Space Security Research Articles

Machine Learning in Financial Transaction Fraud Detection and Prevention

In this paper, we delve into the application of machine learning technology in financial transaction fraud detection and prevention, including how it works, real-world examples, the challenges it faces, and its potential impact on the future of the financial security space. As the digitalisation process of the financial industry accelerates, the means of financial transaction fraud are becoming increasingly complex and varied, bringing great risks to individuals, enterprises and even the entire financial system. In this context, traditional fraud detection methods are increasingly difficult to effectively respond to emerging frauds due to their inherent limitations. In contrast, machine learning, with its powerful data processing capability, complex pattern recognition ability, and self-learning and adaptation, is considered a powerful tool against financial transaction fraud. Through real-world case studies, we demonstrate how the application of machine learning techniques in financial fraud detection and prevention has helped financial institutions improve detection efficiency and accuracy. Covering a wide range of financial fraud types from credit card fraud to account hijacking to money laundering, these cases illustrate how machine learning models can play a role in monitoring transaction activities in real time, identifying unusual behaviours, and adapting to new fraudulent tactics. In addition, we also discuss the main challenges faced when implementing machine learning techniques, including data quality and privacy protection, model interpretability, the cost of implementing the technology, and integration issues with existing systems. While machine learning shows great potential for financial transaction fraud detection and prevention, there are a number of technical and practical challenges that need to be overcome in order to take full advantage of its benefits. These include improving the efficiency of data collection and processing, ensuring transparency and interpretability of models, reducing the cost of technology implementation and enhancing cross-industry collaboration. In the future, as machine learning and related technologies continue to advance, and as financial institutions and regulators gain a deeper understanding of these technologies, it is reasonable to believe that machine learning will play an even more important role in the financial security field, contributing to the building of a safer, more efficient and smarter financial system. The goal of this paper is to provide financial institutions, technology developers, and policy makers with a comprehensive view of the application of machine learning in financial transaction fraud detection and prevention, pointing out future directions and potential strategies by analysing its advantages, challenges, and practical examples. Through this research, we hope to facilitate broader industry discussions, promote innovation and development of financial security technologies, and jointly address the challenges of financial fraud.

The utility of trace DNA within forensic science for investigative and intelligence purposes

AbstractForensic science not only provides evidence to support criminal investigations, but also contributes to knowledge surrounding criminal phenomena. Forensic scientists are in the unique position to strategically combine information gained from traces to create intelligence that can assist the security space in keeping our communities safe. Research into the use of traces for more than just criminal investigations, with a focus on the greater “utility” of a trace, has pointed to the broader problem‐solving potential of traces when more fully exploited. Alongside this, there has continued to be an exponential increase of the use of biological traces for criminal investigations, in particular the collection of trace DNA specimens. The potential for identification, among other information, trace DNA can provide is vast, however much of the previous research has predominately focused on recovery rates which does not provide a holistic view of the value of trace DNA. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on the utility of trace DNA, as well as makes suggestions toward the creation of a decision‐making model that can inform scene of crime officers in regards to trace selection and decisions about trace analysis.This article is categorized under: Forensic Biology > DNA Databases and Biometrics Crime Scene Investigation > From Traces to Intelligence and Evidence

Measuring the robustness of predictive probability for early stopping in two-group comparisons

Physical experiments are often expensive and time-consuming. Test engineers must certify the compatibility of aircraft and their weapon systems before they can be deployed in the field, but the testing required is time consuming, expensive, and resource limited. Adopting Bayesian adaptive designs is a promising way to borrow from the successes seen in the clinical trials domain. The use of predictive probability (PP) to stop testing early and make faster decisions is particularly appealing given the aforementioned constraints. Given the high-consequence nature of the tests performed in the national security space, a strong understanding of new methods is required before being deployed. Although PP has been thoroughly studied for binary data, there is less work with continuous data, where many reliability studies are interested in certifying the specification limits of components. A simulation study evaluating the robustness of this approach indicates early stopping based on PP is reasonably robust to minor assumption violations, especially when only a few interim analyses are conducted. The simulation study also compares PP to conditional power, showing its relative strengths and weaknesses. A post-hoc analysis exploring whether release requirements of a weapon system from an aircraft are within specification with desired reliability resulted in stopping the experiment early and saving 33% of the experimental runs.

