Security Elements Research Articles

Historical simulation of maize water footprints with a new global gridded crop model ACEA

Abstract. Crop water productivity is a key element of water and food security in the world and can be quantified by the water footprint (WF). Previous studies have looked at the spatially explicit distribution of crop WFs, but little is known about their temporal dynamics. Here, we present AquaCrop-Earth@lternatives (ACEA), a new process-based global gridded crop model that can simulate three consumptive WF components: green (WFg), blue from irrigation (WFbi), and blue from capillary rise (WFbc). The model is applied to analyse global maize production in 1986–2016 at 5×5 arcmin spatial resolution. Our results show that over the 2012–2016 period, the global average unit WF of maize is 728.0 m3 t−1 yr−1 (91.2 % WFg, 7.6 % WFbi, and 1.2 % WFbc), with values varying greatly around the world. Regions with high-input agriculture (e.g. Western Europe and Northern America) show small unit WFs and low interannual variability, while low-input regions show opposite outcomes (e.g. Middle and Eastern Africa). From 1986 to 2016, the global average unit WF reduced by a third, mainly due to the historical increase in maize yields. However, due to the rapid expansion of rainfed and irrigated areas, the global WF of maize production increased by half, peaking at 768.3×109 m3 yr−1 in 2016. As many regions still have a high potential in closing yield gaps, unit WFs are likely to reduce further. Simultaneously, humanity's rising demand for food and biofuels may further expand maize areas and hence increase WFs of production. Thus, it is important to address the sustainability and purpose of maize production, especially in those regions where it might endanger ecosystems and human livelihoods.

Database Security in System Design High School Achievement Expertise

Surakarta City's State SMA has a variety of accomplishments. To observe these accomplishments, you will need an expert system to educate the community about the school's accomplishments, including student and teacher or educator accomplishments. It is also vital to construct the system database while creating the school achievement expert system. When creating a system, developers frequently overlook the data security element of the database. Data mapping, context diagrams, and table relations are all used in the system architecture. This research will also look at MySQL's database access rights limitations, which help control who may access the database. The authors describe a web-based school achievement expert system design based on this architecture as a source of information on accomplishment in public high schools in Surakarta. Literature research, data gathering, developing a performance expert system, and designing and security system database security procedures at Public Senior High School Surakarta are used in this study. The school accomplishment expert system at Public Senior High School Surakarta based on achievement category, achievement level, year of achievement, and the design of the school achievement expert system database in terms of database security are the study's findings

Securing Critical IoT Infrastructures With Blockchain-Supported Federated Learning

Network trustworthiness is considered a very crucial element in network security and is developed through positive experiences, guarantees, clarity, and responsibility. Trustworthiness becomes even more compelling with the ever-expanding set of Internet of Things (IoT) smart city services and applications. Most of today’s network trustworthy solutions are considered inadequate, notably for critical applications where IoT devices may be exposed and easily compromised. In this article, we propose an adaptive framework that integrates both federated learning and blockchain to achieve both network trustworthiness and security. The solution is capable of dealing with individuals’ trust as a probability and estimates the end devices’ trust values belonging to different networks subject to achieving security criteria. We evaluate and verify the proposed model through simulation to showcase the effectiveness of the framework in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and trust using multiple factors. Results show that the proposed model maintains high accuracy and detection rates with values of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 0.93$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 0.96$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , respectively.

Enabling Secure Data Exchange through the IOTA Tangle for IoT Constrained Devices.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) and sensor technologies have enabled the collection of data in a distributed fashion for analysis and evidence-based decision making. However, security concerns regarding the source, confidentiality and integrity of the data arise. The most common method of protecting data transmission in sensor systems is Transport Layer Security (TLS) or its datagram counterpart (DTLS) today, but exist an alternative option based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that promise strong security, ease of use and potential for large scale integration of heterogeneous sensor systems. A DLT such as the IOTA Tangle offers great potential to improve sensor data exchange. This paper presents L2Sec, a cryptographic protocol which is able to secure data exchanged over the IOTA Tangle. This protocol is suitable for implementation on constrained devices, such as common IoT devices, leading to greater scalability. The first experimental results evidence the effectiveness of the approach and advocate for the integration of an hardware secure element to improve the overall security of the protocol. The L2Sec source code is released as open source repository on GitHub.

