Security Situation Research Articles

Глобальні виклики для систем соціальної підтримки: сутність, компонентні ознаки та особливості

The article is devoted to issues of global challenges for social support systems. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing role of global challenges in the socio-economic life of states. The purpose of the article is to analyze the specifics of global challenges characterizing modern social support systems, including the social support system of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the identification of global challenges for social support systems. The basic methods of scientific research used in the article are analysis and synthesis (to identify the specifics of global challenges for social support systems), graphic method (to demonstrate the connection between the global basis of the emergence of global challenges and challenges for the social support system). It has been established that the main global challenges for social support systems are the following: the functional failure of the social support system; growing needs of recipients of social services, benefits, and payments; the transformation of a socially oriented state; the reduction in abilities of states to maintain social support systems. The functional failure of the social support system means its state in which the formal presence of agencies and institutions designed to guarantee the provision of social services, benefits and payments to the population is not accompanied by their effective work, that is, the system of social support does not solve the current social problems of society and becomes a burden for state budget. The most acute challenge for the social support system for Ukraine under war conditions is the growth in the needs of recipients of social services, benefits, and payments, which can occur in two ways: 1) an increase in the needs of existing recipients of social benefits, services, and payments on account of changes in the socio-economic, political, ecological, security situation in the region or objective physiological changes in certain groups of recipients (aging, deterioration of well-being); 2) an increase in the number (or share) of people applying for social support due to changes in the socio-economic, political, environmental, security situation in the region or subjective life circumstances. Closely related to this challenge is another challenge, namely the reduction in states’ ability to maintain social support systems. Particular attention is paid to the causes and potential consequences of the transformation of the concept of a socially oriented state. In addition, the author researched the global basis of challenges for social support systems, which combines the key factors of their occurrence.

Resilience and coping during protracted conflict: a comparative analysis of general and evacuees populations

BackgroundOn October 7th, 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel, triggering a conflict with Israel in the Gaza Strip. This ongoing war, now six months old, has also seen threats from Hezbollah in Lebanon, as well as from Yemen and Iran. The precarious security situation along Israel’s southern and northern borders led to extensive evacuations, with residents relocating within Israel under uncertain conditions concerning their return and property safety. This study compares resilience (societal, SR; community, CR; and individual, IR), hope, morale, distress symptoms (anxiety and depression symptoms), and perceived danger between general Hebrew-speaking adults and evacuee adults a few months post-conflict initiation.MethodsData was collected using structured self-reported questionnaires focusing on resilience and coping strategies, administered through two online panel companies. The general population data was collected from January 14–21, 2024 (N = 1,360), and the evacuees’ data from March 1–9, 2024 (N = 372; 133 from the north, 239 from the south).ResultsEvacuees reported lower SR and CR, hope, and morale, and higher distress symptoms and perceived danger compared to the general population. No differences in IR were found. Regression analyses identified different primary predictors of SR for each group: hope for the general population and governmental support for evacuees. Additionally, IR significantly predicted outcomes only among evacuees, whereas age, religiosity, and education were significant predictors solely in the general population. One notable similarity emerged: CR served as the second most influential predictor in both samples.ConclusionsThe entire population of Israel is affected by the ongoing war, yet evacuees endure a disproportionately severe impact, with potential for increased harm as the conflict persists. The adjustment to a new wartime emergency routine is more complex for evacuees than for the general population. It is crucial for policy and decision-makers to address the distinct differences between evacuees and the general populace to effectively meet their specific needs. Yet, it should be acknowledged that the evacuees represent a heterogenic group, necessitating a detailed subdivision into subgroups to accurately assess and address their unique challenges.

Assessment of Maxillofacial Trauma Due to Road Traffic Accidents in an Insecure Environment at Sominé Dolo Hospital in Mopti (Mali) from 2019-2023

Introduction: Maxillofacial trauma represents a social issue that continues to grow. According to WHO, 1.2 million people lose their lives each year on the road, or more than 3,000 deaths per day. The aim of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of maxillofacial trauma related to road accidents at Sominé Dolo Hospital in Mopti. Patients and Method: From 2019 to 2023, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective collection on cases of maxillofacial trauma due to road traffic accidents at Sominé Dolo hospital in Mopti. Results: The frequency was 85.59%, the age was 28.37 years and a sex ratio of 5. The Bandiagara region represented 34.6% and that of Mopti 49.76%. 2-wheeled vehicles accounted for 60%. Open fractures accounted for 67.8%, located at the mandibular level 40.10%. Contention associated with osteosynthesis was performed in 49.1%. Discussion: In our study, the hospital frequency of maxillofacial trauma following a road traffic accident is 85.60%. This high frequency in our country could be explained by the non-compliance with the highway code, the poor condition of the roads, the multiplication of means of transport and the security situation. Conclusion: The increasing frequency of maxillofacial trauma over the years is a reality in Mopti (Mali) and poses a public health problem. Only early appropriate treatment and peace can minimize the sometimes serious and difficult to correct after-effects.

