust, and the hybrid approach is efficient.

The transfer of eco-city concepts to China: A selective and gradual policy transfer style?

To explain the poor results of several international collaborative projects dedicated to exploring eco-city concepts in China, some scholars pointed out that Chinese policymakers operate a form of cherry-picking that prefers technical knowledge to policy proposals. This approach is consistent with the hypothesis of a presumed Chinese style of policy transfers, according to which Chinese policymakers learn from abroad selectively and gradually. This study aims to test this hypothesis by analyzing one of these eco-city collaborations: the transfer of “Careful Urban Renewal” to the city of Yangzhou. Through a longitudinal study that looked at policy developments over the period 2003–2019 and a focus on the “demand side” of policy mobilities, it illustrates that transfers concerned several policy aspects, going beyond technical recommendations. This disconfirms the hypothesis of a consistent policy transfer style, as no specific policy preference could be spotted. Rather, the analysis of the policy process illustrated that different policy transfer styles emerged in the period considered. Variations in policy transfer style can be ascribed to the willingness, motivations, and interests of specific individuals, in particular city party secretaries and local bureaucrats, as well as to the room of maneuver and resources these actors possess, in turn, determined by the institutional structures in which they operate. Situational factors also led to variations. While this single case study cannot encompass all variations of policy transfer style, it is nonetheless hoped that this research inspires more longitudinal studies, which in turn can contribute to a promising discussion in policy studies and urban studies.

Prinsip Non-Refoulement Penanganan Pengungsi dan Relevansinya dalam Perspektif Kebijakan Selektif Keimigrasian

Immigration is a matter of the movement of people into and out of Indonesian territory which is motivated by several factors such as socio-cultural, political and economic which are the reasons why foreigners migrate. The Immigration Office is under the Directorate General of Immigration and is the responsibility of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and has the authority to regulate the presence and activities of foreigners while they are in Indonesian territory. Immigration adheres to a selective policy system, which means that only useful and useful foreigners are allowed to enter Indonesian territory and do not disturb the country's sovereignty. International law applies the principle of non-refoulement, namely prohibiting the expulsion or refusal of foreigners to return to their country of origin for certain reasons. This principle aims to protect the human rights of refugees. National interests are not linear with international legal interests. Therefore, refugees cannot be separated from Immigration's responsibility in carrying out supervision and providing enforcement of immigration law. This research uses a normative-empirical research method which refers to the provisions in primary and secondary legal studies. Researchers collect related data from legal principles, legal conceptions, views, legal doctrines, statutory regulations and the legal system as the main focus.

Dynamics of Old Industrial Regions of the Upraise and Falling of Russian Economic Cycles

The specifics of Russian economic cycles, in particular, is that their course differs markedly in different regions, resulting in increased asymmetry in regional development. The paper studied of the influence of historical and sectoral factors, which determine the economic specialisation of the region, and the features of the sectoral structure of the regional economic in growth of the old industrial regions of Russia. Thus, the author concluded the nature of their dynamics mainly determines the sectoral factor and revealed a significant number of promising economic specialisations is a characteristic of the old industrial territories in virtue of the historical features of the industry growth in the Soviet period and the external position of economic activity. The outcome is that it is necessary to conduct a selective regional policy aimed at overcoming the limitations of the resource, organizational, and institutional nature of the development of old industrial regions.

Governing the Economy Under Populist Rule: The Cases of Hungary and Poland

ABSTRACT Populism is principally a political phenomenon; yet, the economic implications of populist rule can be substantial, as underlined by the Polish and Hungarian cases. By operationalizing the ideational definition of populism, the article sheds light on the economic consequences of populist governance in three major domains: (1) macroeconomic management, (2) welfare policies, and (3) market regulation. The article demonstrates that while—at least until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic—Hungary and Poland refrained from engaging in irresponsible macroeconomic policies such as the accumulation of public debt or external debt (typical signs of classical “economic populism”), the governments of the two countries embarked on widescale income and wealth redistribution in their respective economies. Nevertheless, these populist governments targeted different groups of people in their redistributive policies: Hungary adopted a largely selective and exclusive social policy targeting the middle class and the well off, while Poland endorsed a more inclusive strategy that benefited the poor as well. Furthermore, the two countries deliberately tilted the playing field toward their protégés: Hungary preferred the preservation of private property; whereas, Poland explicitly increased the share and role of state-owned enterprises in the economy.