AI, Ethics, and Education: The Pioneering Path of Sidekick Academy

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is swiftly cementing its role as an indispensable tool for students transitioning from K-12 to higher education and professional spheres. Yet, harnessing its full potential requires more than mere familiarity. Students must be equipped with the skills to engage with AI both productively and ethically. Left unchecked, AI usage can pose risks, especially if students lack proper guidance or understanding of their actions. Moreover, effective interaction with AI necessitates skills in prompt engineering to yield desired outcomes. Sidekick Academy is a digital online platform where students can safely experiment with and learn about AI. This article delves into the genesis of Sidekick Academy, offering a glimpse into its lessons on how to use AI and complex debate on ethical use. It also sheds light on the academy's "sandbox" - a secure space for students to explore AI without jeopardizing their safety or privacy.

Do not forget about me, do not forget about you. Usability of a mobile app for professional identity formation

PurposeProfessional Identity Formation is the dynamic evolution to “think, act and feel” to become part of a professional community. This document presents the development and the study that aimed to assess the usability of a m-Learning Identity App (MLIA) focused on the formation of professional identity among undergraduate medical students.Design/methodology/approachMLIA development included four phases: Conceptual, prototype, pilot and implementation, before further deployment. The conceptual model was designed by eight faculty members from three Latin American universities. The prototype was developed and tested with stakeholders. The pilot was performed during 5 weeks before the implementation. Cross-sectional data collected during implementation from 138 medical students who completed a survey to assess the usability of MLIA are presented. During deployment, 977 posts were made on Professional Identity Formation, and examples of these posts are presented.FindingsThe prototype and pilot phases demanded improvements. The survey explored (1) Familiarity, (2) Perceived ease of use, (3) Perceived usefulness for Professional Identity Formation, (4) Satisfaction, (5) Intention to reuse (6) Digital aesthetics and (7) Safety. Results from the usability assessment suggest that students perceived MLIA as a secure space with positive aesthetics and ease of use.Research limitations/implicationsImportant limitations of the present study include, firstly, that it does not provide information on the effectiveness of the MLIA in shaping professional identity in medical students, it focuses exclusively on its development (conceptual model, prototype, pilot and implementation) and usability. Secondly, the study design did not consider a control group and, therefore, does not provide information on how the App compares with other strategies addressing self-reflection and sharing of meaningful experiences related to professional identity.Originality/valueMLIA introduces a different approach to education, simulating a secure, easy-to-use, social media with a friendly interface in a safe environment to share academic and motivational moments, transitioning from being to becoming a professional.

Urban poverty and the role of UK food aid organisations in enabling segregating and transitioning spaces of food access

This research examines the role of food aid providers, including their spatial engagement, in seeking to alleviate urban food poverty. Current levels of urban poverty across the UK have resulted in an unprecedented demand for food aid. Yet, urban poverty responsibility increasingly shifts away from policymakers to the third sector. Building on Castilhos and Dolbec’s notion of segregating space and original qualitative research with food aid organisations, we show how social supermarkets emerge as offering a type of transitional space between the segregating spaces of foodbanks and the market spaces of mainstream food retailers. This research contributes to existing literature by establishing the concept of transitional space, an additional type of space that facilitates movement between types of spaces and particularly transitions from the segregating spaces of emergency food aid to more secure spaces of food access. In so doing, this research extends Castilhos and Dolbec’s typology of spaces, enabling a more nuanced depiction of the spatiality of urban food poverty.

Physical-layer key distribution using synchronous complex dynamics of DBR semiconductor lasers

Common-signal-induced synchronization of semiconductor lasers with optical feedback inspired a promising physical-layer key distribution with information-theoretic security and potential in high rate. A significant challenge is the requirement to shorten the synchronization recovery time for increasing the key rate without sacrificing the operation parameter space for security. Here, open-loop synchronization of wavelength-tunable multi-section distributed Bragg reflector lasers is proposed as a solution for physical-layer key distribution. Experiments show that the synchronization is sensitive to two operation parameters, i.e., currents of grating section and phase section. Furthermore, fast wavelength-shift keying synchronization can be achieved by direct modulation on one of the two currents. The synchronization recovery time is shortened by one order of magnitude compared to close-loop synchronization. An experimental implementation is demonstrated with a final key rate of 5.98 Mbit/s over 160 km optical fiber distance. It is thus believed that fast-tunable multi-section semiconductor lasers open a new avenue for a high-rate physical-layer key distribution using laser synchronization.

