Spring Wheat Seeds Research Articles

Показатели яровой пшеницы в ответ на обработку семян наночастицами металлов

Применение передовых нанотехнологий является одним из основных путей повышения урожайности зерновых культур для удовлетворения растущего мирового спроса на продовольствие. Изучено влияние наночастиц (НЧ) Fe и Zn на прорастание семян, рост проростков яровой мягкой пшеницы (Triticumaestivum L.) сорта Злата, анатомические изменения листа, урожайность, качество зерна и микроэлементный состав почвы после уборки урожая. Установлено, что предпосевная обработка семян композицией НЧ железа в концентрации 10 -5 %, НЧ цинка в концентрации 10 -4 % способствует повышению на 27% показателя энергии прорастания семян и массы корней по сравнению с контролем. Наибольшие высота растений (на 8.2%) и зеленая масса (на 8.5%) наблюдаются в варианте опыта при предпосевной обработке семян НЧ цинка. Площадь листьев при предпосевной обработке семян НЧ железа и НЧ цинка увеличивается на 18.2 и 33% соответственно. Наибольший показатель удельной площади листьев (на 28% выше контроля), рассчитанный как соотношение площади листа к сухой массе, установлен для листьев пшеницы при обработке семян НЧ цинка. Предпосевная обработка семян НЧ Fe и НЧ Zn индивидуально или в композиции приводит к изменению анатомических параметров (толщина листа, мезофилла, эпидермиса, площади проводящего пучка), превышая значения контрольной группы растений, семена которой обработаны водой, и снижая эти показатели по сравнению с листьями, семена которых обработаны полимерами. Оценка структуры урожая пшеницы и качества зерна при предпосевной обработке семян композицией НЧ металлов свидетельствует об увеличении массы тысячи зерен (на 1.9 г выше контроля) при большей озерненности колоса. Предпосевная обработка семян яровой пшеницы НЧ Fe : НЧ Zn способствовала увеличению подвижных форм железа, цинка, меди, фосфора в почве после уборки урожая.

ПРИЕМЫ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ МИКОЗОВ СЕМЯН ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ СОРТА ЙОЛДЫЗ В ПРЕДКАМЬЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article discusses the investigation’s results to study the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with various reagents in their pure form, as well as in a mixture on the quality of spring wheat seeds of Yoldiz variety, included in the state registry for the 7th region in 2015. Before processing the seeds with various reagents, the species composition was studied, and features of the development of mycosis of spring wheat seeds were proposed ways to protect wheat from the most common diseases. Based on three-year experimental data, the high efficiency of tank mixtures, studied preparations for presowing seed treatment, was established. Field experiments to evaluate the effects of various chemicals were carried out in 2016-2018 on the experimental field of Plant Production Department of Kazan State Agrarian University. The following options were studied: 1) control - without seed treatment; 2) Kinto-Duo disinfectant - 2 liters per 1 ton of seeds; 3) albite - a natural growth stimulator based on polybeta-hydroxyl butyric acid, obtained from microorganisms; 4) ZhUSS-2 - copper-molybdenum containing chelate complex; 5) Tank mixture of the treating agent Kinto Duo + Albit, 30 g/t of seeds; 6) Tank mixture of the protectant Kinto Duo + ZhUSS-2 2 l/t. The flow rate of the working fluid is 10 t/t of seeds. Processing was carried out on a Mobitox super machine.

The influence of the combined coulter operation on the quality and yield of grain

The article presents the results of the studies of the effect of the combined paw coulter for multilevel sowing of grain crops and the simultaneous introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers on the quality and yield of grain of soft spring wheat Omskaya 36 carried out in 2019-2020. When sowing using the SKP-2.1M seeder, which was reequipped with combined coulters, where mineral fertilizers were applied below the seeds of spring wheat, the yield increase in the experiments carried out in 2019 by 14 % average in comparison with the control sowing with the SKP-2.1 seeder with serial coulters, where mineral fertilizers were applied to the same soil horizon with seeds. The conducted field experiment in 2020 confirmed the previously obtained results of the coulter performance; the increase in grain when using the combined coulters on the SPK-2.1M seeder was 12,5 %. The difference in grain yield happened due to the different weather conditions in 2019 and 2020. The qualitative indicators of spring soft wheat when sowing with combined openers in comparison with a serial seeder gave an average increase in protein by 7,9 and 4,7 %, and the highest gluten values on the control seeder were in the range of 25,8-27,1 %, and on the experimental SKP-2.1M seeder it was 26,1-28,5 % in 2019-2020, respectively. Thus, according to the results of the laboratory field studies carried out over two years, it was found that the proposed design of the combined coulter for sowing and applying mineral fertilizers below the sowing of seeds is efficient and it contributes to an increase in yield and quality of grain of soft spring wheat.

