Sedentary Culture Research Articles

ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

It is known that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal husbandry developed in its own way, as one of the important industries along with agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern oasis and the availability of wide pastures are important in this. The scientific study of this area has been widely analyzed in the studies of ethnographers such as B. Karmisheva, K. Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna. Among them, the work of B. Kh. Karmisheva is also important, the scientist distinguishes four types of animal husbandry in his works. These are the portable method, the plowing-pasture method, the plowing method and the plowing method. The article reveals the specific aspects, differences, similarities, and gradual development of these methods over time. In addition, an attempt was made to reveal the types of livestock, their distribution by regions and breeds. In the course of the article, it was emphasized that the economic activities and traditional activities of the residents of the Central Asian region have ancient historical experiences and are distinguished by their own characteristics. It has been shown on the basis of various sources that the inhabitants of the oasis are considered one of the peoples with an ancient sedentary culture, which preserved and improved the traditions of their ancestors for thousands of years. B.Kh. Karmisheva said that the descendants of large tribes such as Transoxiana Turks, Kungyrot, Lokai, Karluq, Turks, who came from the Dashti Kipchak, from the tribes that were formerly nomads, were herdsmen. It tries to reveal on the basis of field materials that they were driven to the steppe meadows, and how cattle breeding affected their way of life.

ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

It is known that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal husbandry developed in its own way, as one of the important industries along with agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern oasis and the availability of wide pastures are important in this. The scientific study of this area has been widely analyzed in the studies of ethnographers such as B. Karmisheva, K. Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna. Among them, the work of B. Kh. Karmisheva is also important, the scientist distinguishes four types of animal husbandry in his works. These are the portable method, the plowing-pasture method, the plowing method and the plowing method. The article reveals the specific aspects, differences, similarities, and gradual development of these methods over time. In addition, an attempt was made to reveal the types of livestock, their distribution by regions and breeds. In the course of the article, it was emphasized that the economic activities and traditional activities of the residents of the Central Asian region have ancient historical experiences and are distinguished by their own characteristics. It has been shown on the basis of various sources that the inhabitants of the oasis are considered one of the peoples with an ancient sedentary culture, which preserved and improved the traditions of their ancestors for thousands of years. B.Kh. Karmisheva said that the descendants of large tribes such as Transoxiana Turks, Kungyrot, Lokai, Karluq, Turks, who came from the Dashti Kipchak, from the tribes that were formerly nomads, were herdsmen. It tries to reveal on the basis of field materials that they were driven to the steppe meadows, and how cattle breeding affected their way of life.

Towards kinship literacies: attending to place relations in a play-based library program

ABSTRACT Kinship relationality understands the world as alive and sentient, and positions humans as participants within interconnected ecological networks. Inherently, this worldview can challenge how many educators and learners have been trained in extractive, transactional, and sedentary cultures; that is, separated out of relationship. This article shares the work of a large urban public library in western Canada, and their ‘Play Professor,’ as they built and facilitated an outdoor play-based literacy program. Following the program, amid subtle and stark reminders of ecological disaster, we noted the possibilities and complexities when moving literacy learning outdoors. Guided by kinship relationality [Donald. 2021. “We Need a New Story: Walking and the wâhkôhtowin Imagination.” Journal of the Canadian Association for Curriculum Studies 18 (2): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-4467.40492], this article centres how conceptions of literacies might be expanded and nuanced to engage languages and stories already alive within the place-based ecologies where the learning occurs. Sharing vignettes of how the program unfolded, we sketch shifts in facilitation as other life forms came into the storied play. To support relational renewal in and through literacy practices we then bring forward the notion of kinship literacies and articulate three catalysts to support its growth: attuning to ecological stories, enhancing holistic practices, and expanding dialogue.

Монголд ажиллаж байсан хятад театрын тухай түүхэн сурвалж

Evidence of sedentary culture may be the Chinese theatre in the nomadic Mongolia. Many ethnic Chinese people lived in populated areas such as Urga, Khiagt, Uliastay and Khovd. The Chinese people performed circus acts, humorous performance, as well as pantomime and acts that advocated religious activity. All those took place in the streets, attracting the attention of many viewers. One of those theatres operated in the city of Maimaa in Urga, while the other two operated consistently with professional actors in buildings particularly made for performances in Urga’s Chinese town.