Generic and Cost effective framework for Space Threat Assessment for Emerging Space Economies

Modern-day satellites can be considered mini-computers orbiting the earth, with their own operating systems, customized software, navigation and processing units, in-built memory, and other optical and communication capabilities. Gone are the days when satellites were huge in size, with systems and sub-systems taking several months to a few years to be manufactured, assembled, tested, and launched depending on the mission. A wide variety of technological developments in the past decades, including miniaturization of systems and subsystems, availability of space-qualified and commercially-off-the-shelf (COTS) components, and the advent of application-specific integrated chips (ASICs) have paved the way for an increase in quantity and quality of space-based systems, thereby enabling a wide variety of missions even for emerging space economies. With the growing number and complexity of satellites, there have been multiple recorded instances of attacks that have happened on space and ground-based systems over the last three decades. For example, in 1986, the Galaxy I satellite uplink was disrupted by a suspicious person from Florida under the pseudonym "Captain Midnight". In 1997, computers belonging to the X-ray astrophysics section of the Goddard Space Flight Center campus were compromised. In 1998, the ROSAT X-RAY satellite co-owned by the United States and Germany was hacked. One of the satellites from the military communication system Skynet - owned and operated by the UK's Royal Air Force was hacked. As we enter the space age, it is important to note that many countries, including underdeveloped nations, utilize satellites for various earth-based and space-based applications, military recon missions, interplanetary missions, and all other types of space exploration. Given the extent of utilization, it is crucial to tackle the threats facing space-based and ground-based systems. Some developed and space-faring nations like the USA, Russia, China, the UK, etc., have counter-space capabilities at present to tackle a wide variety of threats. On the other hand, countries like India, Iran, Australia, New Zealand, and UAE, which are still new or emerging players in the new space industry, are still developing their systems to be robust enough to tackle space-based and ground-based threats. At the farther end are countries like Mongolia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Norway, etc., which are still developing their space capabilities. In this concise abstract, we present an overview of the myriad security threats encountered by both space-based and ground-based systems. Additionally, we introduce a generic and cost-effective threat assessment framework designed to evaluate these threats across diverse scenarios. This mission-agnostic framework, along with its brief methodology, serves as a foundational tool for identifying security vulnerabilities and formulating comprehensive risk mitigation strategies tailored to specific missions. In the subsequent full-length article, we delve deeper into the complexities of space security, exploring real-world examples, emerging challenges, and innovative solutions.

PAKISTAN'S PARADIGM SHIFT FROM TRADITIONAL TO NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY: AN ANALYSIS

Since its inception, traditional security considerations have largely driven Pakistan’s national security orientation. Traditional security focuses on military aspects of national security,addressing the domain of direct strategy. Contextually, traditional imperatives such as the Indian factor, nuclear domain and conventional dimension have been the dominant themes of the country’s national security architecture. However, the emergence of the National Security Policy in 2022 can be termed a watershed moment in itsnational security history. The document entails a paradigm shift in its security orientation. That is to say, shift from state-centric security to human-centric security. It recognizes the contemporary imperatives such as economic security, climate security, cyber space security and human resource development as thestate’stop most priorities. In this context, the paper examines Pakistan’s paradigm shift from traditional to non-traditional security as an aspired reality complemented by securitization theory and a human security approach tointernational security based on mixed methodology.

Making cities mental health friendly for adolescents and young adults

Urban life shapes the mental health of city dwellers, and although cities provide access to health, education and economic gain, urban environments are often detrimental to mental health1,2. Increasing urbanization over the next three decades will be accompanied by a growing population of children and adolescents living in cities3. Shaping the aspects of urban life that influence youth mental health could have an enormous impact on adolescent well-being and adult trajectories4. We invited a multidisciplinary, global group of researchers, practitioners, advocates and young people to complete sequential surveys to identify and prioritize the characteristics of a mental health-friendly city for young people. Here we show a set of ranked characteristic statements, grouped by personal, interpersonal, community, organizational, policy and environmental domains of intervention. Life skills for personal development, valuing and accepting young people’s ideas and choices, providing safe public space for social connection, employment and job security, centring youth input in urban planning and design, and addressing adverse social determinants were priorities by domain. We report the adversities that COVID-19 generated and link relevant actions to these data. Our findings highlight the need for intersectoral, multilevel intervention and for inclusive, equitable, participatory design of cities that support youth mental health.