Effect of treatment of seeds of grain crops by ultraviolet radiation before sowing

Cereals form the most important group of plants cultivated by man. The aim of the work is to study the effect of ultraviolet led emitter in the processing of seeds of grain crops to improve sowing performance. The objects of the study were the seeds of winter and spring wheat, winter triticale, naked oats. Seeds were treated with ultraviolet LEDs in the range of radiation in the UV zone for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, with average illumination energy of 3.137 W/m2. Growth strength, laboratory germination, shoot height, primary root length and root rot infestation were evaluated. In the course of studies, a positive effect of ultraviolet treatment of seeds of winter wheat, winter triticale and oats was established. Ultraviolet radiation with a dose of 1882 J/m2 (seed treatment for 10 minutes) increased the growth strength and germination of winter wheat. Shoot height and root length were better when irradiated for 5 min with a dose of 941 J/m2. The proposed UV treatment of seeds improves the technology of production of hydroponic feed, taking into account modern requirements for energy conservation and obtaining environmentally friendly products.

Biological protection of spring wheat from root rot in the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Siberia

We present the results of the trial of the biological drug BisolbiSan (Bacillus subtillis strain H-13, isolated by the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology) for treatment of spring wheat seeds in comparison with the widely popular chemical fungicides Maxim and Maxim Plus in the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Siberia in 2016–2018. BisolbiSan contributed to a decrease in total seed contamination by 2.4 times compared to control, which was practically at the level of the chemical fungicide Maxim. Maxim and Maxim Plus oppressed the growth of the sprout and the main germ line, while BisolbiSan stimulated the growth and development of the root system, and did not inhibit the growth of the sprout. The prevalence of root rot in the variant with BisolbiSan was lower compared to control by 54 %, effectiveness of which was not significantly inferior to that of chemical protectants. In comparison with control variant, BisolbiSan increased vitreous content of grain by 16.9 %, the content of crude gluten by 3.9 %, contributed to obtaining a statistically reliable increase in the yield of 0.38 tons per hectare, which did not differ significantly from the increase in the variant with chemical protectants. In our experiment, the payback of 1 ruble of costs when treating seeds with BisolbiSan was 1.7, which is 0.5 and 0.2 rubles higher compared to Maxim and Maxim Plus, respectively. The profitability of the yield increase using BisolbiSan was 70.9 %, which is 54.5 % and 20.6 % more than when using Maxim and Maxim Plus, respectively.

Comparative evaluation of seeding spring wheat methods when using different types of coulters

The studies were carried out with the aim of identifying the most effective method for sowing spring wheat for the Pre-Baikal region through a comparative study of sowing machines of domestic and foreign production with different types of openers according to the backgrounds of dump, non-dump and zero tillage. The research was carried out on the basis of advanced farms in the Irkutsk region, widely using modern sowing units in 2016-2018 on typical gray forest loamy soils. In experiments, in comparison with the SZ-3,6 seeder, the Case IH Concord 2000, John Deere 1830, Morris Concept 2000, Tom-10 sowing complexes were studied, providing strip-spread, tape, single-line sowing with paw, anchor and disk coulters. As a result, it was found that the application of the band-spread method of sowing with the Concord 2000, John Deere 1830, Morris Concept 2000 sowing complexes increases the field germination of spring wheat seeds by 10-20%, plant standing density by 34-42%, and yield by 0.38- 0.47 t/ha. An increase in the depth of seed placement to 5-6 cm led to an increase in the yield of wheat by 0.16 t/ha when sowing SZ-3.6; 0.26 t/ha when sowing John Deere 1830; 0.23 t/ha when sowing Concord 2000. In the pre-Baikal agricultural sector, to increase the yield of grain crops, it is advisable instead of the ordinary method of sowing with the SZ-3.6 seeders to apply the tape and strip-spread methods of sowing with the paw and anchor coulters both for dump and for subsurface processing and for direct sowing. The most promising sowing machines are the sowing complexes Concord 2000, John Deere 1830, Morris Concept 2000 and their domestic counterparts Kuzbass-8.5.

