Security Of Energy Supply Research Articles

The Impact of International Relations Patterns on China’s Energy Security Supply, Demand, and Sustainable Development: An Exploration of Oil Demand and Sustainability Goals

This study explores the impact of international relations on China’s energy security and supply/demand dynamics, specifically focusing on new energy sources and technological advancements. Given China’s status as the world’s largest energy consumer, achieving a balance between energy supply, demand, and sustainable development is crucial. This study quantifies the influence of international relations on the energy market, particularly the uncertainties arising from geopolitical events and international tensions that affect energy supply and prices. The research findings indicate that, in a long-term cointegrated relationship, a 1% change in the geo-political risk (GPR) index leads to a 0.229% change in China’s crude oil imports. Additionally, the impact of China’s GDP growth, carbon emissions, and sustainable energy consumption is −2.176, 0.723, and 0.167, respectively. This study also discusses the reasons behind the differential impact of crude oil prices on the United States and China. Recognizing the interplay between China’s energy security and international relations is vital for effective policy formulation. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to ensure a sustainable and secure energy future.

An optimal load curtailment method for operational risk assessment of integrated electricity, natural gas and heating systems

The rapid development of gas-fired generators and combined heat and power (CHP) units promotes the wide application of integrated electricity, natural gas and heating systems (IEGHSs). IEGHSs bring many opportunities to energy supply systems, but also produce huge challenges for ensuring secure and reliable energy supply. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate the risk assessment for IEGHS operations, especially considering the complexity of system operations. First, a steady-state system model of IEGHSs is developed and linearized taking into account system operation characteristics, including generator operation constraints and the flexibility of CHP units. To reduce computation complexity, an optimal load curtailment method using a mixed integer linear programming algorithm is proposed, which considers both energy types and consumer importance of IEGHSs. Moreover, a contingency set based on the N-1 guideline is constructed taking into account the failures of IEGHSs with high probability. Additionally, the risk indices of IEGHSs are developed in two hierarchies: contingency level and system level. Furthermore, the operational risk of IEGHSs under the constructed contingency set is quantitatively evaluated using the proposed load curtailment method and the developed risk indices. Finally, case studies demonstrate the necessity of operational risk assessment and the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Energy security and economic stability: The role of inflation and war

This paper investigates the impact of energy security risk (ESR) on economic stability. Using multiple global datasets, we provide empirical evidence from a panel of 68 countries spanning over a period from 1980 to 2021. Our results indicate that high ESR reduces GDP growth rate (GDPG) from a global perspective. In robustness tests, this effect remains valid across several specifications based on non-U.S. samples, national income-level, alternative measure of economic stability, and a set of endogeneity tests based on propensity score matching estimation. Countries with pre-existing low GDPG mainly suffer from heightened energy insecurity. Further tests reveal that numerous country-specific institutional quality estimates moderate the effect. Finally, the damaging impact of ESR worsens during years of high inflation, geopolitical risk and acts, as well as of escalated war threats. We encourage international collaborations to develop a more sustainable energy system, which enhances the security of energy supply and the stability of economy.

Water-power scenarios to 2033: A mixed model

The balancing of energy and water supply-demand involves a challenging issue. Policymakers at both global and national levels are striving to ensure the security of energy and water supply while supporting economic growth. This study investigates the nexus between water and power and explores potential future directions at global and national perspectives. It considers the case of Iran, as a resource-rich developing economy, to assess real-world influences and potential outcomes. The research proposes an enhanced layered uncertainties scenario synthesizing model to develop and evaluate plausible futures within a 10-year planning horizon (2033). The model employs a novel data-gathering procedure based on experts’ inputs and intuitionistic fuzzy averaging to facilitate reliable judgments in a highly uncertain environment. Findings reveal that, from the global perspective, an energy transition is likely to gain momentum during the next decade, but the water intensity (quantity of water supplied per unit of GDP) is expected to gradually decrease. Providing reliable and secured electricity and water supply, especially for the less developed economies is likely to become an increasingly challenging matter, hindering their potential financial and technological development. The period to 2033 in Iran is expected to be shaped by political issues and international sanctions, making them the most significant future drivers. These factors are likely to have a substantial impact on Iran's decisions regarding energy and water development, as they may affect foreign investment, the cost of money, and water competition diplomacy.

