Consequences For Security Research Articles

Russian Foreign Policy Concept and Global Health: The War as a Turning Point

Abstract: This essay argues that the complex qualitative shift in Russian foreign policy has far-reaching implications for international cooperation on global health governance and health security. “Global health” in Russia’s new Foreign Policy Concept (FPC) is less about the country’s existence in the well-established “Global Health” architecture but more about presenting itself as a sovereign power with a global strategy based on national science, technology, and health security capacities aimed to operate more effectively during various biological incidents with strategic consequences for national security. While pandemic preparedness and the next international response to the health crisis must be more efficient, Russia is a critical starting point for thinking about the future of cooperation on global health security.

The potential impact of banana Xanthomonas wilt on food systems in Africa: modeling scenarios of policy response and disease control measures

Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) is one of the most important diseases threatening banana production in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA). In this study, we examine the potential impacts of BXW on banana production, demand, and food security in SSA, if the disease spread across all banana-producing countries in the region. The analysis is based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines a mathematical model of field-level BXW spread over time with a dynamic global partial equilibrium economic model. Since BXW control relies exclusively on management, we analyze three scenarios of BXW spread that are constructed around assumptions about the level of policy response to the disease, and about how this response may affect the adoption of appropriate management practices by farmers to control BXW. Modeling results suggest that if the disease is left uncontrolled, banana production in SSA within 10 years can decrease by as much as 55%, compared to a BXW-free baseline scenario, resulting in economic losses of around 25 billion USD. At the same time, the population at risk of hunger in countries that highly depend on bananas as a staple food is projected to increase by more than 4.6%. Even a limited policy response to BXW can reduce infections and mitigate some of the production, economic, and food security consequences. BXW impacts are almost completely negated when farmers have good knowledge of the disease and fully adopt the appropriate management practices. This result highlights the need for policy frameworks which rely on sustained and coordinated efforts by public and private stakeholders, within and across SSA countries and at different geographical scales. It also aims to raise awareness and promote the adoption of such practices, while also considering local peculiarities and socioeconomic conditions.

Is India’s largest fertilizer manufacturer misleading farmers and society using dubious plant and soil science?

Background and AimsThe accessibility and relatively low cost of nitrogen (N) fertilizers have been a gift to humankind and made it possible to feed the exponentially growing world population. The excessive use of N, in combination with a poor N use efficiency (NUE) in crop production, is associated with severe environmental impacts, and the scientific community has repeatedly warned that the safe operating space for N within the planetary boundaries has been exceeded. In the light of these considerations, a global player and India’s largest fertilizer manufacturer, the Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative (IFFCO), has recently developed and patented a nanotechnology-based fertilizer marketed as Nano Urea (liquid). Strikingly, the producers state that it is now possible to replace a 45 kg bag of conventional urea, containing 21 kg N, by foliar application of just 20 g N in the form of nano urea (NU). If so, N from this novel high-tech fertilizer product should be able to increase the NUE of crops more than 1000 times compared to conventional urea. This year, the Indian government and IFFCO announced plans to massively boost production by building 10 new factories, with an annual production capacity of 440 million bottles NU by 2025 and to expand export of the product to another 25 countries, mainly situated in Asia, Africa and South-America. In the marketing of NU, IFFCO states that there is scientific evidence for distinct beneficial properties in terms of higher crop yields and reduced negative environmental impacts. Similar ambitions have recently been presented for Nano Zinc, Nano Copper, and Nano Di-Ammonium-Phosphate, a product that entered the market in March 2023.MethodsIn this Opinion Paper, we compare the claims made by IFFCO scientists to the existing scientific evidence in the field of foliar nanofertilizers.ResultsWe observe that NU is a poorly described product with no scientifically proven effects. The product is marketed with misleading and wrong statements about its fertilizer efficiency, the underlying plant uptake pathways, and the environmental friendliness.ConclusionThe expectations raised by IFFCO are far from reality and may lead to large-scale yield losses with serious consequences for food security and the livelihood of farmers. At the same time, the confidence in innovative sustainable products as well as the science behind them may be threatened. Based on the IFFCO case, and considering the booming emergence of novel nano based fertilizers appearing all over the world these years, it is clear that much more priority should be given to scientifically prove their efficacy and mode of action, before they are launched on the markets.