Seed sowing qualities and yield of spring wheat depending on the treatment with protectants of various actions and microfertilizer

Purpose. To study the influence of modern protectants and microfertilizer on sowing qualities and yield properties of spring wheat seeds under conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. In laboratory conditions, sprouting seed activity, seed vigor, and laboratory germination were determined in spring wheat varieties MIP Zlata, Bozhena, MIP Raіduzhna, Diana with various treatment options. There was investigated the effect of protectants Maxim Star 025 FS (1.5 l/t), Celest Max 165 FS (1.5 l/t) and their combinations with microfertilizer Oracle seeds (0.5 l/t). Untreated seeds of these varieties were the control. The yield properties of the treated seeds were studied in the field conditions according to the method of the State variety testing. Results. It was found positive effect of the protectants and the microfertilizer on sowing qualities of spring wheat seeds. When treating the seeds, there is a tendency to an increase in sprouting seed activity by 1–8 %, in seed vigor and laboratory germination by 0.5–2.5 %. The most sprouting seed activity was noted in the variant Celest Max 165 FS, 1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t; the most seed vigor was in the variant Maxim Star 025 FS, 1.5 l/t+ Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t; the most laboratory germination was in the both above options. In the variants with protectants and microfertilizer, wheat yield increased significantly for the varieties MIP Zlata (higher by 0.30–0.36 t/ha), Bozhena (0.31–0.36 t/ha), MIP Raіduzhna (0.31–0.37 t/ha), Diana (0.32–0.37 t/ha). The highest yield increase was observed when processing seeds with protectant Сelest Max 165 FS combined with complex microfertilizer Oracle seeds. Conclusions. The most sprouting seed activity for all varieties studied was noted in the variant Celest Max 165 FS + Oracle seeds, the most seed vigor was in the variant Maxim Star 025 FS + Oracle seeds, the most laboratory germination was in both these variants. The most yield increase was obtained in the variant of seed processing with the protectant Celest Max 165 FS combined with the microfertilizer Oracle seeds. Thus, there was established increase in yield and sowing qualities of spring wheat seeds when processing with various protectants combined with microfertilizer. Therefore, we propose to use the mentioned preparations in seed farms.

Spring Wheat Features in Response to Seed Treatment by Metal Nanoparticles

Application of advanced nanotechnologies is one of the main ways to increase crop yields in order to meet the growing global demand for food. This paper investigates the effect of Fe and Zn nanoparticles (NPs) on seed germination and growth of spring wheat seedlings (T. aestivum L.) of the Zlata cultivar, as well as leaf anatomical changes, yield, grain quality, and microelement composition of the soil after harvesting. It was found that presowing seed treatment by a composition of Fe NPs at a concentration of 10–5% and Zn NPs at a concentration of 10–4% contributed to a 27% increase in the seed germination energy index and root weight compared to the control. The highest plant height (by 8.2%) and green mass (by 8.5%) were observed in the experimental variant with presowing seed treatment by Zn NPs. The leaf area after presowing seed treatment by iron and zinc NPs increased by 18.2 and 33%, respectively. The highest index of specific leaf area (28% higher than the control), calculated as the ratio of leaf area to green mass, was observed in wheat leaves after seed treatment by Zn NPs. Presowing seed treatment by Fe and Zn NPs separately or in combination led to changes in anatomical parameters (leaf, mesophyll, and epidermis thickness, and conducting bundle area), which were higher than those in the control group of plants whose seeds were treated with water and lower than those in leaves of the plants whose seeds were treated with polymers. Evaluation of the wheat yield structure and grain quality after presowing seed treatment by the composition of metal NPs showed a greater thousand grain weight (1.9 g more than the control) and a higher grains/ear ratio. Presowing treatment of spring wheat seeds by Fe : Zn NPs contributed to higher content of mobile forms of iron, zinc, copper, and phosphorus in the soil after harvest.