Nomadic Place Names

This paper considers some toponyms of the Republic of Kazakhstan as the cultural, historical, and linguistic heritage of nomads and labels them the nomadic toponymic sphere. An in-depth study of nomadic toponyms assisted in finding new nomadic types of comonyms like “qystaus” and “zhailaus”, which were characterized here as unique time- and space-bound nomadic types of comonyms by means of explanatory research. It also revealed that existing definitions of “qystaus” and “zhailaus” do not correspond to the nature of these nomadic comonyms, which differentiate the toponymic sphere of nomadic culture from that of sedentary culture. A detailed etymological analysis of nomadic place names revealed that they primarily served descriptive and informative purposes. In addition, etymological analysis showed some main mechanisms of naming the geographical objects used by nomads who once lived in Central Asia. Further, these mechanisms served as the base that was used to classify nomadic place names into the five groups.
 
 Received: 20 September 2022 / Accepted: 27 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023

КУЛЬТУРА В КАРАХАНИДСКОМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕ

The relevance of the problem under consideration is determined by the demand of this paradigm for science-based nation-building for post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. The article pays special attention to the role of alien nomadic tribes in the development of feudal culture. The mass settlement of nomadic Turks contributed to the intensive growth of cities and villages in the region, and also accelerated the process of interpenetration and mutual influence of the two cultures. By this time, the territory of the Karakhanid state became the habitat of the ancient Turkic tribes, which subsequently reached a high level of cultural development. The main author’s concept set forth in this article is to determine the degree of mutual influence of nomadic and sedentary culture on each other, i.e. about the fusion of cultures.

Cities and Sedentary Villages of Western Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages (on the Example of the Vital Activity of the Golden Horde Settlement Of Aktobe)

This article explores the relationship between nomadic and sedentary agricultural cultures on the territory of Western Kazakhstan in the Golden Horde period. For a long time, the existence of cities was regarded, as an exceptional phenomenon, where the main primate was the sedentary population, and nomads acted as a kind of historical background. However, the new data highlights, that it was the nomadic culture, that was the main one, and the products of the nomadic economy were the main source of the very existence of urban life. Since the very topic of the relationship between the Steppe and the City within the framework of Russian historical science is relatively poorly studied, and also taking into account the latest achievements of domestic and world scientists, it is necessary to pay special attention to the little-known aspects of the relationship between nomadic and sedentary cultures. Further research of the relationship between nomadic and sedentary farms is the cornerstone in understanding the problems of domestic medieval studies, and serves as a basis for the subsequent reconstruction of the system of relations between nomads and sedentary residents. For the current level of study of history, and consequently, various aspects of the functioning of settled settlements, it is necessary to attract new, including interdisciplinary methods that can help recreate the medieval historical reality. * The research was carried out within the framework of the grant financing project of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (IRN AP09058609 "Reconstruction of the Golden Horde settlement of Aktobe Laeti: source study and historiographic aspects").

Традиции и новации в погребальном обряде для социальной элиты в додинастическом и раннединастическом Египте

Elite necropolises are the most important sources for studying the process of the formation of early states. In Ancient Egypt, this process took place over a long period of development of the sedentary culture Naqada, which developed in the 4th millennium BC, from its early phases to the final stages, when the political unification of Egypt took shape. Analysis of the burial architecture of elite burials from Hierakonpolis and Abydos, iconography, motifs and images depicted on ritual objects from tombs of the Late Dynastic and Early Dynastic times continue the scenes of hunting and battles characteristic of the earlier phases of the Naqada culture. However, their style is changing. The motives associated with the king as the protector of society, a successful warrior responsible for the stability and prosperity of Egypt come to the fore. Traditions and innovations, being oppositions, nevertheless work in an integral field, a kind of cultural and historical unity. And in terms of the socio-cultural development of Egypt, the elite necropolises of the Predynastic and Early dynastic periods provide extremely important and objective information about the formation of the first state in Egypt.