Selective industrial policy and overcapacity: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Overcapacity has long been a "chronic problem affecting China's economic development." Why is China's overcapacity intractable? This study takes the "Revitalization Plans of Ten Industries" (the RPTI) issued by the Chinese government in 2009 as a quasi-natural experiment. It deploys the data of China's A-share listed enterprises and the difference-in-differences (DID) model to investigate the impact of the selective industrial policy on enterprise overcapacity. The results show that the policy has a significant and persistently negative effect on the capacity utilization rate of the treated group. Mechanistic studies reveal that policy-induced overcapacity is caused by increasing government subsidies for the treated group, depressing corporate investment efficiency, and growing capital misallocation. After considering zombie enterprises, we find that the policy mainly leads to the overcapacity of regular enterprises but has no negative impact on zombie enterprises, and zombie enterprises crowd out the capacity utilization rate of regular enterprises in the same industry. This study indicates that a selective industrial policy that prevents the market elimination mechanism from functioning is an underlying cause of overcapacity in China. The study's findings reveal why the administrative de-capacity policies enacted by the Chinese government have failed to eliminate backward capacity but rather created a new overcapacity issue.

Penerapan selective policy oleh kantor imigrasi kelas I TPI Denpasar

The TPI Denpasar Class I Immigration Office is under the Directorate General of Immigration of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. The TPI Denpasar Class I Immigration Office applies selection laws to ensure the integrity of prospective Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) who have non-procedural status when applying for a passport. This office is responsible for immigration functions, from issuing passports to law enforcement against foreign citizens (WNA) and Indonesian citizens (WNI). The purpose of this selective policy is to ensure that every PMI candidate who plans to work abroad meets all applicable requirements and conditions and is not involved in any legal violations that could endanger them in their intended workplace. This research was conducted qualitatively, using a descriptive approach. The research results show that the TPI Denpasar Class I Immigration Office has carried out immigration supervision in accordance with the law and legal provisions to prevent non-procedural PMI. Supervisory measures involve refusing to issue passports to PMI candidates suspected of working non-procedurally. In carrying out supervision in the field, immigration officers still face obstacles such as passport applicants providing incorrect information, manipulating data, and falsifying letters of recommendation for work.

Decentralized Forest Governance and Resource Management: Assessing Community Dependence and Conservation Effectiveness in Broad-Leaved and Coniferous Forest Stands

Globally decentralized forest governance is being promoted to conserve and sustainably manage forest resources along with meeting local livelihoods. In the Central Himalayan region of India, it came into existence in 1931, long before the time when the concept of decentralized forest governance became popular globally, and the aim was to accomplish the subsistence needs of the smallholders in the region. This article discusses whether the species types (broadleaved and coniferous) affect biophysical conditions, species richness, and conservation effectiveness of community-owned forests (locally called Van Panchayat forests), and what could be done to improve their management in the near future. The findings are based on a household survey covering 16 villages as well as a biophysical assessment of 18 community forest stands (9 per forest type) covering an area of 1778 ha and 341 ha in both forest categories. It was found that farmers across the villages are intricately dependent on forest resources to support their livelihoods that are governed by a village institution (Van Panchayat) to maintain equity of benefit-sharing among all stakeholders. Both forest categories exhibited high dependence, however, there was a considerable difference in resource quality, viz. quality of fodder, fuel, and litter in broadleaved forests, therefore the community has more preference for such stands. The broadleaved Banj-oak stands revealed better biophysical status in terms of species diversity, tree density, total basal area, and regeneration than the coniferous Chir-pine stands. Although the local government has taken up selective policy initiatives to encourage decentralized forest governance, more needs to be done to strengthen it on the ground level, particularly in Chir-pine stands. It is suggested that the community management of forests needs to be improved in relation to leadership development, rationale use of bio-resources, and adopting site-specific management strategies. In areas with Chir-pine forests community need to be educated to reduce forest fire and promote the plantation of broad-leaved species. Also, the scope of community forests needs to be broadened by adopting and involving smallholders in various forest enterprise development and climate action programs. For this, developing proper alliances of village institutions with civil society groups and other partner institutions along with virtuous support from local government can lead to enhance social and environmental resilience of communities.

PROBLEMATIKA VISA IZIN TINGGAL KUNJUNGAN LEWAT BATAS WAKTU (OVERSTAY) PADA WARGA NEGARA ASING (WNA): SUATU TINJAUAN KEBIJAKAN HUKUM PIDANA

Criminal law policy according to Criminal law policy regarding crime and punishment is an important part of criminal law reform, and is even seen as an indicator of the progress of a nation. The current Criminal Code, a legacy of the Netherlands, is still heavily influenced by the classical school and places imprisonment as the prima donna. The result is a high rate of imprisonment, as well as an impact on excess capacity in correctional institutions, as well as problems with funding and training for prisoners. Stay permits are issued or issued by the Immigration Office, which is an institution that regulates issues regarding the movement of foreigners into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia which is implemented based on selective policy. This research aims to examine how criminal law policies can resolve criminal acts regarding misuse of visas for visiting stay permits beyond the deadline (overstay) among foreign nationals and how the immigration authorities enforce the law against these criminal acts. The research results show that the Criminal Law Policy aims to protect the community to achieve community welfare, so in terms of legal response to overstaying, this is translated into the principle of subsidiarity in criminal law, namely prioritizing the principle of ultimum remedium in lawcriminal, then administrative resolution is a more appropriate policy and regarding targets and action against Overstay must be in accordance with Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration and Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2016 concerning Free Visitor Visas, by means of supervisioncompleteness of administrative procedures for residence permits for visits by foreigners, and taking administrative action against those who violate residence permits by charging foreigners to pay fees and repatriation to their country of origin Keywords: Criminal Policy; Expired Time Limit; Ultimum Remedium.