Influence of weather conditions during the pre-vegetation period on productivity and yield qualities of soft spring wheat seeds

Eleven genotypes of soft spring wheat were studied in a series of field and laboratory experiments in 2014 - 2018. The laboratory test included accounting for seed germination and assessing the physiological parameters of seedlings (number of seminal roots, dry matter mass of roots and shoots and their ratio (RSR index)). The field tests included phenological observa-tions, assessment of genotypes by productivity and average yield. The average yield of wheat during the years of study was 1.93-4.92 t/ha and depended on weather conditions during the period of grain formation. The trait “1000-grain mass” was formed under the influence of the genotype (68.1%), the portion of influence of weather conditions was 11.8%. It has been established that the duration of the reproductive period of soft spring wheat in the Kirov region should be at least 40 days. Reducing the duration of the reproductive period leads to a decrease in seed germination capacity. Seeds the formation and development of which took place at the optimum temperature of 16 ºС, by germination spent the most part of seed reserve substances for the development of the aboveground part of the plant (RSR index = 0.70). Under these conditions, the varieties with a lower root index were characterized by high values of the elements of yield structure. At the increased average daily air temperature (by 2-4 oC), seeds that could germinate with a significantly higher number of seminal roots (6.6-9.0%) developed on the maternal plants. During the germination of such seeds, the plastic substances distributed evenly between the shoots and seminal roots (RSR index = 0.94-0.98). The increased influx of assimilates to root system of seedlings could be explained by the fact that the process of seed formation on the maternal plants took place under conditions close to stressful and the adapted seeds spent more reserve substances for root development.

Использование двухдискового распределяющего и двухуровневого отражающего устройств камерного протравливателя для повышения качества обработки семян зерновых культур

В последние годы все большее внимание уделяется проведению качественного протравливания семян, что невозможно осуществить без применения камерных протравливателей, работающих по принципу непрерывной подачи семян в камеру протравливания. Существующие камерные протравливатели типа Mobiox Super в конструкциях, которых предусмотрена установка одно- или двух дисковых распределяющих устройств семян пассивного и активного действия, а также одноуровневых отражающих устройств не способны существенно повысить качество протравливания. Поэтому целью научного исследования явилось повышение качества обработки семян зерновых культур разработкой двухдискового распределяющего и двухуровневого отражающего устройств камерного протравливателя. Научная значимость исследований заключается в установлении зависимостей влияния конструктивных параметров на дробление семян. Практическая значимость исследований состоит в разработке протравливателя, оснащенного двухдисковым распределяющим и двухуровневым отражающим устройствами семян способного снизить дробление, влажность семян и увеличить полноту их протравливания. Двухдисковое распределяющее устройство состоит из верхнего кольцевого диска с направителем-делителем в виде катеноида и нижнего сплошного диска с направителем в виде псевдосферы, а двухуровневое отражающее устройство включает в себя отражатель верхнего и нижнего уровней, их применение дает возможность сформировать два равномерных потока семян перед нанесение рабочей жидкости. Для проведения исследований в качестве семенного материала использовали семена яровой пшеницы сорта Радуга, а в качестве протравителя применяли препарат Максим Экстрим. Методика исследований камерного протравливателя предусматривала обоснование рациональных значений его конструктивных параметров, определение посевных качеств семян, влияния диаметра выходного окна лепесткового дозатора на подачу семян, неравномерность подачи и дробление протравливателем, а также проведение сравнительных испытаний разработанного протравливателя Mobiitox Super с базовым Mobiitox Super. Анализ и обработка результатов исследований осуществлялись методами математической статистики. Ценность полученных результатов исследований в том, что при расстоянии от кольцевого диска до отражателя верхнего уровня 60 мм, диаметре отражателя нижнего уровня 350 мм, высоте расположения отражателя верхнего уровня 30 мм и высоте расположения отражателя нижнего уровня 30 мм, наблюдалось наименьшее дробление семян протравливателем 0,05 %. Практическое значение исследований заключается в разработке протравливателя обеспечивающего, по сравнению с базовым, снижение дробления семян после протравливания с 0,12 % до 0,06 %, неравномерности протравливания с 5,6 % до 2,67 %, влажности семян после протравливания с 15,4 % до 15,1 %, и повышение полноты протравливания с 85,6 % до 97,4 %. Таким образом, применение протравливателя, оснащенного двухдисковым распределяющим и двухуровневым отражающим устройствами способно повысить качество протравливания.