THE LATE MEDIEVAL CITY OF THE CHU VALLEY (XIII-XVI CC.)

This article examines the role of the Aspara settlement. The article provides archaeological data on the topographic features, found elements of material culture, the possibility of reconstruction of cultural, social life, based on historical, archaeological, ethnographic data about the medieval city. Archaeologi­ cal research in recent years has largely clarified the state of sedentary culture in the Shu­Talas valley. The circle of monuments of the late Middle Ages expanded, collections of material culture were replenished. In the cities of the late Middle Ages, the cultural layers are not very pronounced; they are of certain inter­ est as an indicator of the general state of the sedentary culture of that period. In addition, the archaeo­ logical materials of the 13th­16th centuries, despite their paucity, deserve attention, since the presence of a local agricultural population in medieval sources and folk was noted in the absence of cities. Aspara is a city surrounded by long walls with dimensions strikingly different from other settlements that existed at that time. Long walls were a kind of indicator of economic and political influence. According to this and other criteria described in this article, Aspara is a unique archaeological site of medieval urban culture on the territory of Kazakhstan. Key words: late Medieval age, culture, archaeology, the Shu Valley, Aspara, Andas Batyr.  

Autosomal recessive diseases among the Athabaskans of the southwestern United States: anthropological, medical, and scientific aspects.

The peopling of the Americas by Native Americans occurred in 4 waves of which the last was Nadene language speakers of whom Athabaskans are the largest group. As the Europeans were entering the Southwestern states of the USA, Athabaskan hunting-gathering tribes were migrating South from Canada along the Rocky Mountains and undergoing potential bottlenecks reflected in autosomal recessive diseases shared by Apaches and Navajos. About 300 years ago, the Navajo developing a sedentary culture learned from Pueblo Indians while the Apache remained hunter-gathers. Although most of the tribe was rounded up and forced to relocate to Bosque Redondo, the adult breeding population was large enough to prevent a genetic bottleneck. However, some Navajo underwent further population bottlenecks while hiding from the brutal US Army action (under Kit Carson’s guidance). This led to an increased frequency of other autosomal recessive diseases. Recent advances in population genetics, pathophysiology of the diseases, and social/ethical issues concerning their study are reviewed.

Fizičko vaspitanje i zdrav život

Physical Culture, as a part of general culture, can be defined as a human activity, which, through its knowledge ABOUT and FOR physical exercise within its areas (physical education, sports and physical recreation), allows the transformation of personality from real to possible. Physical Education, as one of the areas of Physical Culture, is therefore a very important educational link. It is particularly important in anera characterized by fast technological advances and technicalism that is rapidly introducing people to virtual reality. Hence, we emphasize that Physical Education, with its knowledge ABOUT and FOR physical exercise, builds the basis for a healthy, active and long life in young people. This is possible due to the fact that Physical Education, based on the Theory of Theoanthropocentrism, sees physical exercise as a beneficial body activity necessary for man and stems from the relationship to a man as a person, not an individual. The increasingly present virtual reality is in complete harmony with the sedentary culture, increasingly dominant not only in Western civilization. This undoubtedly leads to "active" hypokinesia, the root of many disturbing changes and health problems. Anthropological research conducted in Serbia and AP Vojvodina have confirmed that the number of people who regularly engage in physical exercise is decreasing. That is why we point out the importance of Physical Education, which, with its knowledge of how and why to exercise, builds the awareness of the necessity for physical exercise, as well as of the possibility of seeing every physical activity as physical exercise.

The Traces Concerning The Sedentary Culture of Turks in The Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara in Terms of Vocabulary

The Traces Concerning The Sedentary Culture of Turks in The Story of Prince Kalyanamkara and Papamkara in Terms of Vocabulary