Indonesia's Defense Policy In Addressing Space Threats In Perspective Of Defense Management

Indonesia's Defense Policy In Addressing Space Threats In Perspective Of Defense Management

Controlling a vehicle braking and longitudinal acceleration using a seeking control approach

Traditional methods for tracking the paths of driverless vehicles use plant models to determine the corresponding control laws. Due to the intricate interactions between the road and the tires, time-varying characteristics, and unidentified disturbances. It is challenging to create an accurate vehicle model. As a result, data-driven controllers, which are independent of a predetermined plant model are becoming more and more well-liked. This work implements adaptive cruise control (ACC) by employing a control approach called extremum seeking technique (EST), which is a model-free control (MFC), to control a vehicle braking and longitudinal acceleration. The main aim here is to create an ego vehicle that travels at a specific speed with maintaining a secure space with respect to a guide vehicle. A car including an ACC technique called ego car, exploits radar to determine relative velocity and relative space relating to the guiding car. The ACC technique is considered to keep maintain a relatively secure space or a preferred cruising velocity concerning the guiding vehicle. The developed model succeeded to determine the relative velocity and relative space according for the ego car to another guiding car with acceleration not more than ±2 m/s2 and spacing error less than 6 m.

Analysis of Environmental Factors on Maritime Security Operations Using the Bayesian Network Method

The navy as law enforcement with a main duty of maintaining security in the maritime space of national jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of national law and ratified international law certainly has warships as a support system to achieve such goal. Certain maritime security operations not only require the readiness of the equipment or ships used, but also the supporting environmental factors. In fact, optimal maritime security operation needs a method for an assessment to determine the implementation of maritime security operation. In this discussion, the researcher found a probability as a result of influential environmental factors by using the Bayesian network to determine whether the area to be passed by operating ships is feasible.

Application of Private International Law in Space Travel at a Distance of Light Years Using Future Technologies

In particular, the article hints at the possibility of conflicts between states due to competition for resources in space, as well as the lack of full regulation of legal aspects in interstellar space. Particular attention is paid to the development of international treaties and mechanisms aimed at resolving these issues and ensuring peace and cooperation in outer space. Such documents can become the basis for creating a single legal space in outer space, where the rights and obligations of all entities will be clearly defined. The article concludes by emphasizing that the development of future space technologies requires a global approach to legal regulation to ensure security and stability in space, as well as the use of these new opportunities for the common benefit of all mankind. The article examines the topical issue of application of private international law to space travel over distances of light years using advanced technologies of the future. Travelling in space over such a vast distance is becoming increasingly realistic due to the development of astronomical research and technological progress. Legal aspects are an important aspect of such travel, as space activities raise numerous legal issues. Private international law defines the legal status of persons and objects in space representing different states. The application of this law requires resolving issues of jurisdiction, ownership, liability, and conflict resolution between different states and space actors. Future technologies, such as high-speed interstellar transportation and expanded habitat modules in space stations, introduce new challenges to the regulation of these issues. The article raises a lot of questions to which answers will still be found, and this process is a process that belongs to the future. At this stage, it is not known who else in the world would raise similar issues in the context of private international law, public international law, and international law in general.

A Multi-Dimensional Feature Fusion Recognition Method for Space Infrared Dim Targets Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive with Spatio-Temporal Correlation