Herausforderungen einer neuen Sicherheitslage für Deutschland – eine finanzwissenschaftliche Perspektive

Abstract This article addresses the challenges of the new security situation that Germany faces against the background of current geopolitical conflicts and the potential weakening of US security guarantees for Europe. The article counteracts the widespread idea that more money and more soldiers are necessary and automatically lead to an increase in military power. Instead, the article argue that the financial resources spent on the military sector need to be used more efficiently. The article discusses reform options that concern different fields, e.g. the organisation of military defence in Europe, the procurement of military equipment and the recruiting of soldiers.

Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the biobehavioral survey among incarcerated individuals and correctional personnel in Mozambique, 2021- a descriptive study.

Mozambique implemented in 2021 a formative assessment in 22 prisons to identify the operational and logistical needs for the second round of the Biobehavioral Survey (BBS). Barriers and facilitators that could be anticipated in conducting BBS in prisons, in preparation for implementation, was evaluated using semi-structured questionnaires administered to key informants (directors and other kind of managers staff). The data were cleaned and analyzed using Microsoft Excel, and the categorical variables were summarized by means of simple frequencies and percentages. In most prisons the current prison capacity far exceeds the theoretical capacity, 40.9% have a theoretical capacity of ≥ 50 inmates, 81.8% have inmates who exceed their theoretical capacity. In the country half of the prisons receive only male inmates, and only one female, 54.5% of the prisons visited have inmates under 18 years of age, 72.7% of the prisons had a private space available for the survey, the penitentiary establishments have the physical space for study; ensuring the safety of staff within the facilities; involvement of correctional officers and a clinical focal point. However, barriers such as time management due to prison opening hours, prison laws, restrictions, or permits for research may change without notice due to security, lockdowns, riots, or other situations that may hinder the implementation of research. The implementation of successive and regular rounds of BBS in different environments, contexts and populations constitute opportunities for generating information and indicators not always captured by programmatic data and not only as an opportunity for offering and making healthcare available in prison environments that in a routine context, but these populations normally have also not had equal opportunities. Currently, little is known about the implementation of a BBS in a correctional environment and only a few barriers can be anticipated, for Mozambique's context, these challenges and obstacles can be overcome through clear communication and collaboration with officials at all levels.

FORMATION OF LEADERSHIP COMPETENCE OF FUTURE NGU OFFICERS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW PARADIGM OF MILITARY EDUCATION

The article raises the question of the formation of leadership competence of future officers of the NGU in the modern conditions of a complex security environment, the armed aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, the Euro-Atlantic choice of Ukraine and the modernization of the security and defense sector on the basis of operational interoperability in accordance with NATO standards and procedures. The need to train highly educated, competent, motivated professionals of the security sector, to which NGU belongs, is emphasized, whose success is determined by professionalism, adaptability, mobility and leadership qualities. Leadership as a multifaceted socio-historical phenomenon is considered on the basis of theories of leadership, which provides an understanding of the essence of influence on subordinates and commanders; peculiarities of preparation and training. The development of military leadership is related to its very purpose and the challenges of the modern security situation. The significance of the competence approach in the development of the leadership competence of the future officer of the NGU, which is reflected in the new paradigm of military education, is indicated. The figure of a modern military leader at NGU has been updated taking into account a certain model according to the requirements of NGU, in particular, what a leader should be, what he should know and do (perform), his features that ensure the realization of professional competencies. The concept of leadership competence has been updated and the directions of its formation have been clarified. It is noted that for the formation of the leadership competence of the future officer of the NGU, both existing models of leadership, the experience of Ukrainian higher military educational institutions, and successful practices in the development of military leadership in developed countries are important. In this regard, educational programs on leadership, approaches to the formation of leadership competence at the Kyiv Institute of the National Guard of Ukraine and the National Academy of the US Armed Forces were analyzed.