Unveiling the Threats Beneath: Fish Mislabeling in the Brazilian Amazon Coast and its Impacts on the Critically Endangered Daggernose Shark

AbstractFish mislabeling is a global issue with far‐reaching consequences for both food security and biodiversity conservation. This practice involves the intentional or unintentional misidentification of fish species sold in markets and restaurants, often driven by economic gain or cultural preferences. The mislabeling of threatened fish species further exacerbates the problem. This manuscript focuses on an emerging mislabeling practice in the Brazilian Amazon coast, which impacts a critically endangered elasmobranch species, the Daggernose Shark Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus. More specifically, the mislabeling of the Atlantic Tripletail Lobotes surinamensis as the Acoupa Weakfish Cynoscion acoupa has led to intensified fishing activities and incidental capture of the Daggernose Shark. Traditional enforcement approaches have shown limited effectiveness, and alternative conservation interventions, including participatory management and education programs for artisanal fishers, are needed to address this complex issue.

Polygalic acid inhibits african swine fever virus polymerase activity: findings from machine learning and in vitro testing.

African swine fever virus (ASFV), an extremely contagious virus with high mortality rates, causes severe hemorrhagic viral disease in both domestic and wild pigs. Fortunately, ASFV cannot be transmitted from pigs to humans. However, ongoing ASFV outbreaks could have severe economic consequences for global food security. Although ASFV was discovered several years ago, no vaccines or treatments are commercially available yet; therefore, the identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently warranted. Using molecular docking and machine learning, we have previously identified pentagastrin, cangrelor, and fostamatinib as potential antiviral drugs against ASFV. Here, using machine learning combined with docking simulations, we identified natural products with a high affinity for AsfvPolX proteins. We selected five natural products (NPs) that are located close in chemical space to the six known natural flavonoids that possess anti-ASFV activity. Polygalic acid markedly reduced AsfvPolX polymerase activity in a dose-dependent manner. We propose an efficient protocol for identifying NPs as potential antiviral drugs by identifying chemical spaces containing high-affinity binders against ASFV in NP databases.

Food Security Status in Relation to Co-operative Enrolment Among University of Waterloo Undergraduate Students: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Purpose: Co-operative (co-op) education facilitates development of workplace competencies but may have unintended consequences for financial stability and food security. This study examined the association between co-op program enrolment and food security status among a sample of undergraduate students. Financial insufficiency and strategies to cope with it were also characterized.Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 167 co-op and 89 non-co-op students at the University of Waterloo from January to March 2019. Logistic regression assessed associations between co-op program enrolment and food insecurity.Results: Twenty-four percent of co-op and 39.3% of non-co-op students lived in moderately or severely food insecure households. Adjusting for confounders, the odds of living in moderately or severely food insecure households were lower among co-op students (adjusted odds ratio: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.27-0.97), though no association was observed when marginal food insecurity was included within the food insecure category. One-quarter (26.3%) of co-op students and 38.2% of non-co-op students reported financial insufficiency, which they tried to cope with by asking parents or friends for assistance or initiating paid work.Conclusions: Co-op program enrolment was weakly associated with lower odds of living in moderately or severely food insecure households, and food insecurity prevalence was high overall. Efforts are needed to alleviate food insecurity among postsecondary students.

Three-Dimensional Visualization of Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests

Some of the most devastating crop diseases and insect pests can be transmitted by wind over extremely long distances. These low-probability but high-impact events can have severe consequences for crop production and food security by causing epidemic outbreaks or devastating insect infestations in previously uninfected geographic areas. Two prominent examples that have recently caused substantial damage to agricultural production are novel strains of wheat rusts and desert locust swarm infestations. Whilst quantitative estimates of long-range atmospheric transport events can be obtained using meteorological transport simulations, the exact characteristics of three-dimensional spatiotemporal dynamics of crop pathogen transport and insect flight on extremely large spatial scales, over entire regions and continents, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the feasibility and usefulness of new advanced geospatial data visualization methods for studying extremely long-distance airborne transmission of crop pathogens and insect pests. We combine field surveillance data and a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model with novel techniques from computer graphics to obtain, for the first time, detailed three-dimensional visual insights into airborne crop pathogen and insect pest transport on regional and continental scales. Visual insights into long-distance dispersal of pests and pathogens are presented as a series of short 3D movies. We use interactive three-dimensional visual data analysis for explorative examination of long-range atmospheric transport events from a selection of outbreak and infestation sites in East Africa and South East Asia. The practical usefulness of advanced 3D visualization methods for improving risk estimates and early warning is discussed in the context of two operational crop disease and insect pest management systems (for wheat rusts and desert locusts). The tools and methods introduced here can be applied to other pathogens, pests, and geographical areas and can improve understanding of risks posed to agricultural production by crop disease and insect pest transmission caused by meteorological extreme events.