Monitored data and social perceptions analysis of battery electric and hydrogen fuelled buses in urban and suburban areas

Electrification of the transportation sector is one of the main drivers in the decarbonization of energy and mobility systems and it is a way to ensure security of energy supply. Public bus fleets can assist in achieving fast reduction of CO2 emissions. This article provides an analysis of a unique real-world dataset to support decision-makers in the decarbonization of public fleets and interlink it with the social acceptance of drivers. Data was collected from 21 fuel cell and electric buses. The tank-to-wheel efficiency results of fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) are much lower than that of battery electric buses (BEB), and there is a higher variation in consumption for BEBs compared to FCEBs. Both technologies permit a strong reduction in CO2 emissions, compared to conventional buses. There is a high level of acceptance of drivers which are likely to support the transition towards zero-emission buses introduced by the management.

Energy Supply Security in Baltic States

Energy Supply Security in Baltic States

Extension of Biodiesel Aging Mechanism-the Role and Influence of Methyl Oleate and the Contribution of Alcohols Through the Use of Solketal.

The energy crisis and dependence on fossil fuels forces societies to develop alternative pathways to secure energy supplies. Therefore, non-fossil fuels such as biofuels and e-fuels can help counteract the resulting demand for existing combustion engines. However, biofuels, like biodiesel, have disadvantages in terms of oxidation stability. In general, aging of biodiesel is a complex mechanism due to interaction of various components. In order to develop an ideal fuel, the mechanism must be understood in full detail. In this work, an attempt is made to simplify the system by using methyl oleate as a biodiesel model component. In addition, other fuel components of interest such as alcohols and their respective acids help to clarify the aging mechanism. This work used isopropylidene glycerol (solketal) as the main alcohol, 1-octanol and octanoic acid. A holistic biodiesel aging scheme was developed by using generated data and evaluating the role of acids. They epoxidize unsaturated fatty acid via Prileschajev reactions. In addition, the role of epoxides in oligomerization reactions is confirmed. Moreover, the alcohols show that the suppression of oligomerization can be achieved by the reaction with methyl oleate. The alcohol-dependent aging products were determined by quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry.

Workflow for the Validation of Geomechanical Simulations through Seabed Monitoring for Offshore Underground Activities

Underground fluid storage is gaining increasing attention as a means to balance energy production and consumption, ensure energy supply security, and contribute to greenhouse gas reduction in the atmosphere by CO2 geological sequestration. However, underground fluid storage generates pressure changes, which in turn induce stress variations and rock deformations. Numerical geomechanical models are typically used to predict the response of a given storage to fluid injection and withdrawal, but validation is required for such a model to be considered reliable. This paper focuses on the technology and methodology that we developed to monitor seabed movements and verify the predictions of the impact caused by offshore underground fluid storage. To this end, we put together a measurement system, integrated into an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, to periodically monitor the seabed bathymetry. Measurements repeated during and after storage activities can be compared with the outcome of numerical simulations and indirectly confirm the existence of safety conditions. To simulate the storage system response to fluid storage, we applied the Virtual Element Method. To illustrate and discuss our methodology, we present a possible application to a depleted gas reservoir in the Adriatic Sea, Italy, where several underground geological formations could be potentially converted into storage in the future.

Distributed robust operation strategy of multi‐microgrid based on peer‐to‐peer multi‐energy trading

AbstractIn microgrid (MG) systems, traditional centralised energy trading models can lead to issues such as low energy efficiency due to unstable energy supply and lack of flexibility. Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) trading models have been widely used due to their advantages in promoting the sustainable development of renewable energy and reducing energy trading costs. However, P2P multi‐energy trading requires mutual agreements between two microgrids (MGs), and the uncertainties of renewable energy and load affects energy supply security. To address these issues, this article proposed a distributed robust operation strategy based on P2P multi‐energy trading for multi‐microgrid (MMG) systems. Firstly, a two‐stage robust optimisation (TRO) method was adopted to consider the uncertainties of P2P multi‐energy trading between MGs, which reduced the conservatism of robust optimisation (RO). Secondly, a TRO model for P2P multi‐energy trading among MGs was established based on the Nash bargaining theory, where each MG negotiates with others based on their energy contributions in the cooperation. Additionally, a distributed algorithm was used to protect the privacy of each MG. Finally, the simulation results based on three MGs showed that the proposed approach can achieve a fair distribution of cooperative interests and effectively promote cooperation among MGs.