Data handling practices and commercial features of apps related to children: a scoping review of content analyses

BackgroundChild interaction (including via parent proxy) with mobile apps is common, generating concern about children’s privacy and vulnerability to advertising and other commercial interests. Researchers have conducted numerous app content...

The role of paper embedded security features in effective border control

Security documents are crucial types of documents, whose authenticity is genuine and cannot be counterfeited. For different types of security documents, a security paper is used, which possesses the property of being impenetrable to mileage, high temperature with unequivocal GSM, haziness, and thickness. This makes it sensible for merging the security features that make it different from normal paper. The commonly used substrate for any security document manufacturing is either plastic or paper. The process of manufacturing a security document begins with paper manufacturing by mechanical and chemical processing of wood pulp, and the security elements are incorporated in the further processing stages. The raw material used is mainly pure cotton fiber-based cellulose mixed with titanium oxide. The major security features include security threads, fibers, planchettes, and water marks which play a critical role in keeping up the uprightness of the security record for a fruitful edge control. Identity theft as well as deceitful utilization of personality and travel reports are the fundamental dangers confronting the control at international borders, while checking the legitimacy of the travelers’ character records assumes an essential job in guaranteeing the effectiveness of fringe control.

Sustainable Natural Resources Use: Financial and Tax Issues

The ecological stability and environmental security are becoming relevant issues being the elements of the national security. The development and the improvement of the financial (including tax), legal, educational, social and cultural components of the environmental regulation system is now a worldwide trend. The publication aims to analyze the financial and fiscal aspects of sustainable use of natural resources. Based on the consideration of advantages and disadvantages of the current system of ecological taxation in Russia, the critical analyses of implementing the “polluters pay” principle was provided and the key disadvantages of the energy and transport tax system were disclosed. The main challenges that arise from the implementation of the traditional objectives of ecological taxes and charges were examined in the paper. As a result of the summarized data the recommendations are suggested to improve the ecological taxation system. The alternative to the fiscal regulation, which aims to develop the mechanisms to solve the problem of sustainable natural resources use was justified in the paper. One of such mechanisms is creation of joint infrastructure that involves both state and business institutions, and enables companies to pursue environmental protection activities.

The Produce Organic Product as Strategic Elements of System Provision Security

Food security is a strategic element of the state’s economic policy, which allows to provide quality food not only to the population of the state, but also to carry out export activities. The growing trend of demand for ecological products all over the world allows Russia to develop the production of organic and ecologically clean products, occupying a stable segment in the world market. Organic agriculture is the most popular alternative to traditional agriculture in the world; the volume of the global organic food market has been increasing annually for a long time. An analytical review of the state of the world and national markets for organic agricultural products is presented in various aspects: agricultural land area, concentration of producers, international trade. The place of Russia in the world market of organic agricultural products has been determined. The key trends, problems and prospects for the development of organic agricultural production in Russia are highlighted. The presented data demonstrate the continuation of the positive trend in demand for organic products in developed countries. The Russian market is characterized by the following: high average annual growth rates of organic lands; increasing the share of land for the production of organic agricultural products; unstable number of producers; stabilization of the volume of the internal market for organic products at the level of 120 million euro; stabilization of the export volume of organic products at the level of 4 million euro. The production of organic products is advisable in local product markets, since the production of organic products is a product with high added value, increased requirements for certification of organic products and a narrow segment of consumers.