Space infrared (IR) target recognition has always been a key issue in the field of space technology. The imaging distance is long, the target is weak, and the feature discrimination is low, making it difficult to distinguish between high-threat targets and decoys. However, most existing methods ignore the fuzziness of multi-dimensional features, and their performance mainly depends on the accuracy of feature extraction, with certain limitations in handling uncertainty and noise. This article proposes a space IR dim target fusion recognition method, which is based on fuzzy comprehensive of spatio-temporal correlation. First, we obtained multi-dimensional IR features of the target through multi-time and multi-spectral detectors, then we established and calculated the adaptive fuzzy-membership function of the features. Next, we applied the entropy weight method to ascertain the objective fusion weights of each feature and computed the spatially fuzzified fusion judgments for the targets. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive function was used to perform temporal recursive judgment, and the ultimate fusion recognition result was obtained by integrating the results of each temporal recursive judgment. The simulation and comparative experimental results indicate that the proposed method improved the accuracy and robustness of IR dim target recognition in complex environments. Under ideal conditions, it can achieve an accuracy of 88.0% and a recall of 97.5% for the real target. In addition, this article also analyzes the impact of fusion feature combinations, fusion frame counts, different feature extraction errors, and feature database size on recognition performance. The research in this article can enable space-based IR detection systems to make more accurate and stable decisions, promoting defense capabilities and ensuring space security.

Research on Time Series-Based Pipeline Ground Penetrating Radar Calibration Angle Prediction Algorithm.

The pipeline ground-penetrating radar stands as an indispensable detection device for ensuring underground space security. A wheeled pipeline robot is deployed to traverse the interior of urban underground drainage pipelines along their central axis. It is subject to influences such as resistance, speed, and human factors, leading to deviations in its posture. A guiding wheel is employed to rectify its roll angle and ensure the precise spatial positioning of defects both inside and outside the pipeline, as detected by the radar antenna. By analyzing its deflection factors and correction trajectories, the intelligent correction control of the pipeline ground-penetrating radar falls into the realm of nonlinear multi-constraint optimization. Consequently, a time-series-based correction angle prediction algorithm is proposed. The application of the long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning model facilitates the prediction of correction angles and torque for the guiding wheel. This study compares the performance of LSTM with an autoregressive integrated moving average model under identical dataset conditions. The subsequent findings reveal a reduction of 4.11° and 8.25 N·m in mean absolute error, and a decrease of 10.66% and 7.27% in mean squared error for the predicted correction angles and torques, respectively. These outcomes are achieved utilizing the three-channel drainage pipeline ground-penetrating radar device with top antenna operating at 1.2 GHz and left/right antennas at 750 MHz. The LSTM prediction model intelligently corrects its posture. Experimental results demonstrate an average correction speed of 5 s and an average angular error of ±1°. It is verified that the model can correct its attitude in real-time with small errors, thereby enhancing the accuracy of ground-penetrating radar antennas in locating pipeline defects.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 1. КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ПИЛОТИРУЕМЫХ ПОЛЕТОВ, ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СОЛНЦА, ОСВОЕНИЯ ЛУНЫ И ПЛАНЕТАРНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, solar exploration, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, solar exploration, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 2.3. ВОЕННЫЕ КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ И КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ДВОЙНОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ («ЦЗИЛИНЬ-1», «СЫВЭЙ ГАОЦЗИН», «ЧЖУНСИН», «МО ЦЗЫ»)

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 2.1. ВОЕННЫЕ КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ И КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ДВОЙНОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ («БЭЙДОУ», «ГАОФЭНЬ»)

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КИТАЕМ ПРОГРАММ ОСВОЕНИЯ КОСМОСА. ЧАСТЬ 3. КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ ЧАСТНЫХ КОМПАНИЙ

Subject/topic. In the context of an intensified struggle for leadership between the United States and China and the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the task of analyzing the implementation of space exploration programs by China and other countries of the world becomes especially urgent for Russia. At the same time, assessing China’s prospects for its implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs and dual-use space programs is also determined by the need to determine possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. Goals/objectives. To analyze in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and evaluate the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Methodology. The work analyzes in chronological order the directions of China’s space exploration and assesses the country’s prospects for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. Results. Based on the results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies, possible areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring safety in space. Discussion/application. An approach is proposed to conduct a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and assess the prospects of this country for the implementation of space flight programs, lunar exploration, planetary exploration, as well as the implementation of military space programs, dual-use space programs and programs of Chinese private companies. As a result, possible directions for Russian-Chinese cooperation and security in space can be identified. Conclusions/Significance. The results of a chronological analysis of the directions of Chinese space exploration and an assessment of this country’s prospects for the implementation of space programs can be used to substantiate recommendations to the leadership of our country on Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensuring security in space. It is concluded that the People’s Republic of China is becoming one of the leaders in space exploration, which makes it possible to expand Russian-Chinese cooperation and ensure security in space.