Security In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Review of Prevention Schemes for Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) Attack in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is an indispensable part of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) due to its abilities to enhance traffic management and safety. Many researchers have been focused on specific areas involving management and storage data, protocols standardization, network fragmentation, monitoring, and quality of service. The benchmarks of security of VANET are studied and figured out in this paper. VANET provides the driver and passenger with the safety application as well as entertainment service. However, the communication between nodes in VANET is susceptible to security threats in both communication modes, which indicates the main hazard. In this paper, we identified different Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks with various behaviors such as message tampering, message delaying, and message dropping, according to the literature. In this study, the essential background of VANET from architectural point of view and communication types are discussed. Then, the overview of MITM attack in VANET is presented. In addition, this paper thoroughly reviews the existing prevention schemes for MITM attack in VANET. This review paper reveals that there is still a need for a better and more efficient preventive scheme to address the MITM attack in VANET. This review paper could serve as evidence and reference in the development of any new security schemes for VANETs.

An efficient voting based decentralized revocation protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) enable cooperative behaviors in vehicular environments and are seen as an integral component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). The security of VANETs is crucial for their successful deployment and widespread adoption. A critical aspect of preserving the security and privacy of VANETs is the efficient revocation of the ability of misbehaving or malicious vehicles to participate in the network. This is usually achieved by revoking the validity of the digital certificates of the offending nodes and by maintaining and distributing an accurate Certificate Revocation List (CRL). The immediate revocation of misbehaving vehicles is of prime importance for the safety of other vehicles and users. In this paper, we present a decentralized revocation approach based on Shamir’s secret sharing to revoke misbehaving vehicles with very low delays. Besides enhancing VANETs’ security, our proposed protocol limits the size of the revocation list to the number of the revoked vehicles. Consequently, the authentication process is more efficient, and the communication overhead is reduced. We experimentally evaluate our protocol to demonstrate that it provides a reliable solution to the scalability, efficiency and security of VANETs.

Secured Identity Based Cryptosystem Approach for Intelligent Routing Protocol in VANET

Vehicular specially appointed systems named as Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) have been raising dependent on the condition of-art advancements in remote and system communication. The message confirmations among vehicles and infrastructure are fundamental for the VANET security. The genuine personality of vehicles ought not to be uncovered, yet which is just detectable by approved nodes. Existing arrangements either depend vigorously on a carefully designed hardware or cannot fulfill the security necessity. Secured Identity Based Cryptosystem Approach (SIDBC) for intelligent routing protocol is proposed for better results since implementing a secured network for traffic forecasting and efficient routing in dynamically changing environment. Polynomial key generation is utilized for generating identity based pseudonym keys for each and every node that comes under the system. This keying process protects the node from malignant node from passing false information. The assessment output demonstrates that the planned method is more effective than past schemes since it is free pairing and it fulfills security and protection prerequisites.

B-TSCA: Blockchain Assisted Trustworthiness Scalable Computation for V2I Authentication in VANETs

The rapid development of 5G networks has made smart driving possible. The vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are the main environment for smart driving, providing road information, instant communication between vehicle and vehicle (V2V) or vehicle and infrastructure (V2I). The information interaction security of VANETs is critical to the proper functioning of the traffic. Much research in recent years has focused on secure communication in VANETs, especially the secure V2V or V2I communications. However, current security schemes often require complex identity re-authentication when vehicles enter a new infrastructure coverage, which greatly reduces the efficiency of the entire network. In addition, the emergence of blockchain has created opportunities to overcome the challenges in VANETs mentioned above. In this article, blockchain is utilized to enhance the scalability of the trustworthiness scalable computation. The proposed blockchain assisted trustworthiness scalable computation based V2I authentication (B-TSCA) scheme achieves rapid re-authentication of vehicles through secure ownership transfer between infrastructures. Note that, trustworthiness scalable computation assisted by blockchian technology ensures the decentralization and non tamperability of the scalable computation result. The security analysis indicates that B-TSCA scheme is a CDH-secure scheme. The time cost of the novel handover authentication phase is half of that of the initial one as is presented in the simulation.