Dichotomy genus-state in the conceptualization of nomadism

The article addresses the problem of conceptualizing nomadism by the genus-policy dichotomy under the deconstruction of the classical western paradigm defining social as equal to the state. The author argues that the dichotomy ‘clan-state’ reflects the opposition of nomadism and sedentarism, and focuses on the social-philosophical studies of segmental societies through the dichotomy ‘clan-state’ claiming that segmental society does not allow the concentration of power. The article is based on the studies of the tendencies of neo-tribalism and reorganization of kin relations by O.L. Lushnikova, Ch.M. Lamazhaa, N.T. Nurullo-Khodjaeva and on the works reconsidering eurocentrism and evolutionary one-line historical process that turned modernization policies into violent sedentarization of the nomads. Historiographic studies also prove the need to revise the generally accepted method of studying the genesis of nomadic cultures that J. Scott defines as a ‘periphery’ of the historical process. The social-political perspective allows to consider tribal relations through the institutions of gift-exchange and potlatch (M. Moss) as preventing the system of power based on suppression. The deconstruction of evolutionism and logocentrism changed the emphasis in the dichotomy ‘genus-state’, so the state is no longer considered an absolute good. A. Giddens and P. Bourdieu define nomadism as ‘another sociality’ in which segmentation is the main principle of conjunction. The substantial episteme of sedentarism opposes the processual episteme of nomadism according to the analysis of the social-political concepts of Aristotle and Ibn Haldun. Thus, the opposition of nomadic and sedentary cultures as a dichotomy of genus-polis is based on an aporia of identity and difference, myth and logos, feminine and masculine, which defines the conceptualization of nomadism.

Nauka i fizička kultura - pogled u budućnost

The end of the 20th and the first decade of the 21st century are characterized by a technological development which could be described as having revolutionary speed. If we were to look back on the revolutionary events during the 17th and 18th century, in the domain of great scientific changes, changes in industry, agriculture, economy, the organization of social relations (democracy and socialism), we could say that we are witnesses to this sixth technological revolution. All these civilizational leaps forward have conditioned, quite expectedly, big changes in our profession. This has been reflected in the goals which have been imposed by social changes initiated by numerous revolutionary changes. Even though man and his need for physical exercise, as the nourishing food necessary for his being, have remained the same, the circumstances which have imposed different living conditions have required changes in our profession. Naturally, this was reflected in our science as well (which we refer to by different names today). The time we live in, caught up in this new sixth technological revolution, requires a different approach to man and his personality. Now, the question is not only how to "drag" him out of a sedentary culture, but also how to fight the increasingly present physical and intellectual inactivity. Through perfectly guided marketing activities which have been made possible by the implementation of new technological AIDS, man has been drawn into the hedonistic waters of his own inactivity. And unfortunately, he cannot free himself from this skillfully set trap. That is why physical culture and science must be included in finding a means of helping man find his way out of this hedonistic labyrinth and return to his roots.

Holocene fire activity during low-natural flammability periods reveals scale-dependent cultural human-fire relationships in Europe

Fire is a natural component of global biogeochemical cycles and closely related to changes in human land use. Whereas climate-fuel relationships seem to drive both global and subcontinental fire regimes, human-induced fires are prominent mainly on a local scale. Furthermore, the basic assumption that relates humans and fire regimes in terms of population densities, suggesting that few human-induced fires should occur in periods and areas of low population density, is currently debated. Here, we analyze human-fire relationships throughout the Holocene and discuss how and to what extent human-driven fires affected the landscape transformation in the Central European Lowlands (CEL). We present sedimentary charcoal composites on three spatial scales and compare them with climate model output and land cover reconstructions from pollen records. Our findings indicate that widespread natural fires only occurred during the early Holocene. Natural conditions (climate and vegetation) limited the extent of wildfires beginning 8500 cal. BP, and diverging subregional charcoal composites suggest that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers maintained a culturally diverse use of fire. Divergence in regional charcoal composites marks the spread of sedentary cultures in the western and eastern CEL. The intensification of human land use during the last millennium drove an increase in fire activity to early-Holocene levels across the CEL. Hence, humans have significantly affected natural fire regimes beyond the local scale – even in periods of low population densities – depending on diverse cultural land-use strategies. We find that humans have strongly affected land-cover- and biogeochemical cycles since Mesolithic times.