Analisis Kerjasama Antara Anggota TNI dan Pemerintah Daerah Papua dalam Menangani Konflik di Papua

The province of Papua has long been affected by conflicts involving political issues, autonomy, ethnic diversity, natural resources, and human rights. This conflict began during the colonial period and continued after Papua became part of Indonesia in 1945, particularly following the 1969 Pepera, which many Papua residents deemed unfair. Violence in Papua persists with numerous casualties, reflecting a severe security situation. Conflict management efforts involve synergy between the TNI and local government, with the TNI focusing not only on security but also on social and economic development. Collaboration between territorial apparatus and local government is expected to create stability but often faces challenges such as differing task perceptions and support for separatist groups. This study employs a qualitative research method with a case study approach, using interviews and literature review to gather data. The findings indicate that handling the conflict in Papua requires strategic measures, including increasing the presence of Satuan Komando Wilayah (Satkowil) at each administrative level, such as Kodim in districts and Koramil in sub-districts. Kodim and Koramil play a crucial role in maintaining security and supporting local development and community welfare. It is also important to map various types of conflicts—armed, communal, and social—and adopt appropriate approaches. Satkowil/Apter serves as a communication bridge between local government and the community, assisting in policy implementation and addressing conflicts proactively. Effective collaboration between territorial apparatus and local government is expected to enhance stability and progress in Papua.

“The Brunt of the Colonial Yoke Continues to Weigh on Us”: Understanding Africa’s Geopolitics as a Decolonial Struggle

ABSTRACT The escalation of tensions in the global political arena is hardly a recent development. Presently, there’s a notable shift toward acknowledging the enduring impact of historical traumas such as slavery, World Wars, and colonialism on humans and nations. Colonialism dealt a significant blow to Africa, with the effects manifesting as trauma. Despite its colonial tragedy, a substantial body of literature recognizes the increasing agency of Africa. Thus, this study examines Africa’s evolving economic, political, and security tensions in light of its colonial history. It applies Postcolonial Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as theoretical and analytical lenses to examine the speeches of twelve (12) African leaders who participated in the 2023 Russia-Africa Summit. I explore the pattern of issues discussed by these leaders in terms of their indicative nature of postcolonial trauma and examine how the speeches demonstrate Africa’s agency within the international political landscape. The findings reveal that African leaders tie their current political, economic, and security situations in their country to the remnants of colonialism and imperialism. Fueled with resentments, these leaders are more inclined to distrust the West but maintain trust in Russia and its “strategic” partnership. Therefore, in asserting to their agency, the analysis indicates a shift toward Africa’s interdependency and desired participation in big power politics with “sincere” support from Russia. This study highlights a significant trend in Africa’s geopolitical landscape, examining how colonialism has shaped the region’s political dynamics and impacted its diplomatic aspirations in today’s multipolar world.

A Novel Fractional Model and Its Application in Network Security Situation Assessment

The evaluation process of the Fractional Order Model is as follows. To address the commonly observed issue of low accuracy in traditional situational assessment methods, a novel evaluation algorithm model, the fractional-order BP neural network optimized by the chaotic sparrow search algorithm (TESA-FBP), is proposed. The fractional-order BP neural network, by incorporating fractional calculus, demonstrates enhanced dynamic response characteristics and historical dependency, showing exceptional potential for handling complex nonlinear problems, particularly in the field of network security situational awareness. However, the performance of this network is highly dependent on the precise selection of network parameters, including the fractional order and initial values of the weights. Traditional optimization methods often suffer from slow convergence, a tendency to be trapped in local optima, and insufficient optimization accuracy, which significantly limits the practical effectiveness of the fractional-order BP neural network. By introducing cubic chaotic mapping to generate an initial population with high randomness and global coverage capability, the exploration ability of the sparrow search algorithm in the search space is effectively enhanced, reducing the risk of falling into local optima. Additionally, the Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (EDA) constructs a probabilistic model to guide the population toward the globally optimal region, further improving the efficiency and accuracy of the search process. The organic combination of these three approaches not only leverages their respective strengths, but also significantly improves the training performance of the fractional-order BP neural network in complex environments, enhancing its generalization ability and stability. Ultimately, in the network security situational awareness system, this integration markedly enhances the prediction accuracy and response speed.