ALMS: Asymmetric Lightweight Centralized Group Key Management Protocol for VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) were initially designed to assist in traffic management and delivery of safety messages. Due to the significant evolution in modern vehicles, the features offered by VANETs have expanded to include comfort and entertainment relevant services. This expansion has further increased the need to secure them. The security of VANETs is mainly dependent on sharing a cryptographic group key confidentially. Due to the frequent change in group membership, there is a need to update the group key repeatedly, which is difficult in highly dynamic networks like VANETs. Therefore, designing a secure, scalable, and efficient group key management protocol is challenging. Existing group key management protocols introduce a variety of limitations, including high computational cost for both group key computation and retrieval, additional computational and communication overhead when the membership in the group changes, and collusion among receiving vehicles. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a novel group key management protocol, ALMS. Performance analysis reveals that, compared to existing protocols, ALMS is more scalable since it introduces a low computational overhead for both the Trusted Authority (TA) and the receiving vehicles. Also, it does not suffer from the key distribution limitation as symmetric key management protocols do. Moreover, ALMS introduces only a light overhead on the TA for group membership change. This is achieved by decoupling the initialization from group key computation and performing it offline without affecting the size of the encrypted group key.

Revocation Protocol for Group Signatures in VANETs: A Secure Construction

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) enable wireless communication between vehicles and roadside infrastructure to provide a safer and more efficient driving environment. However, due to VANETs wireless nature, vehicles are exposed to several security attacks when they join the network. In order to protect VANETs against misbehaviours, one of the vital security requirements is to revoke the misbehaved vehicles from the network. Some existing revocation protocols have been proposed to enhance security in VANETs. However, most of the protocols do not efficiently address revocation issues associated with group signature-based schemes. In this paper, we address the problem by constructing a revocation protocol particularly for group signatures in VANETs. We show that this protocol can be securely and efficiently solve the issue of revocation in group signature schemes. The theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate our work is secure against adversaries and achieves performance efficiency and scalability.

Security and design requirements for software-defined VANETs

The evolving of Fifth Generation (5G) networks is becoming more readily available as a significant driver of the growth of new applications and business models. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) represent the critical enablers of 5G technology with the development of next-generation intelligent vehicular networks and applications. In recent years, researchers have focused on the integration of SDN and VANET, and looked at different topics related to the architecture, the benefits of software-defined VANET services, and the new functionalities to adapt them. However, the security and robustness of the complete architecture is still questionable and have been largely neglected by the research community. Moreover, the deployment and integration of different entities and several architectural components drive new security threats and vulnerabilities.In this paper, first, we survey the state-of-the-art SDN based Vehicular ad-hoc Network (SDVN) architectures for their networking infrastructure design, functionalities, benefits, and challenges. Then we discuss these architectures against major security threats that violate the key security services such as availability, privacy, authentication, and data integrity. We also discuss different countermeasures for these threats. Finally, we present the lessons learned with the directions of future research work towards provisioning stringent security solutions in new SDVN architectures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that presents a comprehensive survey and security analysis on SDVN architectures, and we believe that it will help researchers to address various challenges (e.g., flexible network management, control and high resource utilization, and scalability) in vehicular communication systems which are required to improve the future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).

VPPCS: VANET-Based Privacy-Preserving Communication Scheme

Over the past years, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been commonly used in intelligent traffic systems. VANET's design encompasses critical features that include autonomy, distributed networking, and rapidly changing topology. The characteristics of VANET and its implementations for road safety have attracted considerable industry and academia interest, particularly in research involving transport systems enhancement that could potentially save lives. Message broadcasting in an open access system, such as VANET, is the main and utmost challenging problem with regard to security and privacy in VANETs. Various studies on VANET security and privacy have been proposed. Nevertheless, none has considered overall privacy requirements such as unobservability. In order to address these shortcomings, we propose a VANET based privacy-preserving communication scheme (VPPCS), which meets the requirements for content and contextual privacy. It leverages elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and an identity-based encryption scheme. We have carried out a detailed security analysis (burrows-abadi-needham (BAN) logic, random oracle model, security of proof, and security attributes) to validate and verify the proposed scheme. The analysis has shown that our scheme is secure and also shown to be effective in a performance evaluation. The proposed scheme does not only meet the previously mentioned security and privacy requirements, but also impervious to various types of attacks such as replay, impersonation, modification, and man-in-the-middle attacks.