Ethnic plurality, political mobilisation, social divisions and the formation of conflict structures in North-Eastern Ghana

Political mobilisation is a necessary aspect of any democracy in the world. Since the introduction of democracy in Ghana, political mobilisation has become part of the political process that characterises the selection and choice of leaders. This phenomenon manifests itself differently in different geographical areas of the country. While processes of political mobilisation have received adequate academic attention, the extent to which they are immersed in coincidental ethnic cleavages to engender the formation of conflict structures in the specific region of the Bawku/Kusaug Traditional Area is less studied. This study contributes to the critical literature on political mobilisation by nuancing the debate on political mobilisation to include how political mobilisation reinforces ethnic division and creates contours and pathways through which ethnic conflicts inchoate and sophisticate. The study used a case study design of the qualitative approach to investigate the phenomenon. Twenty-seven participants were selected through an expert purposive sampling technique to partake in focus group discussions and personal interviews. The data collected through these methods were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The analysis revealed that political mobilisation in Bawku is often anchored through the ethnic elite who mobilise their people along ethnic lines for or against specified political parties. This often creates different political rewards for each ethnic group depending on the political party that emerge victorious in elections. These differential rewards lead to violent confrontations with several economic, social and security consequences. The study therefore suggested strategies to better anchor political mobilisation and ensure peaceful co-existence among ethnic groups in the Bawku/Kusaug Traditional Area, the Upper East, Northern Ghana and Ghana as a whole

When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers: the Russo-Ukrainian conflict and the decentring-recentring conundrum in EU-Africa relations

ABSTRACT This article argues that to better understand the evolution of EU-Africa relations it is necessary to decentre the EU’s external action and concurrently recentre Africa’s international agency, while also interrogating the rise of new powers in Africa. Decentring Europe and recentring Africa means challenging the assumptions that Africa needs Europe more than Europe needs Africa and that African states should align with the EU in international settings in defence of the existing global order. By provincializing the EU and engaging extensively with African voices, this article uses the Russo-Ukrainian conflict to unpack key divides between the EU and Africa on whether and how to isolate Russia, explore its consequences for food security in Africa, and expose some contradictions in the EU’s energy policy. It concludes that reconstruction in EU-Africa relations means that the EU should make grounded efforts to treat Africa as a true partner, not an afterthought.

A global meta-analysis reveals contrasting impacts of air, light, and noise pollution on pollination.

In the face of biodiversity decline, understanding the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on ecosystem functions is critical for mitigation. Elevated levels of pollution are a major threat to biodiversity, yet there is no synthesis of their impact on many of the major ecosystem functions, including pollination. This ecosystem function is both particularly vulnerable as it depends on the fine-tuned interaction between plants and pollinators and hugely important as it underpins the flora of most habitats as well as food production. Here, we untangle the impact of air, light, and noise pollution on the pollination system by systematically evaluating and synthesizing the published evidence via a meta-analysis. We identified 58 peer-reviewed articles from three databases. Mixed-effects meta-regression models indicated that air pollution negatively impacts pollination. However, there was no effect of light pollution, despite previous studies that concentrated solely on pollinators suggesting a negative impact. Evidence for noise pollution was extremely limited. Unless action is taken to tackle air pollution, the capacity to support well-functioning diverse pollination systems will be compromised, with negative consequences for habitat conservation and food security.