Unravelling the European food security puzzle: exploring determinants and constructing a comprehensive measure

The main objective of the presented paper is to show the current level of food security conditions in Europe and identify its determinants. The paper presents the development of the food security situation in Europe in the period 2001–2020. It shows in detail conditions in the year 2020 which were influenced by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic across the continent. The analysis used the definition of food security and its pillars according to FAO. It used available data from FAOstat for 12 variables in 4 pillars of food security from 2001 to 2020 for 38 European countries to produce composite indicators using Data envelopment analysis. This was used as the dependent variable in panel models with five explanatory factors: added value in agriculture, fishing and forestry, trade openness, gross capital formation, urbanization, and temperature change obtained from the World Bank database. Relationship between variables was estimated using Fixed effects, Random effects, and Pooled mean group model. The analysis found that food security in Europe increased until 2014, then followed a decline which was not compensated until 2020. The weakest regions were identified in the South-eastern and Eastern parts of Europe. The most key factors in the long run were the gross capital formation, added value of agriculture and trade openness. The impact of urbanization and gross capital formation was more important in the short run than in the long run. The effect of temperature change was positive in the short run in most of the analyzed countries, despite its negative long-run influence. The added value of the presented paper in the theoretical field is its methodology, from a practical point of view the paper offers information which could be used in further addressing food security problem solutions.

Features of Afghanistan Governance in the Period 2021–2024

Stability in Afghanistan depends on many factors, including external ones. The article analyzes the development of the situation in the country after the Taliban came to power. Considering the development of the security situation, in the humanitarian field, and the social policy of the current authorities, the author assesses the internal situation in the country and identifies the main factors that determine the level of risks and challenges emanating from the territory of Afghanistan. According to the estimates given in the article, after the Taliban came to power, with the relative stabilization of the situation within the country, instability arises in the direction of Pakistan and Iran. The author has established the dependence of social sustainability in the country on the volume of external assistance. The author predicts a worsening of the situation in Afghanistan in the event of a reduction in foreign aid.

Enhancing structural protection of reinforced concrete structures against high dynamic loads using post-installed UHPFRC/UHPFRSC

Recently there has been an observed change in security policy across the globe which implies that humanity must prepare for hybrid and asymmetric acts of war. This security situation will result in spontaneous attacks from non-military groups. The threats include ballistic attacks from commercially available weapons, detonation of explosives, and impact of vehicles. These attacks are focused on critical infrastructures. Reinforced concrete (RC) elements with ballistic and explosion protection are of huge relevance. This requires new concepts and innovative solutions for the protection of new buildings and/or for the strengthening of existing structures. In this paper a method for the increase of structural safety is shown using Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) or sprayed UHPFRC, so called UHPFRSC, as a surface layer for reinforced concrete structures. The UHPFRC/UHPFRSC is applied in thin layers of 30 - 80 mm on the protection side. The interaction of the two different cementitious materials results in increased resistance to high dynamic loads. The traditional reinforced concrete on the impact side absorbs a major fraction of the energy of impact. On the back side (protection side), tensile forces are generated by the impact, which can excellently be handled by the UHPFRC/UHPFRSC. For proof of concept of the hybrid strengthening method, tests were carried out on UHPFRC - RC composite elements. In the test campaign, ballistic tests were performed using test specimens with dimensions of 500 × 500 mm. The layer thicknesses were 120 mm reinforced concrete and 40 mm UHPFRC. Additional steel rebars in the UHPFRC layer were applied for half of the specimens. The investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of the strengthening method, showing high resistance to high-dynamic loads. This behavior is attributed to the absorption and transfer of tensile stresses by the UHPFRC, that reduces penetration depth and damage, ensuring remaining load-bearing capacity after gunfire.

Urban community security system model from the perspective of resilience: a study on Chinese cities

To enhance urban governance and bolster community disaster resilience, it is urgent to innovate and develop an urban community security system to cope with the complex and volatile social security situation. From the perspective of resilience, the concept, layout, and structure of the security system are organized. Considering the current situation and development trend of the social security system, and based on the constructed cost-capability model, the cost and benefit of the two modes are analyzed and compared. Subsequently, from the perspective of multi-agent participation, a game model between governments and enterprises is constructed. The evolutionary stability strategies of enterprises are analyzed, and simulation analysis is conducted on the factors influencing enterprises. Finally, to propose targeted improvement measures based on the community security capabilities of different communities, a grey fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed. The community security comprehensive capabilities of the top 10 cities in China are quantitatively analyzed and evaluated. The results indicate that the urban community security system from a resilience perspective is more comprehensive compared to the traditional security system. Adopting mode 2 is relatively effective to improving government emergency management capability. In a certain range, reducing C, increasing F, reducing R2, and increasing h can achieve the effect of promoting enterprise to participate in construction. The urban community security capability is within the upper-medium level in general, close to the level of good. The urban community security system constructed in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the government to formulate policies of the urban community security system and serve as a reference for strengthening the comprehensive capability of the urban community security.