MFSPV: A Multi-Factor Secured and Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for VANETs

Vehicles authentication, the integrity of messages exchanged, and privacy-preserving are essential features in vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs) security. Most of the previously proposed VANETs security solutions do not sufficiently satisfy the security and efficiency requirements. Besides, most of those solutions are heavily dependent on the system key and long-term sensitive data stored in an ideal tamper-proof device, which may not be practical or ideal for resource-constrained onboard units (OBUs), especially in the case of an unexpected cloning or physical attack. Therefore, a robust authentication solution should consider those security issues and the nature of resource-constrained nodes. To satisfy all these requirements, we propose a lightweight multi-factor authentication and privacy-preserving security solution for VANETs. It employs a combination of physically unclonable functions (PUF) and one-time dynamic pseudo-identities as authentication factors. Furthermore, it eliminates the heavy dependency on the system key by decentralising the wide precinct of the certificate authority (CA) into regional domains and achieves robust control of domains keys. A detailed analysis demonstrates that our scheme efficiently meets the VANETs security requirements, and offers more suitable communication and computation costs and features than existing schemes.

A Privacy-Preserving Authentication and Pseudonym Revocation Scheme for VANETs

With the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a research hotspot in recent years. However, the vehicle communication system is vulnerable, resulting in threats to the privacy of users. This paper proposes a secure and efficient identity-based anonymous authentication scheme and uses pseudonyms to enhance the privacy protection of vehicle users. By improving the existing vehicle public key infrastructure and introducing Bloom filter to compress the Certificate Revocation List (CRL), the efficient pseudonym revocation scheme is then presented under the premise of ensuring user privacy. This scheme is able to perform batch pseudonym revocation and keep the pseudonym unlinkable. The security analysis shows that the proposed scheme is able to meet the security and privacy requirements in VANETs and CRL distribution.

Robust Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication based on Pseudonym Root with Cuckoo Filter in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Numerous privacy-preserving authentication schemes have been proposed but vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) still suffer from security and privacy issues as well as computation and communication overheads. In this paper, we proposed a robust conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on pseudonym root with cuckoo filter to meet security and privacy requirements and reduce computation and communication overheads. In our proposed scheme, we used a new idea to generate pseudonyms for vehicles where each on-board unit (OBU) saves one pseudonym, named as “pseudonym root,” and generates all pseudonyms from the same pseudonym. Therefore, OBU does not need to enlarge its storage. In addition, the scheme does not use bilinear pairing operation that causes computation overhead and has no certification revocation list that leads to computation and communication overheads. The proposed scheme has lightweight mutual authentication among all parties and just for once. Moreover, it provides strong anonymity to preserve privacy and resists ordinary attacks. We analyzed our proposed scheme and showed that it meets security and privacy requirements of VANETs and is more efficient than traditional schemes. The communication and computation overheads were also discussed to show the cost-effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

An efficient blockchain‐based batch verification scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks

AbstractAs an important branch of the Internet of Things (IoT), Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have attracted wide attention from industrial and academic. Due to an opening wireless channel, the security and efficiency of VANETs have also become serious. To enhance the security and efficiency, various batch verification schemes have been proposed. However, most of those schemes suffer from the complicated certificate management problem or different kinds of attacks. Also,the bilinear pairing which is intractable for lightweight devices in VANETs usually be used inthose schemes. To solve the above problems, we propose an efficient blockchain‐based batch verification scheme for VANETs using the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). We also provide security analysis to show its ability to resist current known attacks. Besides, we have implemented corresponding blockchain system and the performance analysis shows that it is suitable for VANETs.