THE SELECTIVE IMMIGRATION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE LABOUR MARKET FOR THE NON-EU NATIONALS

Migration is an indispensable option for people to sustain their life cycle and improve their quality of life. In the 20th century and beyond, we have seen immigration policies among the common policies of the European Union, mainly due to the rise in immigration and the need for workers. The EU's Common Immigration Policy is a set of social and economic policies in which a balanced approach is adopted and measures are taken to promote orderly and irregular migration practices are applied. The paper will highlight the EU's aim for a qualified immigration policy. The study's research question is to question why the EU is setting up an immigration policy that balances economic prosperity with the labour market. The study examined the situation of EU and non-EU migrant workers in terms of EU selective immigration policy, wage inequalities, social integration problems and discrimination in the labour market. The study is covered in three sections. In section one, international migration and labour migration are studied in a theoretical framework. The second section examines the EU's selective immigration policy and its impact on the labour market. The third section focuses on the integration problems faced by immigrants from EU and non-EU countries in the labour market.

An Analysis of the Policy Change from One-Child to the Universal Two-Child in China -- Based on the Theories of the Advocacy Coalition Framework

In the early 20th century, China gradually adjusted its family planning policy due to the unbalanced population structure. From the selective two-child policy in 2013 to the universal two-child policy in 2016, China ended the one-child policy that had lasted for decades. In fact, after the implementation of the selective two-child policy, it has always been a hot topic of public debate. However, the government has been cautious about this issue and has yet to make a clear statement. After much debate, the universal two-child policy was introduced. The existing literature mainly analyzes the reason and purpose of introducing the two-child policy but rarely analyzes the policy agenda setting in the process of policy change. Therefore, this paper will analyze Chinas fertility system based on the agenda-setting processs internal mechanism. As the leading theory of agenda setting, the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) helps explain the causal relationship between the policy of one child and the policy of universal two-child policy in China; this provides a new perspective for understanding Chinas general and significant policy changes. Therefore, this paper will analyze the internal logic and the dynamic mechanism of the process of two-child policy change and assess the interpretation limits of the Advocacy Coalition Framework in the policy process in China.

Fare inspection patrolling under in-station selective inspection policy

Fare inspection patrolling under in-station selective inspection policy

SELECTIVE IMMIGRATION POLICY IN MAINTAINING STATE SECURITY AND IMPROVING THE WELFARE OF THE NATION

This writing aims to look at the role of selective immigration policies in Indonesia in order to maintain state security and improve the nation's welfare. The implementation of selective policy in Indonesia is the most important thing that cannot be ignored, the principle of selective policy looks at security and welfare approaches. Two of the functions of immigration are state security and facilitator of community welfare development. Currently, indicators of state security and the economy of a nation have become important aspects of the state. Considering that currently the movement of people between countries is becoming easier and global economic development is becoming more widespread, there will be an impact on these two factors. Selective immigration policy is a form of legal product from immigration related to regulating the entry of foreigners into Indonesia with an approach to the principle of benefits for the nation and state. This research method uses normative legal research methods with a descriptive qualitative approach.Keywords: Selective Policy, State Security, WelfareÂ

China's family planning policy and fertility transition

Due to the immense population pressure and rapid population growth, the government of the People's Republic of China introduced the family planning policy in the 1950s and 1960s. It was fully implemented in the 1970s and tightened further into the one-child policy in the early 1980s. The implementation of the family planning policy played a significant role in China's fertility transition, with the total fertility rate shifting from approximately six to below the replacement level in around two decades. Facing the long-term low fertility rate and changes in the socioeconomic environment, the government implemented a selective two-child policy and a universal two-child policy in 2013 and 2015, respectively; consequently, the fertility rate rebounded temporarily. However, the two-child policy's effects have gradually diminished, and the fertility rate has declined dramatically since 2017. In 2021, China announced a three-child policy and supporting measures, followed by steps to improve the country's fertility support system, signifying a shift in China's family planning policy from a restrictive to an inclusive approach. Currently, there still exists potential for improvements in China's fertility level, and the key to tapping this potential lies in establishing a comprehensive, systematic, and sustainable fertility support policy system as soon as possible.