Application of Microwave Technology in Different Fields for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction

In today's world, security of energy supply and greenhouse gas emissions due to rising energy demand are seriously threatening sustainable energy development, and it is urgent to promote energy structure reform. Microwave, as a clean and environmentally friendly green energy source, has developed rapidly in recent years. Unlike traditional heating methods, microwave heating generates heat through the random motion of polar molecules. This results in microwave heating having the advantages of selective heating, fast temperature rise, easy control and high heating efficiency. This allows microwaves to make a contribution in advancing the reform. of the energy mix. This paper investigates the use of microwave technology in different industries to save energy and reduce emissions. It finds that in the ironmaking industry, microwaves can speed up the reduction time of iron ore, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, while making iron ore more easier to crush and magnetically sort during iron ore pretreatment process. In the food industry, microwaves can reduce the time required to cook and dry, and maximise the retention of nutrients in food. In the field of waste recycling, microwaves reduce the volume of bottom radioactive waste in a shorter time and improve the efficiency of desulphurisation of waste rubber. In the Budur reaction, microwaves reduce the temperature required for the reaction and increase the conversion of carbon dioxide. After summarising the advantages of microwave technology, this paper also analyses the current shortcomings of microwave technology, introduces microwave-related patents and concludes with an outlook on the future of microwave technology.

Utilization of Carbon Dioxide and Fluidized Bed Fly Ash in Post-Industrial Land Remediation.

The utilization of carbon dioxide and combustion products in cost- and energy-efficient technologies is an important element of creating sustainable energy systems, particularly in the transition period towards carbon neutrality and in light of the latest political developments, when solid fuels are still competing for a dominant role in securing energy supplies. Within the study presented, bituminous coal-derived fluidized bed fly ash samples of high calcium content, treated using a dry carbonation method under ambient conditions, were tested in terms of their specific properties to determine their usability in the preparation of injection mixtures for the filling of voids after shallow mining activities and other selected geo-engineering techniques. The study goes beyond the existing literature in terms of the carbonation method used, alkaline earth metal source, scale of the experiment, process conditions employed and product application studied. The results showed that the bituminous coal-derived fluidized bed fly ash, carbonated using the direct method adopted, may be successfully employed as the main solid component (over 82% w/w) of the injection mixtures for filling voids after shallow mining activities. The achievable compressive strength of a few MPa makes these materials applicable also in terms of ground strengthening in case it is required in light of the expected land development options to be employed. All principal materials used in the injection mixtures developed (carbonated fluidized bed fly ash, carbon dioxide, bottom ash) are industrial waste, and the carbonation method employed is simple and performed under ambient conditions, which reduces the required energy and cost input of filling mixture production, avoids the surface waste storage requirements, and contributes to the development of low energy-intensive carbon dioxide utilization and solid waste valorization methods.

A PUBLIC ENERGY POLICY PROPOSAL FOR TURKEY IN THE LIGHT OF ECONOMETRIC FINDINGS

Energy supply security is one of the most debated issues in the energy sector in recent years. Although there is no clear agreed definition of energy supply security, there are determinations that energy should be cheap, sustainable, continuous, and available in order to ensure energy supply security. The wars and political instabilities in the region where Turkey is located have caused the issue of energy supply security to gain importance in recent years. Therefore, Turkey continues to work in areas such as oil and natural gas exploration and production, coal extraction, increasing renewable energy supply, ensuring energy efficiency, and nuclear power generation to ensure energy supply security. However, although these methods such as oil and natural gas exploration and production are useful in terms of energy supply security, they increase Turkey's fossil fuel dependency and this situation weakens Turkey's efforts to combat climate change, which is one of Turkey's goals. In this study, the impact of coal, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy production on energy dependence, which is among the most important causes of energy supply security, between 1987-2020 is analyzed by the ARDL cointegration test method. In addition, the empirical analysis is concluded by using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test to observe the causality relationship between the variables. The findings of the analysis lead to the conclusion that Turkey's domestic energy production should be restructured according to environmental priorities.