Development of Organic Production in Ukraine: Potential, Current Threats and Consequences for Global Food Security

The article aims to analyze the potential of organic production in Ukraine in war conditions and determine its consequences for world food security. Methodological approaches based on cluster and rating analysis of regions based on their potential in the field of organic production are proposed and provide an appropriate evaluation algorithm, mathematical tools, and strategic alternatives for all variants of data obtained in the calculation process. With the help of the given methodological approaches, the development of strategies for organic production for the primary clustering of regions, namely in Kyiv, Odesa, and Cherkasy oblasts, is proved. The system of forming a regional model of organically oriented multidisciplinary agriculture is appropriate for these regions. This will create the preconditions for organic food production, organic livestock, and related sectors of environmentally oriented economic activities. The development of an innovative component for implementing SMART-specialization projects is possible. It is substantiated that the most affected regions (Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhia) from hostilities and occupation are potential for organic production and have significant areas for agricultural production. It is projected that the other war in Ukraine will reduce the production of farm products, including organic, which will lead to food security in most countries.

Crop diversity buffers the impact of droughts and high temperatures on food production

Weather extremes like droughts and heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent worldwide, with severe consequences for agricultural production and food security. Although the effects of such events on the production of major crops is well-documented, the response of a larger pool of crops is unknown and the potential of crop diversity to buffer agricultural outputs against weather extremes remains untested. Here, we evaluate whether increasing the diversity of crop portfolios at the country level confers greater resistance to a country’s overall yield and revenues against losses to droughts and high temperatures. To do this, we use 58 years of annual data on weather, crop yields and agricultural revenues for 109 crops in 127 countries. We use the spatial distribution of each crop and their cropping cycle to determine their exposure to weather events. We find that growing greater crop diversity within countries reduces the negative impacts of droughts and high temperatures on agricultural outputs. For drought, our results suggest that the effect is explained not only by crop diversity itself, but also by the sensitivity of the most abundant crops (in terms of harvested areas) to this extreme. Countries dedicating more land to minor, drought-tolerant crops reduce the average sensitivity of country-scale crop portfolios and show greater resistance of yield and revenues to drought. Our study highlights the unexploited potential for putting crop biodiversity to work for greater resilience to weather, specifically in poorer developing countries that are likely to suffer disproportionately from climate change impacts.

Methane emissions from elements of gas distribution networks and the energy security of EU countries in time of gas wars

The scale of methane emissions from gas distribution systems has serious consequences for energy security, ensuring the security of natural gas transmission and reducing gas losses in transport. That is why it is important to determine the scale of such emissions from individual elements of the infrastructure. It has been confirmed that such emissions have a significant effect on the military security of EU co untries. The emission factor (EF) is affected by many other causes. The best method of calculating the EF is one that takes into account the most variables. A theoretical method of determining the EF has been developed, taking into consideration the age of the equipment as well as pressure, temperature and speed. When comparing the methods in the literature to date, one has to bear in mind that none of them describes the variables that affect the magnitude of the EF. To map an actual emission, it is crucial to have data that describe the gas infrastructure component under analysis, along with the most precise information available to characterise the operating conditions.

The Effects of Drug Addiction and Detoxification on the Human Oral Microbiota.

Drug addiction can powerfully and chronically damage human health. Detoxification contributes to health recovery of the body. It is well established that drug abuse is associated with poor oral health in terms of dental caries and periodontal diseases. We supposed that drug addiction and detoxification might have significant effects on the oral microbiota. To test the hypothesis, we assessed the effects of drug (heroin and methylamphetamine) addiction/detoxification on the oral microbiota based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing by an observational investigation, including 495 saliva samples from participants. The oral microbial compositions differed between non-users, current and former drug users. Lower alpha diversities were observed in current drug users, with no significant differences between non-users and former drug users. Heroin and METH addiction can cause consistent variations in several specific phyla, such as the enrichment of Acidobacteria and depletion of Proteobacteria and Tenericutes. Current drug users had significantly lower relative abundances of Neisseria subflava and Haemophilus parainfluenzae compared to non-users and former drug users. The result of random forest prediction model suggested that the oral microbiota has a powerful classification potential for distinguishing current drug users from non-users and former drug users. A cooccurrence network analysis showed that current drug users had more complex oral microbial networks and lower functional modularity. Overall, our study suggested that drug addiction may damage the balance of the oral microbiota. These results may have benefits for further understanding the effects of addiction-related oral microbiota on the health of drug users and promoting the microbiota to serve as a potential tool for accurate forensic identification. IMPORTANCE Drug addiction has serious negative consequences for human health and public security. The evidence indicates that drug abuse can cause poor oral health. In the current study, we observed that drug addiction caused oral microbial dysbiosis. Detoxication have positive effects on the recovery of oral microbial community structures to some extent. Understanding the effects of drug addiction and detoxification on oral microbial communities will promote a more rational approach for recovering the oral function and health of drug users. Furthermore, specific microbial species might be considered biomarkers that could provide information regarding drug abuse status for saliva left at crime scenes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the role of the oral microbiota in drug addiction and detoxification. Our findings give new clues to understand the association between drug addiction and oral health.