Analysis of Personality Conflicts of The Characters in The Novel Az-Zayni Barakat by Jamal Al-Ghithanii (A Study of Sigmund Freud's Literary Psychoanalysis)

Personality conflict using a literary psychology approach is a way to study the behavior of characters in a literary work. With psychological science, readers will explore the mental state of the characters in the literary work. This novel tells the story of Zayni Barakat, a prominent Egyptian muhtasib who also served as governor of Cairo at the end of the Mamluk dynasty. In the Mamluk era, a muhtasib was not only authorized to control the market situation, but also to monitor the behavior and morals of the people. And as governor, in the midst of a chaotic political and security situation, he controlled the corrupt city through a network of spies and whistleblowers. Zayni Barakat was a pious and praiseworthy leader, honest and just, wise and with integrity, strong and decisive, disciplined and effective. He was much loved by his people. His partiality to the people is evident from his indiscriminate attitude towards the rich and the poor as well as the strong and the weak; he is also not reluctant to communicate directly with the small people, something that was impossible for any leader to do before. The descriptive method of analysis is carried out by describing the facts which are then followed by analysis. Etymologically descriptive analysis means describing based on Sigmund Freud's personality theory, it can be grouped into three parts, namely the conflict between id and ego, id and superego, and ego and superego. the conflict between id and ego is a conflict that occurs between the desires of an individual with rationality, the existing reality. The characters who experience conflict between id and ego are Vizcounti Gianti, Zayni Barakat, Attar, Zakariyya bin Radi and Amr bin al-Adawi.

Analysis of the Impact of U.S.-South Korean Military Activities on the DPRK's Nuclear Test Process

After the end of World War II, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two, and then the Korean War broke out, and the two Koreas were still in a state of "armistice." The North Korean nuclear issue and the large-scale U.S.-South Korean joint military exercises that have lasted for decades have made the situation in Northeast Asia, which is already in a security dilemma, even more complicated and volatile. By analyzing the timing of North Korea's nuclear tests and their backgrounds, it is easy to find that North Korea has never stopped researching nuclear weapons. However, every nuclear test has been conducted against the background of large-scale U.S.-South Korea joint military exercises. On the issue of resolving the DPRK's nuclear crisis, it is worth rethinking the way of resolving the DPRK's nuclear issue through sanctions and pressure. A study of the relationship between the DPRK's nuclear test and the U.S.-South Korea joint military exercises will help to ease the security dilemma between the two sides as well as the security situation in Northeast Asia. It will also serve as a reference for other nuclear proliferation issues in the international arena.

A Gnn-Enhanced Ant Colony Optimization for Security Strategy Orchestration

The expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the rapid increase in data in smart grid business scenarios have led to a need for more dynamic and adaptive security strategies. Traditional static security measures struggle to meet the evolving low-voltage security requirements of state grid systems under this new IoT-driven environment. By incorporating symmetry in metaheuristic algorithms, we can further improve performance and robustness. Symmetrical properties have the potential to lead to more efficient and balanced solutions, improving the overall stability of the grid. We propose a gnn-enhanced ant colony optimization method for orchestrating grid security strategies, which trains across combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) that are representative scenarios in the state grid business scenarios, to learn specific mappings from instances to their heuristic measures. The learned heuristic metrics are embedded into the ant colony optimization (ACO) to generate the optimal security policy adapted to the current security situation. Compared to the ACO and adaptive elite ACO, our method reduces the average time consumption of finding a path within a limited time in the capacitated vehicle routing problem by 67.09% and 66.98%, respectively. Additionally, ablation experiments verify the effectiveness and necessity of the individual functional modules.

Enhancing water security: Statistical measurement and spatiotemporal analysis

Water security is essential for ensuring energy security, sustainable development, and human survival. However, due to a series of challenges, including rising water demand, environmental pollution, and water resource shortages, the global water security situation remains concerning and poses a threat to global sustainable development. To assess water security in China, this study uses data from 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021. A comprehensive evaluation method was applied to determine the level of water resource security in China. The Dagum Gini coefficient, Moran index, and spatial model were used to clarify regional differentiation characteristics and the driving factors. The results indicate that while China's water resource security is relatively low, it has shown steady improvement in recent years. Significant regional disparities exist in water resource security across China, with notable spatial characteristics, and socio-economic factors are the primary causes of these differences. Based on the above research, we put forward policy recommendations from the aspects of water resources management, public participation and inter-regional water resources cooperation, to provide reference for water resources security in developing countries.