A Comprehensive Survey on VANET Security Services in Traffic Management System

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) embark a great deal of attention in the area of wireless and communication technology and are becoming one of the prominent research areas in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) because they provide safety and precautionary measures to the drivers and passengers, respectively. VANETs are quite different from the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in terms of characteristics, challenges, system architecture, and their application. In this paper, we summarize the recent state-of-the-art methods of VANETs by discussing their architecture, security, and challenges. Secondly, we discuss the detailed analysis of security schemes and the possible measures to provide secure communication in VANETs. Then, we comprehensively cover the authentication schemes, which is able to protect the vehicular network from malicious nodes and fake messages. Thus, it provides security in VANETs. Thirdly, we cover the mobility and network simulators, as well as other simulation tools, followed by the performance of authentication schemes. Finally, we discuss the comfort and safety applications of VANETs. In sum, this paper comprehensively covers the entire VANET system and its applications by filling the gaps of existing surveys and incorporating the latest trends in VANETs.

A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs).

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an emerging type of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with robust applications in intelligent traffic management systems. VANET has drawn significant attention from the wireless communication research community and has become one of the most prominent research fields in intelligent transportation system (ITS) because of the potential to provide road safety and precautionary measures for the drivers and passengers. In this survey, we discussed the basic overview of the VANET from the architecture, communication methods, standards, characteristics, and VANET security services. Second, we presented the threats and attacks and the recent state-of-the-art methods of the VANET security services. Then, we comprehensively reviewed the authentication schemes that can protect vehicular networks from malicious nodes and fake messages. Third, we discussed the latest simulation tools and the performance of the authentication schemes in terms of simulation tools, which was followed by the VANET applications. Lastly, we identified the open research challenges and gave future research directions. In sum, this survey fills the gap of existing surveys and summarizes the latest research development. All the security attacks in VANETs and their related countermeasures are discussed with respect to ensuring secure communication. The authentication schemes and comprehensive applications were introduced and analyzed in detail. In addition, open research challenges and future research directions were issued.

Integration of VANET and 5G Security: A review of design and implementation issues

The commercial adaptation of Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) to achieve secure Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) heavily depends on the security guarantees for the end-users and consumers. Current VANET security standards address most of the security challenges faced by the vehicular networks. However, with the emergence of 5th Generation (5G) networks, and the demand for a range of new applications and services through vehicular networks, it is imperative to integrate 5G and vehicular networks. To achieve a seamless integration, various design and implementation issues related to 5G and VANETs must be addressed. We focus on the security issues that need to be considered in order to enable the secure integration of 5G and VANETs. More precisely, we conduct in-depth study of the current security issues, solutions, and standards used in vehicular networks and then we identify the security gaps in the existing VANET security solutions. We investigate the security features of 5G networks and discuss how they can be leveraged in vehicular networks to enable a seamless and efficient integration. We also propose a security architecture for vehicular networks wherein the current VANET security standards and 5G security features coexist to support secure VANET applications. Finally, we discuss some future challenges and research directions for 5G-enabled secure vehicular networks.

Towards Secure IoT: Securing Messages Dissemination in Intelligent Traffic Systems

A few years ago, Automotive area in the IoT was seen as theoretical concept and today we are already seeing the possibilities of not only driverless cars, but applications of IoT in the intelligent vehicles including parking, maintaining environment, protecting lives and smoothing the flow vehicle movements. We have realized the urgent need of using simple and efficient secure protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) to be practical in the fast mobility of the network nodes, and taking advantage of the existence of base stations gateways along the road to inherit the protocol to different VANETs, this will reduce the initialization of communication overhead time and the security keys initialization each time a node passes to new base station zone. In this research, we applied security protocol used in sensor networks to achieve security in VANET, the simulation analysis shows that secure practical communication is achieved which can be inherited to other sub VANETs. The contribution of this article is enhancing proposed protocols with as less cryptography computation overhead as possible to make it applicable in the high mobility nature of VANET using security primitives; which guarantees security while allowing fast authenticating during vehicle passing one VANET to the next one depending on its direction in the transportation networks.