The development of the environmentally safe method for disinfection and biostimulation of spring wheat seeds using electro-magnetic field of super-high frequency

The article presents the laboratory experiment results aimed at determining the effective modes of electro-magnetic field of super-high frequency (EMFSHF) and their impact on the laboratory germination of spring wheat seeds, reducing the infection by the most harmful microorganisms. In the conditions of high seeds contamination in the Krasnoyarsk territory, the developed technology of microwave disinfection of spring wheat seeds is relevant due to its efficiency and environmental friendliness. The analysis of the results shows that the effective mode of the microwave field in which the infection of wheat grain with phytopathogenic microflora in the established thresholds of harmfulness, along with the simultaneous preservation of sowing qualities, is the variant with Psp = 650 W/dm3 and τ = 90 – 60 seconds.

Efficiency of application of fungicides for spring wheat protection against root rots

Infestation of grain crops by common root rot in the conditions of Ural Federal District was studied. In previous years, infestation of wheat by Bipolaris sorokiniana pathogens predominated, but in recent years, there has been a gradual shift in the structure of microbiocenosis with the prevalence of Fusarium spp. fungi. With zero and minimum grain crop tillage technologies (no-till, mini-till), chemical disinfection of seeds and fungicidal crop treatment becomes imperative. The efficiency and feasibility of using fungicides was studied on the seeds of spring wheat, cultivar Omskaya 36. Field experiments were conducted in the conditions of Kurgan region on leached chernozem in the period of 2009-2017. Yield losses caused by phytopathogenic fungi were largely determined by the hydrothermal conditions during the growing season. The largest damage to wheat productivity was caused by diseases of this group during dry periods (11% in years with satisfactory growing conditions, 22% in extremely dry years). It was discovered that the approach to protecting seeds from infections should be differentiated. Batches of seeds with high contamination by root rot pathogens are subject to mandatory chemical disinfection. Application of seed disinfectants based on two active agents is effective on wheat seeds infected by root rot pathogens over 15%, with the predominance of fungi genus Fusarium spp. Economic efficiency from the use of single-component seed disinfectants (tebuconazole, triticonazole) was 8-9%. When seeds were treated with seed disinfectants based on two active agents, the yield increased by 1416%. The use of systemic seed disinfectants is not recommended on relatively healthy seed material. It is more appropriate to use biological fungicide based on Bacillus subtilis.

THE PRE-SOWING SPRING WHEAT SEEDS TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS BY BIOPREPARATION LPB

THE PRE-SOWING SPRING WHEAT SEEDS TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS BY BIOPREPARATION LPB

VARIETAL COMPOSITION AND FREQUENCY OF FUSARIUM PRESENCE ON WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE TAMBOV REGION

In the climatic conditions of the Central Black-earth region, the infection of wheat grain with Fusarium fungi is of latent nature and can only be detected by mycological analysis. For this reason, the varietal composition of the pathogenic complex of fungi Fusarium on winter and spring wheat has not been thoroughly studied yet. Working with the problem in the conditions of the Tambov region, it was found that the grain of these varieties was infected with various species of Fusarium. The most infected spring wheat varieties were “Nik” (69%), “Biora” (45%) and “Prokhorovka” (30%). The varieties “Saratovskaya 29” (4%) and “Tulaikovskaya 100” (5%) were less infected than the other. Nine species of fungus Fusarium spp. found on spring wheat seeds were F. acuminatum Ellis, an Everhart (1895), a Wollenweber (1917), F. avenaceum (Corda ex Fries) Saccardo (1886), F. culmorum (WG Smith) Saccardo (1895), F. equiseti (Corda) Saccardo (1886), F. poae (Peck) Wollenweber in Lewis (1913), F. sambucinum Fuckel (1869), F. semitectum Berkeley and Ravenel in Berkeley (1875), F. sporotrichioides Sherbakoff (1915) and F. tricinctum (Corda) Saccardo (1886). The leading position was occupied by the species Fusarium sporotrichioides and F. avenaceum. The frequency of their occurrence on spring wheat seeds was 56.6 and 20.9%, respectively. The contamination of winter wheat with a Fusarium fungus was lower than the infection of spring wheat (1–8%). Four species of Fusarium spp. were identified on the seeds of winter wheat, they are F. avenaceum (Corda ex Fries) Saccardo (1886), F. graminearum Schwabe (1838), F. poae (Peck) Wollenweber in Lewis (1913) and F. sporotrichioides Sherbakoff (1915). The dominant position belonged to the species Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides (41.7 and 37.5%). It has been shown that the level of infection of wheat seeds by Fusarium fungi depends on the variety resistance to the infection.