Food systems in depressed and contested agro-territories: Participatory Rural Appraisal in Odemira, Portugal

Farming regions in Europe, particularly in the South, are increasingly feeling the effects of climate change due to factors such as drought, extreme weather events, and desertification, with severe consequences for food security and food sovereignty. Additionally, decades of rural mismanagement have left countless of these farming territories severely depressed as well as at the mercy of competition for their natural resources. This paper presents and discusses the results of a Participatory Rural Appraisal conducted in the region of Odemira, Southwest Portugal. Rooted in the frameworks of agroecology and food democracy, this mixed methodology aims to support people in multiply stressed agro-territories to diagnose the state of their food systems and agroecosystems from a democratic and ecological point of view and engage local actors in imagining fairer and healthier food futures for their regions. Local food actors were invited to identify and qualify the main problems in the region's food systems, complemented by an agroecological assessment of farm production systems. The results of the study confirm the status of Odemira as a depressed and contested agro-territory, whose social, economic, and ecological vulnerability is being compounded by the clash between the model of traditional smallholder farming and that of large-scale intensive agriculture. The study also shows the potential of sustainable farming practices as well as collaboration between the different food actors to support an agroecological transition in the region. However, to jointly realise food democracy and food system sustainability, the tensions resulting from the current political support for hyper-industrialisation and the lack of democratic, institutional, and legal mechanisms available to local actors will need to be addressed head-on.

Terrorism Threats and Rising Bullion Van Robbery Attacks in Ghana

Bullion van robbery attacks have emerged as a significant security threat in Ghana in recent years. They pose grave consequences for national security and social, political, and economic stability. This paper provides an overview of Ghana’s rising bullion van robbery attacks. In the paper, realism theory is used to portray the rate of bullion van robberies and their daringness. The subsequent analysis illuminates the factors contributing to the rise of these attacks, including the current economic downturn, socioeconomic problems, and corruption complicity. It explores the potential involvement of organised crime syndicates. The paper recommends a multifaceted approach involving enhanced collaboration between security agencies. It also involves stringent regulation and oversight of cash transportation, technological innovations in security systems, and improved training for law enforcement personnel. Additionally, it emphasises the importance of public awareness campaigns and citizen engagement to foster a collective response to combat bullion van robberies. The paper concludes that the rising trend of bullion van robbery attacks in Ghana requires immediate attention from both the government and the private sector. A comprehensive strategy encompassing preventative measures, swift response mechanisms, and robust law enforcement efforts is imperative to mitigate the risks posed by these attacks. This will safeguard the nation's security and socioeconomic stability.

НАСИЛЬСТВО ЯК НЕВІД’ЄМНА СКЛАДОВА ІДЕОЛОГІЇ ТОТАЛІТАРНОЇ РОСІЇ

The proposed work reveals the dual nature of violence in the context of state ideology: as a means of ensuring order and stability, and as a potential threat to human rights and freedom. It examines how state-sanctioned violence becomes a tool of political influence and internal mobilization, as well as its consequences for international relations and global security. In particular, the impact of state violence on supporting authoritarianism and imperial ambitions, shaping the current internal and foreign policy of Russia, is discussed. The study identifies the factors and mechanisms through which violence is integrated into the state structure, and how this violence is legitimized as an instrument of state power. It analyzes how the use of state violence affects the formation of social order and political stability, highlighting its dual role and potential consequences for society and the international community. Additionally, the research encompasses historical and theoretical aspects of violence in the context of state and power development. Special attention is given to analyzing the conditions and factors that contributed to Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, leading to the most extensive war of the twentyfirst century.