Model selection and mechanism design for electricity markets in hydropower‐rich regions: Adaptation study

AbstractThe development of foreign electricity markets has been relatively complete, while China's electricity market started late and the design of the market mechanism needs to be improved, so the selection of a suitable market model and the design of the market mechanism in hydropower‐rich regions is conducive to the healthy development of the electricity market. While most of the first eight pilot regions in China have entered the long‐period continuous operation stage, and all the second batch of six power spot pilots have started the simulation trial run. However, the construction of power markets in hydropower‐rich regions of China, Sichuan, and Yunnan, still faces multiple problems to be solved, such as ensuring the reliability of medium‐ and long‐term power supply, improving the efficiency of hydropower resources utilization and consumption scale, and maintaining the stability of market prices. In this paper, the authors establish a multi‐scale joint clearing model for different market models considering both long‐term and short‐term operation strategies, and conduct simulations of different market models at different time scales to compare and analyze the optimization results and electricity price fluctuations of different market models. It can stabilize the market price and reasonably reflect the true value of hydropower, and also promote the consumption of clean energy and guarantee the reliability of power supply in the medium and long terms. Finally, suggestions are made for the selection of electricity market models, the security of energy supply and the design of sustainable development mechanisms for hydropower in hydropower‐rich regions such as Yunnan and Sichuan in China, with a view to providing useful references for the construction of China's electricity market.

The effect of sectoral natural gas consumption on economic growth: a study of Turkey.

Turkey, which is among the developing countries, is highly dependent on foreign energy. This dependency creates a great burden on the country's economy. In recent years, Turkey has increased its hydrocarbon exploration in the seas in order to ensure energy supply security and to get rid of this burden on its economy. As a result of these exploration activities, Turkey announced that it discovered a natural gas reserve of 540 billion m3 in 2020. This study aimed to guide decision makers in the use of this discovered natural gas. To this end, this paper was examined the relationship between sectoral natural gas consumption and economic growth for Turkey in a multivariate model wherein capital and labour are included as additional variables. Using the annual data for the period 1988-2020, long- and short-run relationships were examined with the autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach. According to the long-term findings, increases in natural gas consumption in all examined sectors encourage economic growth in Turkey. It has been determined that natural gas consumption in the industrial sector provides the greatest contribution to Turkey's economic growth. In the long run, a 1% increase in the natural gas consumption of the industrial sector increases the economic growth by 0.190%. On the other hand, it was noted that a 1% increase in natural gas consumption in the conversion sector increased growth by 0.134%, while a 1% increase in housing natural gas consumption increased by 0.072%. In line with the findings obtained, policymakers in the Turkish government are advised to substitute the natural gas used in the conversion sector with renewable energy sources and to use the discovered natural gas reserve for heating purposes in housings, in order to have long-run growth rates.

“Ship-port-country” multi-dimensional research on the fine analysis of China's LNG trade

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a clean and low-carbon energy source that plays an important role in combating global warming. As the world's largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, China has taken coal-to-gas as an important measure to reduce GHG emissions, and has become the world's largest LNG importer. Studying the patterns and characteristics of China's LNG trade is of great significance for ensuring energy supply security, formulating and adjusting energy strategies. However, the refined analysis of China's LNG trade is still inadequate, mainly due to the lack of research on the details of ship trajectories and port attributes. Therefore, a “ship-port-country” multidimensional LNG trade analysis method is proposed to improve the timeliness, multi-dimensionality and fineness of China's LNG trade analysis. The multidimensional characteristics of China's LNG trade are analyzed by studying the big data of nearly 3.5 billion automatic identification system (AIS) records in 2017. The study has found that (1) The arrival frequency of China's LNG trading ships varies greatly with time. For example, the most frequent daily arrivals are between 04:00 and 05:00 in the morning, while the least frequent arrivals are between 15:00 and 17:00 in the afternoon. (2) The Chinese LNG trade network consisting of 79 ports has been formed, of which NANTONG Port is the most important port. (3) The LNG trade volume calculated in this study has shown a strong correlation with the national LNG trade statistics and can be used to analyze LNG trade with higher spatial and temporal resolution. According to the characteristics of LNG trade at the three levels of ship, port and country, China can optimize its LNG trade policy from the following aspects: (1) Dynamically allocate port resources according to the arrival frequency of LNG tankers to reduce port congestion and waste of resources. (2) Expand core LNG trading ports such as NANTONG Port, ZHOUSHAN Port, TANGSHAN (JINGTANG) Port, XIUYU Port, DALIAN Port and LUSHUN Port. (3) Actively realize the diversification of LNG trading partners to reduce the dependence of LNG import sources on one country or region, and ensure energy security. The “ship-port-country” multi-level LNG trade analysis method proposed in this study provides a new research perspective for the analysis of the LNG trade pattern. This study reveals the multidimensional characteristics of China's LNG trade, which can provide decision-making support for China to formulate reasonable LNG trade policies and energy security policies, and is conducive to the stable and sustainable development of global LNG trade.