“Crisis situations of the recovery period” represent a feature of the legal regulation of the transition from the wartime period to the provision of military security during the wartime period

One of the postulates of systems theory is the tendency of any system to seek a stable state and avoid chaos. Stability is associated with overcoming crises, which are considered obstacles to development. Crises can serve various functions: destructive, threatening the viability of the system; destructive, leading to further development; and crises that are merely disruptions of equilibrium. In the context of transitioning from repelling armed aggression to ensuring military security in the post-war period, it is appropriate to describe the crisis phenomena and situations of the recovery period, which encompass the real crises of the recovery period. Special attention should be paid to the classification of crises, modeling their development, establishing crisis communications and decision- making in crisis conditions, developing state policy and crisis response strategies, as well as devising methods for crisis prevention. Situation centers play a key role in forecasting the security situation, preparing stabilization operations, and coordinating the actions of various security and defense structures. Their tasks include conveying decisions to personnel and the local population, organizing management and interaction, informing about the development of events, and controlling the execution of decisions. The centers also collect and analyze operational information for timely response to crisis situations. In legal science, the concept of a “crisis of the recovery period” is not widespread, but it may be useful for describing emergencies in the post-war period. The definition of such crises should consider the specific impacts of hazardous factors on national interests. The modern concept of national security of Ukraine envisages the integration of various security sectors, including economic, political, social, and legal aspects. According to legislation, the national security system in the recovery period should be an organized set of entities united by common goals and tasks regarding the protection of national interests. These entities participate in military-civil relations, coordinate their actions, and develop crisis response strategies.

Threat assessments and heritage in the age of hybrid warfare

ABSTRACT In Sweden, civil and military defence is scaling up in response to a perceived increased threat caused by a deteriorated security and geopolitical situation in Europe over the last decade. This defence includes the planning for how to protect heritage in case of conflict on Swedish territory. Part of this planning is based on assessments of the types of threat that heritage in Sweden could face. By combining methods from intelligence studies with heritage studies, we demonstrate that although some threats remain, other threats have changed over time. In particular, threats associated with hybrid warfare do not belong to the risk analysis traditionally carried out within the sector. The findings presented here are based on Swedish sources and suggest that the heritage sector needs to rethink how to respond to threats against heritage in war and non-violent conflict. Historically, the heritage sector has planned for protection against wartime destruction and against crime in peacetime but in recent years, hybrid threats, including cyber attacks, influence, and subversion, have become more pronounced, demanding other responses and increased awareness of media and opinions. This also raises questions as to how we value heritage – what is considered important and to whom?

Туристичний ринок України в часи війни: проблеми, загрози, можливості

The article examines the impact of war on Ukraine's tourism market due to globalization and integration processes. The article discusses in detail the problems and opportunities that arise in the context of modern challenges. In Ukraine, where hostilities continue, the tourism industry has faced unprecedented challenges, which have resulted in a significant drop in arrivals and a reduction in domestic tourist flows. The tourism industry has also a ban on air transportation, the closure of many tourist and hotel enterprises, the destruction or transformation of hotels into temporary shelters, personnel shortages, and a general decrease in income from tourism. Because of these aspects, investigating the challenges in Ukraine's tourism market is relevant and necessary to determine effective strategies for the industry's development. These strategies should further contribute to the economic growth and social welfare of the country. The article presents the results of surveys that demonstrate the accessibility of travel for domestic tourists and their motivation. The main reasons for refusing to travel are security and economic factors. Ukrainians prefer seasonal summer vacations in cities and hiking. Priority is given to event, gastronomic, active, and ecological tourism. The impact of hostilities has also resulted in some adaptation and search for new opportunities for the tourism industry. New tourist destinations, such as military tourism and "memory tourism," began to develop actively in Ukraine. Developing such tourism as agritourism and cultural and historical tourism in safe regions, can help to diversify the tourist offer and reduce the economic impact of a decrease in international tourist flow. It also contributes to the development of local economies and the creation of new jobs, which is critical in crisis. It is recommended to strengthen efforts in the field of international PR to improve Ukraine's image in the world. This includes participation in international tourism exhibitions, online marketing campaigns, and cooperation with international leaders of thoughts who can change the perception of Ukraine as a tourist destination. Tourism operators and local authorities should work together to develop and implement emergency response plans that will help them quickly adapt to changes in the security situation. Implementing these strategies will require strong coordination among all stakeholders, including government, the private sector, and international partners.