The National Security Consequences of the Major Questions Doctrine

The rise of the major questions doctrine—the rule that says that in order to delegate to the executive branch the power to resolve a “question of ‘deep economic and political significance’ that is central to [a] statutory scheme,” Congress must do so expressly—threatens to unmake the modern executive’s authority over foreign affairs, especially in matters of national security and interstate conflict. In the twenty-first century, global conflicts increasingly involve economic warfare, rather than (or in addition to) the force of arms. In the United States, the executive power to levy economic sanctions and engage in other forms of economic warfare are generally based on extremely broad delegations of authority from Congress. The major questions doctrine (MQD) threatens the ability to fight modern conflicts for two reasons. First, classic national- security-related conflicts—wars of territorial conquest, terrorism, or nuclear proliferation—increasingly are met with economic measures. But the statutes that authorize economic warfare actions are incredibly broad and recent administrations have interpreted these statutes in ways that risk running afoul of an expansive and free-form MQD. Second, “foreign affairs exceptionalism,” in which the Court decides not to apply the MQD to statutes involving foreign affairs, is not likely to work well as a response because what is “foreign” and “domestic” cannot be easily distinguished and attempts to do so will have perverse consequences. The MQD raises serious problems for foreign affairs and national security. If the MQD is applied to domestic, but not foreign, delegations, then the executive branch will have an incentive to use broad foreign affairs delegations to accomplish domestic policy objectives in order to evade the safeguards and limits that attend domestic administrative action. At the same time, judges will have to police the porous boundary between “foreign” and “domestic,” with especially high error costs because wrong decisions will affect national security. If the MQD is applied to economic delegations that touch foreign commerce, the most likely consequence is that judges—particularly lower court judges—will be put in the position of second-guessing executive branch decisionmaking on precisely those questions—economic foreign policy questions of deep economic and political significance—on which the political branches enjoy both constitutional primacy and institutional expertise. This result is troubling; judges lack the knowledge and training to make effective decisions bearing on foreign policy, and putting them in the position to do so contravenes the norms of our legal system.

AI Applications and its influence on Investors’ inclination towards Bank Investment Options

The banking sector trend to achieve significant technological advancements, the banking industry globally is becoming more strategically focused. This is helping them to meet customer expectations while defending market share against increasing competition. New innovations and developing new solutions by taking advantage of data, advanced analytics, digital technologies and new delivery platforms have become critical. Banks and credit unions are innovating faster by targeting, expanding their services, delivering channels, integrating payments and using blockchain technology. This paper mainly focuses on the Artificial Intelligence Applications and its influence on Investors’ inclination towards Bank Investment Options. The study has been done upon various innovative Artificial Intelligence applications used by investors in choosing bank investment products. The study sample consists of 110 respondents and convenient sampling technique is used. From the findings it is concluded that opinion regarding Artificial Intelligence influence on investors towards choosing bank investment are highly positive and above the average level since all the value is less than 0.01, which is considered to be good study. The investors are highly benefited through these AI applications while preferring banking investment options. The role of AI and its reliability make better decisions in investor’s portfolio AI presents exciting opportunities for the banking industries, but it also poses significant challenges. In order to use AI successfully and ethically, banks must carefully assess the ethical, regulatory, and security consequences of adoption.

Efficient hardware implementation of SIMECK lightweight block cipher

The internet of things (IoT) has recently expanded, resulting in a new world of smart gadgets with substantial security consequences. For their vital security role, lightweight block ciphers have gained a significant amount of development in low resource devices (LRDs). SIMECK is a new lightweight block cipher family that incorporates the finest aspect of both SIMON and SPECK. SIMECK is a more efficient block cipher than SIMON and SPECK cipher. These lightweight ciphers are especially referred to as an alternative to the AES for RCD. In this study, area optimised architecture is implemented for SIMECK lightweight block cipher with sizes: 64/128. For implementation on different platforms such as Sparton-6, Sparton-3, Virtex-7, Virtex-6, Virtex-5 and Virtex-4 FPGA are used to examine several properties such as block size, key scheduling, and throughput, among others. The proposed area optimised architecture have attained a maximum operating frequency of 496.429 MHz with 61 slices and a high throughput of 706.032 Mbps on the Virtex-7 platform.