Efficient Certificateless Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an increasing important paradigm for greatly enhancing roadway system efficiency and traffic safety. To widely deploy VANETs in real life, it is critical to deal with the security and privacy issues in VANETs. In this paper, we propose a certificateless conditional privacy preserving authentication (CCPPA) scheme based on certificateless cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography for secure vehicle-to-infrastructure communication in VANETs. In the proposed scheme, a roadside unit (RSU) can simultaneously verify plenty of received messages such that the total verification time may be sharply decreased. Furthermore, the security analysis indicates that the proposed scheme is provably secure in the random oracle model and fulfills all the requirements on security and privacy. To further improve efficiency, both map-to-point hash operation and bilinear pairing operation are not employed. Compared with previous CCPPA schemes, the proposed scheme prominently cuts down computation delay of message signing and verification by 66.9%–85.5% and 91.8%–93.4%, respectively, and reduces communication cost by 44.4%. Extensive simulations show that the proposed scheme is practicable and achieves prominent performances of very little average message delay and average message loss ratio and thus is appropriate for realistic applications.

VANET security and forensics: Challenges and opportunities

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) are a key part of the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) as they constitute an intelligent transport network where vehicles and some infrastructure collaborate to exchange messages about traffic, accidents, etc. In such context, security becomes a key component to ensure that exchanged messages were not modified or inserted for example. Consequently, a wide variety of research contributions have been recently presented to cope with this issue. This paper presents a review of most recent papers dealing with security issues in VANETs. Hence, it presents an overview of VANETs and mainly their characteristics as well as their main applications. Then, the main security challenges faced by VANETs are introduced. This is done by first listing their main security requirements, second by establishing attackers' profiles, and their attacks and third by introducing some security solutions. Finally, the opportunities and challenges related to VANETs security are presented such as Trust, Internet of Vehicle, etc.This article is categorized under: Digital and Multimedia Science > Vehicle Forensics Digital and Multimedia Science > Mobile Forensics Digital and Multimedia Science > IoT Forensics

A Center-Based Secure and Stable Clustering Algorithm for VANETs on Highways

Currently, communications in the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) can be established via both Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and mobile cellular networks. To make use of existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) network in data transmissions, many methods are proposed to manage VANETs. Grouping the vehicles into clusters and organizing the network by clusters are one of the most universal and most efficacious ways. Since the high mobility of vehicles makes VANETs different from other mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the previous cluster-based methods for MANETs may have trouble for VANETs. In this paper, we introduce a center-based clustering algorithm to help self-organized VANETs forming stable clusters and decrease the status change frequency of vehicles on highways and two metrics. A novel Cluster Head (CH) selection algorithm is also proposed to reduce the impact of vehicle motion differences. We also introduce two metrics to improve the security of VANETs. A simulation is conducted to compare our mechanism to some other mechanisms. The results show that our mechanism obtains high stability and lower packet loss rate.

A Computational Analysis of ECC Based Novel Authentication Scheme in VANET

<p class="abstract">A recent development in the adhoc network is a vehicular network called VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network). Intelligent Transportation System is the Intelligent application of VANET. Due to open nature of VANET attacker can launch various kind of attack. As VANET messages are deal with very crucial information’s which may save the life of passengers by avoiding accidents, save the time of people on a trip, exchange of secret information etc., because of this security is must be in the VANET. To ensure the highest level of security the network should be free from attackers, there by all information pass among nodes in the network must be reliable i.e. should be originated by an authenticated node. Authentication is the first line of security in VANET; it avoids nonregistered vehicle in the network. Previous research come up with some Cryptographic, Trust based, Id based, Group signature based authentication schemes. A speed of authentication and privacy preservation is important parameters in VANET authentication. This paper addresses the computational analysis of authentication schemes based on ECC. We started analysis from comparing plain ECC with our proposed AECC (Adaptive Elliptic Curve Cryptography) and EECC (Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography). The result of analysis shows proposed schemes improve speed and security of authentication. In AECC key size is adaptive i.e. different sizes of keys are generated during key generation phase. Three ranges are specified for key sizes small, large and medium. In EECC we added an extra parameter during transmission of information from the vehicle to RSU for key generation. Schemes of authentications are evaluated by comparative analysis of time required for authentication and key breaking possibilities of keys used in authentication.</p>