BPM supported model generation by contemplating key elements of information security

BPM supported model generation by contemplating key elements of information security

FINANCIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEMS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Abstract. The main methodological problems of the organization and implementation of the process of financial security management within the functioning of economic systems of different levels are identified. To meet the methodological needs of financial security management under financial security itself, it is proposed to understand the state of protection of financial interests in various sectors and functional areas of financial activities of the economic system and its main participants from external and internal threats, which ensures the effectiveness of economic relations, related to the implementation of financial guidelines for the development of economic, socio-economic, economic systems. It is established that the classical approach to the structure of the financial security subsystem in the system of economic security at any level of management positions it as a set of factors, the state of which determines the financial capacity of the entity or system to counteract economic risks and threats and their negative financial impact on the system respectively. The elements of financial security at the micro and macro levels are systematized according to such parameters as the financial security system, security entities, information principles, personnel component, management mechanism, resources, tools, instruments. A 16-component model of financial security management is proposed, which provides for the possibility of building a management system on four fundamental parameters: organizational culture, progressive and sustainable development, continuous optimization of the management process and ensuring its systemic nature. The proposed formulas for calculating the level of financial security of the state and the level of financial security of the entity based on the author’s approach to segmenting their system for diagnostic purposes allow to obtain a rapid assessment of the financial security of the economic system, of course. Conceptual bases of the system approach to management of financial security of economic system taking into account object of management, subjects of management, the management mechanism, system of maintenance of process of management, principles of management and an estimation of level of safety are presented. Keywords: financial security, financial security management, risk, threat, economic security, economic system. JEL Classification G21, F29, L41. Formulas: 3; fig.: 3; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 10.

Cyber Security of Connected Autonomous Vehicles

Importance of communication security in vehicular network systems is a soaring issue with the evolving automotive industry day by day. The proposed study covers fundamental requirements to ensure automotive system security and some cryptography algorithms that can be beneficial for the security of connected cars from our point of view. Autonomous systems use lots of IoT sensors data. Connected vehicles have a data-sharing network and they are vulnerable to security attacks. So, ensuring the security of these data is an important challenge. The main purpose of this study is to draw attention to the basic security elements of communication between interconnected vehicles, to touch on its daily importance and usage points in human life, and to present the research on possible cryptography methods that can be used by giving information about the current studies. Our research focuses on ensuring both powerful securities infrastructure methods and considering hardware-based conditions. Different approaches, cryptography algorithms, protocols, and real-life companies that dive into autonomous system security challenges are tackled in this study. In addition, some of the important methods and applications are presented in a table from two different perspectives as attack mitigation and security requirements support that are thought to contribute to literature studies.

Mobile Payment Transaction Model with Robust Security in the NFC-HCE Ecosystem with Secure Elements on Smartphones

The Near Field Communication embedded (NFC-embedded) smartphone consists of two ecosystems, namely Near Field Communication Subscriber Identity Module Secure Element (NFC-SIM-SE) and Near Field Communication Host Card Emulation (NFC-HCE). NFC-SIM-SE places secure elements in smartphones, while NFC-HCE places secure elements in the cloud. In terms of security, the location of secure elements in the cloud is one of the weaknesses of NFC-HCE. The APL-SE transaction model is developed as a solution to improve transaction security with NFC-enabled mobile. This model moves the secure elements of the NFC-HCE ecosystem from the cloud to the smartphone so that when the transaction is made, the smartphone does not communicate with the outside network to access the secure element. The APL-SE transaction model is tested using dummy data to calculate the processing time measurements for each step. The model is also tested for the encryption process. The encrypted data is compared with the original data, then the randomness is calculated. This transaction model is also tested by looking at the data randomness, which shows that the encrypted data is declared random. Random data increases data security. The transaction model test shows that the transaction runs well because the encrypted data is proven random, and the execution time is 1,074 ms. The time of 1,074 ms is far below an attacker's time to decipher the encrypted data. Random and fast encryption results indicate that transactions are secure. This achievement makes the opportunity for attackers to manipulate data small, so security is increased.