The Gulf: The Making of an American Sea by Jack E. Davis

Reviewed by: The Gulf: The Making of an American Sea by Jack E. Davis Christopher Morris The Gulf: The Making of an American Sea. By Jack E. Davis. (New York: Live-right Publishing Corp., 2017. Pp. 592. Illustrations, notes, index.) Environmental historian Jack Davis follows what he calls painter Winslow Homer’s truth, the “intimate and vital connection linking human-kind, nature, and history” (5), through five centuries and five hundred-plus pages of history in the Gulf of Mexico. Homer was attracted to the Gulf by its scenic beauty and rich wildlife, and so have been millions of others from the distant past to the present. Estuaries—the world’s most productive ecosystems—attracted Native people to the Gulf shores. After 1500 a host of Europeans followed, this time coming by sea, and tried to bring the area under the control of various empires. People continue to be attracted to where the land meets the sea. The beaches around the Gulf’s perimeter, from Key West to Campeche Bay, Mexico, bordered by turquoise water, have attracted hordes of people. So too have the fish, shellfish, and oil that lies below. That oil threatens to tar the entire region, making for perhaps the most visible of a host of environmental problems facing the present-day Gulf. So richly productive of harvestable marine life were the estuaries that the fish and shellfish of southwest Florida provided sustenance for one of the world’s rare examples of a complex, sedentary culture not based on agriculture. It was not the estuaries, however, that attracted the Spanish, but the twenty-thousand people who lived in their midst, many upon mounds made of shells. The Spaniards failed to replicate the success of the indigenous inhabitants in taking advantage of the estuaries in part because the diseases they brought with them from Europe decimated Native populations. But the Spaniards’ descendants adapted well enough to establish the first Euro-American fishing villages along the Florida and Louisiana coasts. Fishermen from New England later pioneered the offshore industry that remains so vital today. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the railroads that took fish away from the canneries of Biloxi and Pensacola brought midwestern vacationers to the coast, but disease, malaria and yellow fever in particular, delayed beach cottage and hotel development until the early twentieth century, when disease declined and industry and leisure flourished. Fish and shellfish brought sportsmen along with jobs and factories. [End Page 105] Davis asserts that this “industrial takeover of the region” (283) made the Gulf of Mexico into an American sea, even though Mexico and Cuba border the southern half of the coast and have legal claim to territorial waters, fish, and other offshore resources. Nevertheless, the Gulf, Davis argues, effectively belongs to the nation that has exploited it most thoroughly. The United States catches most of the fish, lines more beaches with resorts, directs more shipping through busier ports, and withdraws more oil than any other country on the Gulf. Natural processes similar to those that maintain the estuaries produced the algae, zooplankton, and sand that, over millions of years, produced the oil beneath the Gulf floor. If America’s conquest of the Gulf began in the nineteenth century, with the rise of its commercial fishing industry, it was cinched with the growth of its oil extraction and refineries. Davis’s chapters on drilling on and off the Texas and Louisiana coasts are full of characters such as John Gaillard, the rancher who opened “the grandest estuary in Texas, the Trinity-San Jacinto” (274) for oil extraction. For the most part, the “messy business of taking oil from the earth” (263) has not yet interfered with fishing and tourism. Contamination, even when acute, such as at Texas’s Goose Creek estuary, near Galveston, is typically isolated. Offshore spills, such as at Campeche Bay in 1979 and at the Deepwater Horizon site in 2010, inflict broader damage, fatal to marine life but not to the Gulf economy. Rather, coastal erosion and estuary degradation, to which the oil industry, in particular, has contributed, threaten the human livelihood of the Gulf. Davis’s is the first large-scale history of the Gulf of...

Going Far – Staying Near

For some time, the interaction between the Ottoman and German Empires has been narrated as a “clash of civilizations”. This was centered on the conviction that early modern Christian Europe and the Islamic Ottoman Empire faced each other across an insurmountable cultural and religious divide, an enmity calmed only briefly by cease-fires or short term peace treaties. During these times of Waffenruhe, the opposing powers engaged in a multifaceted cultural conversation carried out in chapbooks, sermons, broadsheets, woodcuts, novels, histories, and newsprint. The image of the Turk that emerged was complicated, and constantly in motion. Merchants, soldiers, sailors, captives, and slaves populate contemporary narratives. The distance covered by these mobile members of otherwise rather sedentary societies and cultures is commensurate with the diversity of experiences and contacts, many of them providing the stuff of news eagerly consumed back home.