STRAINS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS WITH GROWTH-STIMULATING AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY

The article presents the results of the study of growth-stimulating and antifungal activity of strainsBacillus thuringiensisssp.fukuokaensisssp.morrisoni, ssp.toumanoffi, ssp.dakotaand ssp.amagiensis. The positive effect of all studied strains on morphometric parameters of spring rape and spring wheat seedlings was revealed. Treatment of spring rape seeds with spore-crystal mixtures ofB. thuringiensiscontributed to a significant increase in the length of roots by 1.93.4 times and sprouts – by 1.3-1.9 times, depending on the strain. Stimulation of plant growth was also observed in the inoculation of spring wheat seeds with suspension strains ofB. thuringiensis. However, a significant positive effect was revealed only in the variant with the use of the strain ofB. thuringiensisssp.fukuokaensis. There was a downward trend in the number of spring wheat seedlings affected with root rot when the seeds were treated with the strains ofB. thuringiensisssp.morrisoni,ssp.dakota,ssp.amagiensis. In the experiments with pure cultures it was found that all tested strains ofB. thuringiensisshowed a high degree of antagonistic activity to two types of phytopathogens. The inhibitory activity of the strains ofB. thuringiensison the 10th day of the experiment with regard toFusarium oxysporumranged from 68 to 83%,Alternaria alternata– from 71 to 89%. The analysis showed that all studied strains ofB. thuringiensisstimulated the growth of plants of spring rape and spring wheat and showed antifungal activity. The obtained data are of interest for further research in order to create multifunctional biological preparations for plant protection.

THE APPLICATION OF FUNGICIDES AND GROWTH REGULATORS FOR SEEDBED TREATMENT OF SPRING WHEAT SEEDS IN THE IRKUTSK REGION

The purpose of the present study was to identify the biological and economic efficiency of fungicides ‘Maksim Plus’ (1.2 l/t), ‘BisolbiSan’ (1l/t) and the plant growth regulator ‘Melafen’ (10 ml/t) in the pre-treatment of spring wheat seeds in pure form and in tank mixtures. The investigations were carried out in the experimental field rotation. The technology of cultivation was zonal, the forecrop was peas, the spring awny wheat variety ‘Buryatskaya’ was experimented. In all variants of the trial, the pre-treatment of the seeds was conducted with watering (10 litersof water per 1 ton of seeds) 10 days prior to sowing process. It has been established that the use of fungicides ‘Maksim Plus’ and ‘BisolbiSan’ and plant growth regulator ‘Melafen’ in its pure form is not sufficient to reveal spring wheat potential in seed pre-treatment, despite better plant growth and development characteristics, decrease of seed infection and root rot, compared with the control variety, because the obtained yield increase proved to be unreliable. Seed pre-treatment with the tank mixtures ‘Maksim Plus+ Melafen’, ‘Maksim Plus + BisolbiSan’ is agronomically justified, as it had a significant effect on average suppression of seed infection (by 74%) and root rot in the germination period (31.4–32.8%), it increased plants’ resistance to root rot pathogens, which resulted in reliable improvement of grain productivity: on 0.74 and 0.60 t/ha on average, respectively. The costs are paid off by the increased crop yields. In 2016 profitability of the combination of chemical disinfectant ‘Maksim Plus’ with growth regulator ‘Melafen’ and fungicide ‘BisolbiSan’ was 68.3 and 88.2%, respectively. In 2017, the use of fungicide ‘Maksim Plus’ and ‘Melafen’ ensured 36% profitability of wheat grain production and 53% with ‘BisolbiSan’.