GENERAL APPROACHES TO PERSONNEL SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

It is established that the most acceptable principles of building a system of social security indicators are: objectivity; practicality; complexity; end-to-end presentation, taking into account the need to determine social security criteria by levels (state, regional, personal); unambiguous interpretation for decisionmakers to eliminate and minimize the impact of threats; compliance with the current features of decision-making; clarity of construction, transparency, simplicity and lucidity; flexibility and reflection of changes; representativeness for comparisons; quantity limit. Theoretical campaigns to the essence and content of personnel security by different authors have been studied. It is analyzed that the process of ensuring personnel security in most researchers is associated with the measures for preventing theft, damage to property and various destructive actions by the staff of the organization. The focus is on the assessment of the elements of personnel security of the enterprise, which is proposed to be carried out by establishing the normative value of costs for the relevant activities of enterprises in a particular industry. Levels of ensuring of personnel security are considered in connection with the complexity, variety and complication of tasks. Personnel security is revealed on the basis of JSC “Kryvbaszalizrudkom”, where the main elements of personnel security are: establishing strategic priorities for personnel security in general and by components, monitoring the state of personnel security, determining specific measures to maintain or change personnel security parameters based on scientific application of methods in general and some of its aspects, the implementation of measures to ensure personnel security. The main methods of ensuring personnel security of JSC “Kryvbaszalizrudkom” are revealed. A comparative analysis of the integrated index of personnel security and the total value of indicators for certain components on the example of the studied enterprises: JSC “Kryvbaszalizrudkom” and PJSC “Zaporizhzhia Iron Ore Plant”. It is noted that the formation of personnel policy of JSC “Kryvbaszalizrudkom” is a process of determining the key characteristics of its staff in accordance with current and strategic production demands. The ways of effective use of personnel technologies of JSC “Kryvbaszalizrudkom” are revealed, which will allow to solve a number of important tasks concerning personnel safety of the enterprise.

Towards Personalized User Training for Secure Use of Information Systems

Information Systems (IS) represent an integral part of our lives, both in the organizational and personal sphere. To use them securely, users must be properly trained. The main problem is that most training processes still use the one-size-fits-all approach where users receive the same kind of learning material. In addition, personalized training may be a more suitable approach however a comprehensive process for IS user profiling and personalized IS user training improvement has not been introduced yet. This paper proposes a novel approach for personalized user training for secure use of IS to fill in this gap. The proposed approach focuses on three key dimensions (i.e., the personalization process, selection of training tools and materials, and participants) and is composed of five phases covering the identification of key IS security elements, IS user profiling and personalization of IS security training. It is scalable to all company sizes and aims to lower both the IS training costs and optimization of outcomes. As a side-effect, it also helps to lower user resistance to participation in IS security training.

Komparativna analiza spremnosti za upravljanje transportom - slučaj CIE zemalja

Being the most cost-dominant component of the logistics management system, transport plays a vital role in the realization of trade activities across Europe, both on a national and micro level. Various indicators determine the efficiency of the realization of transport activities, amongst which the following hold high importance: quality of transport infrastructure (air, road, maritime, etc.), transport safety and security elements, as well as export/import procedures, etc. This paper aims to perform a comparative analysis among chosen European countries (focusing on CEE countries) concerning the level of transport management preparedness based on the previously mentioned elements. The analysis is performed by using the PROMETHEE II and entropy method. The obtained results should help determine the differences and similarities in transport management preparedness to synchronize better future national policies, strategies, and procedures concerning this issue.

Formation of elements of ensuring economic security of large-scale economic systems

Economic security in the conditions of technological and informational development of economic systems, modernization of the international legal space, where sanctions pressure on opponents is a priority, requires a revision of the form and content as a category of economic knowledge. The object of the study is the national economic system as a large-scale economic system. The subject of the study is economic security as an integral element of national security. The research methodology is generally recognized methods of scientific cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, etc. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to revise the concept of economic security in the changed conditions of the world economy. The objectives of the study are: 1. The study of theoretical sources that have a scientifically based content in the results of research; 2. Theoretical analysis of the results of research; 3. Theoretical substantiation of the need to increase the share of state intervention and the formation of state regulatory policy in the field of economic security; 4. Formulation of the theoretical provisions of the composite model of economic security corresponding to modern economic conditions. Research results: 1. A theoretical overview of the results of scientific research in an evolutionary format is presented; 2. The enlarged components of the economic security of the economic system are presented; 3. Scientifically based conclusions are formulated.