Technology Focus: EOR Operations (June 2023)

While supply disruptions and price volatility are not new to the oil and gas industry, the dramatic drop in oil prices because of the COVID-19 pandemic severely affected global enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. To add fuel to the fire, the current geopolitical scenario leading to a surge in commodity prices and supply chain disruptions exacerbated this situation by negating any chances of recovery, at least in the short term. Concurrently, the rise in energy consumption and increasing demand for energy security worldwide warrants the need to increase global hydrocarbon production. However, rising environmental concerns with regard to greenhouse gas emissions, coupled with a decrease in the availability of easy-to-produce hydrocarbon resources, mandate the need for a gradual shift toward optimized recovery strategy in a sustainable and cost-efficient manner. As a result, current circumstances dictate focusing on low-cost and low-carbon EOR barrels to secure energy supply in the shorter term while continuing to develop innovative technologies and strategies for enhancing production in the longer term. Energy consumption for mature waterfloods increases sharply at higher water cuts primarily because of the recirculation of water through the existing swept pathways. Lower volumetric sweep in reservoirs leads to excessive water production and less oil recovery. To curb the menace of excess water production, conventional EOR techniques such as polymerflooding or in-depth conformance-control techniques are mostly implemented. Both methods have demonstrated cost savings because of reduced watercuts and reductions in CO2 generation by lowering reinjection of produced water. Additional costs of injectants, transport, and topside facilities, however, contribute to higher project costs. Early optimization measures for existing waterfloods using machine-learning (ML) approaches could enable optimal reservoir management and production by delineating reservoir heterogeneities more efficiently and predicting more-effective interwell connectivity. Furthermore, ML could contribute directly to the optimization and surveillance of EOR applications, which would subsequently affect the performance and the cost of such projects, thereby supporting the achievement of low-cost and low-carbon EOR barrels. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 214268 A Novel Approach To Combine Models To Evaluate Interwell Connectivity in a Waterflooded Reservoir With Limited Injection History by Yanfidra Djanuar, Dragon Oil, et al. SPE 210657 A Laboratory-to-Field Approach and Evaluation of Low-Salinity Waterflooding Process for High-Temperature/High-Pressure Carbonate Reservoirs by Hemanta Kumar Sarma, University of Calgary, et al. IPTC 22733 Like Cures Like Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery in Biodegraded Crude by Thanapong Ketmalee, PTTEP, et al.

A Review on Bio-Lubricants as an Alternative Green Product:Tribological Performance, Mechanism, Challenges and Future Opportunities

Industries, especially those related to transportation, have relied extensively on petroleum products for lubrication, raising serious questions about the security of the world energy supply in the future. Observed that the end-products might be released back into the environment, posing major environmental risks. As a result, bio-based products have attracted increasing interest as prospective replacement to mineral-based type due to their important role in resolving the issues of pollution. With renewability and biodegradability as their greatest points, bio-based lubricants have been discovered to offer superior lubricating qualities to those of traditional mineral lubricants but currently have some undesirable qualities that need to be improved based on the literatures. Therefore, this research objective is to showcase the potential of bio-lubricants, both in terms of their environmental benefits and for technical applications, based on studies that have been published over the years. Review of the natural oil's molecular structures, physio-chemical characteristics, and lubricating ability is crucial for the creation and choice of lubricants. Owing to their accessibility in a wide range of characteristics, which are necessary for specific applications, bio-based lubricant is a possible replacement for a variety of applications, according to the primary findings. The results showed that sunflower oil improved in reducing friction and wear by 93.7% and 70.1%; and 77.7% and 74.1%, under TiO2 and SiO2 studied, against base lubricant values of 0.0511 and 11.2414 (mm3), respectively. However, to get beyond some of the restrictions such as poor low temperature and oxidative stability, adequate chemical modification is necessary in solving agglomeration challenges.