Towards Reinterpretation of Korean Living Behavior

This paper aims to approach a spatial furniture for sedentary lifestyle which been has derived and evolved from Koreas traditional ‘Ondol’ heating system. In this living culture, people has been staid on the floor where people would sit directly on without furniture such as chair and bed. With every changing technological advances, sedentary life culture is transformed and mixed instead of sedentary habit. Most of people lived in western house such as apartment forms. As time go by, western furnitures were used became widespread. However, during the process, it impossible to acclimate ourselves to the new lifestyle such as chair, bed etc. This leads to feeling uncomfortable on certain points. The researcher suggests a spatial furniture through a new approach to rest-taking that also intersects the cultures of East and West while resolving the a fore-mentioned issues. The study is conducted as follows. Firstly, issues are discovered through a users lifestyle to exist usage and interplay of house and furniture. Furthermore, the issues was not a fragmentary thing but more related to a culture and a coustom of long standing. Secondly, a design experiment is conducted to conclude a new form and function that is better fit for the Korean culture where sitting on the floor is the norm. New direction for space that intersects the cultures of the East and West while using modules made convenient for contemporary life is presented. Finally, this study is meaningful in that it reinterprets furniture used for rest within the context of sedentary culture, in order to propose a new direction and value for design that overcomes the boundaries between eastern and western applied to resting space.

Bronze Age human–landscape interactions in the southern Transural steppe, Russia – Evidence from high-resolution palaeobotanical studies

The Transural steppe is a cultural contact zone between areas east and west of the Ural Mountains. Mobile pastoralism is the traditional way of life in the steppe, while sedentary cultures constitute an exception, probably as a result of climatic variations. A change of lifestyle together with other innovations is documented at the turn of the 3rd to the 2nd millennia BC and often believed to have been accompanied by a shift to agro-pastoralism. To examine the ecology and economy in the Bronze Age steppe, we employed a combination of methods. As proxy-data, plant macro-remains from archaeological excavations of Sintashta fortified settlements and pollen from off-site archives were used for a high-resolution palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Statistical comparisons of past and present pollen spectra show no significant differences in vegetation distribution. This allowed us to map the recent vegetation units by multispectral satellite imagery and to use them for modelling. Models further incorporate steppe productivity, carrying capacity and population figures to estimate herd sizes. Even if the climate was suitable for agriculture, evidence is missing from all botanical records. The economic mainstay was animal husbandry. Models consider autonomous activity zones of at least 4 km radius surrounding each Sintashta settlement where grazing resources could easily sustain the estimated population and their livestock. The river is seen as the determining factor to settle in this region as it provided constant access to water and valuable natural grazing areas. During dry years and winter, the productive meadow steppes functioned as reserve pastures.

Intellectual jousting and the Chinggisid Wisdom Bazaars

In recent years the image of the Mongols has undergone a steady change. This shift reflects a growing interest in the development of the Chinggisid Empire and its assimilation of the peoples and cultures that it absorbed and conversely the absorption, not always voluntarily, of things Mongol by the sedentary cultures which acted as the Mongols’ hosts. It was not only military technology, cuisine, medicine, art, and the practicalities and instruments for enhancing the quality of life and commerce which were exchanged but the intellectual ideas and ideals which underpinned the life styles of those who were encountered. Chinggis Khan famously aspired to provide his wives and children with the fineries of life and the best the world had to offer. But it was not just the material world that he aspired to but also the intellectual luxuries of scholarship and learning. Throughout the Chinggisid Chronicles there are references to wise men and learned advisors who were consulted on the great decisions but also not infrequently there are references to debates often described in language more reminiscent of jousting tournaments or duels than intellectual exchange. These learned debates, usually between clerics of rival faiths, were staged by various princes in courts throughout the empire for sport and entertainment. Their popularity highlights aspects of the regimes’character.This paper will consider the nature of these debates and the traditions from where they might have emerged and at the same time it will consider the role of ‘wise men’ in Chinggisid society.