Демографическая политика здравоохранения при пандемии COVID-19 в Тамбовской области

The study examines the demographic policy of public health in the COVID-19 pandemic in the Tambov Region. Since the health of citizens is the supreme value, creation of modern, flexible and efficient health care system is the most important element of state policy and national security. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to serious changes in the trajectory of demographic development in the Tambov Region. These changes not only affect the reproduction of the population, but also lead to the aggravation of many social and economic problems. In this regard, the research purpose is to systematize health care practices in the Tambov Region. Materials and methods of research. The research methods in this article involve systematization of materials describing global demographic trends in the COVID-19 pandemic that have characterized population reproduction in recent decades, collection and evaluation of existing medical evidence. Results. The economics of the COVID-19 pandemic are significantly affected by increased morbidity and mortality, declining fertility and, consequently, population growth, life expectancy, and changes in other demographic parameters. The issues associated with the pandemic-induced change in the trajectory of demographic development and its socioeconomic consequences have been studied by researchers around the world. Conclusions. We analyze the general demographic situation in the Tambov Region during the COVID-19 pandemic. Weaknesses are identified and recommendations for improving the demographic situation in the new coronavirus infection are given. An important aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic analysis is morbidity and mortality in the region. Estimates of the magnitude and specificity of these demographic changes are also presented in terms of gender and age.

Niezależność od importu surowców energetycznych jako kluczowy element bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa. Polska na tle krajów UE

Purpose – The aim of the article is to present the problem of energy security as a key element of the economic security of the state. The study presents methods of measuring energy security, and then the study analyzes the dependence on energy imports of the EU countries. A special place was devoted to the Polish economy – in the context of searching for an answer to the question of whether Poland has a chance to achieve independence from the import of energy resources in the coming years. Research method – The article uses the method of descriptive and explanatory research, mainly the analysis of Eurostat data, as well as the cause and effect analysis based on a review of the literature on the subject. Results – Presentation of Poland’s energy security in comparison with other EU countries, paying special attention to (no) dependence on imported energy resources. Originality/value/implications/recommendation – The article presents quantitative and qualitative methods of measuring energy security, and then presents a ranking of the EU countries from the point of view of the index of energy dependence on imports, de facto from Russia. Moreover, the paper indicates forecasts for the Polish economy in the context of its energy security.

Digitalization as a basis for economic stability and business security

An enterprise that moves from the material to the digital, becoming an independent element of business security, is a priority component of the state’s economic security in the context of the digital economy development. Therefore, today we cannot ignore such an important catalyst for the success of economic activity as the use of innovative information and computer technologies, which are the basis of the digital economy and play a significant role in the development of all aspects of social life. Obviously, it is digitalization that has a significant impact on the activities of economic entities and, therefore, focuses on strengthening their economic security. The article aims to determine the nature of digitalization and its impact on the development of enterprise security stability. In the context of the digital economy, studies have shown that the transition from traditional to digital methods is extremely important to ensure the economic stability and security of an enterprise in the most problematic period of its operation. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale war, the ability to order products without leaving home has become particularly important for consumers, and this factor has become much more significant. The article reveals that elements of digital transformation have become key factors in the development and maintenance of the economic security of small and medium-sized enterprises. The use of these areas of digitalization allows companies to effectively strengthen their operations and ensure their competitiveness in the market. Overall, the introduction of digital technologies will help keep most businesses in the market and increase their contribution to economic development. Using the methods of induction and deduction, the article suggests the hypothesis that the economic security of an enterprise can be strengthened through the use of digital technologies, namely, by using digitalization tools. The article proves that digital technologies allow businesses to increase their efficiency, attract new customers, and increase sales. They allow businesses to increase their competitiveness and adapt to changes in the market.

Глобаллашув шароитида аҳолининг озиқ-овқат хавфсизлигини таъминлаш масаласи хусусида

The article describes the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and wars on food security and their consequences. Also, the article analyzes the organizational structure of the main elements of food security, the growth of hunger in the world, the change in the prevalence of undernourishment (PO), and based on the analysis, proposals and recommendations are developed to solve the problem.