Influence of Soil Moisture and Salinity on the Carbon Dioxide Emission and Water Consumption during Germination of Cereal Seeds

The influence of moisture and salinity of quartz sand on activation of the CO2 emission and water consumption by seeds of spring wheat (Triticum), winter rye (Secale cereale), triticale (Triticosecale), and spring barley (Hordeum) treated by a stimulant was studied under conditions of a model experiment. It was found that the seeds treated with a stimulant get advantages in the development upon a decrease in the water content of quartz sand. However, in the case of sand salinization, stimulant application did not lead to acceleration of seed development. The deficiency of moisture in saline sand also resulted in the increase of stimulant application efficiency. It was supposed that optimum moisture contents of quartz sand for seed germination and for the development of endophytic microorganisms do not coincide: active development of endophytic microorganisms stimulating seed development began under a lower moisture in comparison with that of the active seed development. Thus, active development of endophytic microorganisms upon the low moisture content mitigates the deceleration of seed development in the case of water deficiency. Hence, application of the microbial stimulant for seeds should be efficient in the cases, when germination of seeds proceeds under conditions of possible moisture deficiency, i.e., in the regions, where early spring droughts are frequent.

Reduced microbiological contamination following irrigation of germinated seed for foods

Germinated seeds are rich in various nutrients but are vulnerable to fungal contamination which favours micromycete formation on the sprouts. The main aim of this work was an investigation of strategies to reduce the contamination of sprouted seed foods. Over the course of 96 hours of sprouting, seeds of organic spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), naked oat (Avena nuda L.), triticale (xTriticosecale) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were irrigated in water filtered using the Pazdroid Med-1500 filtration device with and without 4% ethyl alcohol. Germinated seeds were stored at 18°C for one, three and seven days and the levels of Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Bipolaris spp were determined. Micromycete numbers were greater in sprouted winter wheat and rye but were reduced when these were soaked and irrigated with filtered water and filtered water containing 4% ethyl alcohol. Filtered water led to greater reductions in micromycete numbers in sprouted winter and spring wheat than in other seeds.

THE SPRING WHEAT YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY WHEN THE SEEDS ARE INOCULATED BY THE RHIZOARGIN

There were 26 field and micropolish experiments with biological preparations of associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria’ results generalized. Experiences were carried out, yields were recorded, chemical contamination of the spring wheat and agrochemical soil properties were analyzed in accordance with standard methods. The experiences scheme: 1. Р30-90К30-90 (natural level); 2. Natural level + N30; 3. Natural level + biopreparation; 4. Natural level + N30 + biopreparation. The spring wheat seeds were treated by rhyzoargin biopreparation producted in the all – Russian Agricultural Microbiology Research Institute on the basis of stock culture Agrobacterium radiobakter genus. Their use efficiency on spring wheat that was cultivated on different backgrounds of mineral nutrition was determined for the main types of soils that presented at the European part of Russia. It is established that the spring wheat seeds’ inoculation with the biopreparation Rhyzoagrin provides the grain productivity’ increase on the PK-fertilizer’ background: on the black soils – 23%, on the gray forest soils – 14%, on the sod-podzolic soils 13-18%. In the application of the diazotrophs biopreparations the nitrogen utilization from mineral fertilizers is growing in 1.6 times on the Chernozem soils and in 1.2 times on the sod-podzolic soils. Due to the associative nitrogen fixation under the spring wheat 8-10 kg N/ha per year on the sod-podzolic loamy soils and 12 kg N/ha per year on the black soil are accumulated in the European part of Russia.

Treatment of spring wheat seeds by ozone generated from humid air and dry oxygen

The paper presents an analysis based on conflicting data regarding the results of the treatment of soft spring wheat seeds by ozone generated from humid air and dry oxygen. Morphological characteristics of treated seeds (the length of a sprout, the total length of roots and the sprout-to-root ratio), 7-day germination ability along with the extent of 7-day-old seedlings contamination are considered in terms of ozone concentrations. The experiments were conducted using the wheat seeds of 2013 and 2014 yields. For the same concentrations of ozone, morphological characteristics of treated seeds and efficiency of seed surface treatment changed similarly for both ways of ozone production. However, the efficiency of seeds treatment and stimulation of seeds germination with ozone are not correlated; and the germination ability of the seeds is not changed after ozone treatment.