FARKLI YÜKLEME ŞARTLARI İÇİN XLPE İZOLELİ DENİZALTI KABLOLARININ ISIL ANALİZİ

Submarine cables are critical assets that play an indispensable role in interconnected power systems, particularly in cross-sea energy transmission and offshore wind turbines. Their importance is further accentuated in exigent situations such as natural disasters and war, which emphasize the need for secure, reliable and uninterrupted energy supply. Furthermore, the investment and operating costs of submarine cables are relatively higher than other power system equipment, making it essential to operate them under the rated operating conditions to prevent possible faults and ensure power system stability. As thermal stress can lead to damage of cable insulation, it is an essential parameter to consider. Overloading increases thermal stress, resulting in rapid aging of the cable insulation and a shorter cable lifetime. Therefore, it is imperative to determine the maximum conductor temperatures and current carrying capacities of submarine cables under varying loading rates and ambient conditions using thermal analysis. In this study, thermal analyses are carried out for a three-phase, 220 kV HVAC, XLPE insulated submarine cable under different loading conditions. The findings demonstrate that the maximum temperature, current carrying capacity, and total losses of the cable are significantly impacted by loading rate, phase imbalance, and seawater temperature.

Experimental investigation of hydrogen-intensified synthetic natural gas production via biomass gasification: a technical comparison of different production pathways

A sustainable and secure energy supply requires alternative concepts for energy generation. Utilizing biomass to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG) allows the synthesis of a currently widely used energy carrier on a renewable basis. The additional integration of hydrogen increases the carbon utilization of the biomass. This study experimentally investigates and compares the production of raw-SNG in three novel process chain configurations combining the advanced dual fluidized bed (DFB) gasification technology, gas cleaning units, and a fluidized bed methanation reactor. The three process chains comprise the direct methanation of DFB product gas, a hybrid route with hydrogen addition to the DFB product gas, and the methanation of a hydrogen-enriched product gas generated through DFB gasification with in situ CO2 removal (SER process). The direct methanation of the DFB product gas yielded a raw-SNG CH4 content of 40 vol.-%db at 360 °C and atmospheric pressure conditions. Through the integration of external hydrogen in a hybrid process, the carbon utilization of the biomass could be increased from 37% to around 70% at an unchanged cold gas efficiency of 58–59%. Via the SER process, a high raw-SNG CH4 content of 70 vol.-%db was achieved at an increased cold gas efficiency of 66% without the need for external hydrogen. Finally, a comparison points out the main advantages of the process configurations and provides a decision basis for novel SNG production pathways.

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Carbon Sink Indicators—NPP and Its Driving Analysis in Ordos City, China

Ordos City is an important energy supply city for Chinese provinces and cities, providing a secure energy supply for China while also generating corresponding environmental pollution. Examining the spatiotemporal patterns of net primary productivity (NPP) in Ordos City and its driving factors is relevant to the realization of the carbon emission policy in Inner Mongolia. This study was undertaken to analyze NPP and its driving factors in Ordos City from 2000 to 2019 using NPP data, CO2 spatial grid data, meteorological data and statistical yearbook data accordingly. The NPP in Ordos City increased significantly from 2000 to 2019, mainly showing low values of NPP in the northwest and high values in the southeast. The usable grassland area and annual mean precipitation had a significant positive correlation with NPP, whereas the other factors had a more significant negative correlation. The usable grassland area had the largest influence on NPP, and fixed asset investment had the smallest influence on NPP. The total NPP–anthropogenic factor regression model and the mean NPP–natural factor regression model constructed allow for the prediction of NPP. Anthropogenic carbon emissions, population growth and usable grassland area were the main causes of NPP changes. Planting and protecting green plants and scientific and effective energy extraction plans are measures that enhance the degree of carbon sequestration in Ordos City.