Methods Section Research Articles

Numerical analysis of fire-exposed reinforced concrete sections for assessing post-heating axial and flexural capacity

PurposeThis study investigates the impact of the fire decay phase on structural damage using the sectional analysis method. The primary objective of this work is to forecast the non-dimensional capacity parameters for the axial and flexural load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) sections for heating and the subsequent post-heating phase (decay phase) of the fire.Design/methodology/approachThe sectional analysis method is used to determine the moment and axial capacities. The findings of sectional analysis and heat transfer for the heating stage are initially validated, and the analysis subsequently proceeds to determine the load capacity during the fire’s heating and decay phases by appropriately incorporating non-dimensional sectional and material parameters. The numerical analysis includes four fire curves with different cooling rates and steel percentages.FindingsThe study’s findings indicate that the rate at which the cooling process occurs after undergoing heating substantially impacts the axial and flexural capacity. The maximum degradation in axial and flexural capacity occurred in the range of 15–20% for cooling rates of 3 °C/min and 5 °C/min as compared to the capacity obtained at 120 min of heating for all steel percentages. As the fire cooling rate reduced to 1 °C/min, the highest deterioration in axial and flexural capacity reached 48–50% and 42–46%, respectively, in the post-heating stage.Research limitations/implicationsThe established non-dimensional parameters for axial and flexural capacity are limited to the analysed section in the study owing to the thermal profile, however, this can be modified depending on the section geometry and fire scenario.Practical implicationsThe study primarily focusses on the degradation of axial and flexural capacity at various time intervals during the entire fire exposure, including heating and cooling. The findings obtained showed that following the completion of the fire’s heating phase, the structural capacity continued to decrease over the subsequent post-heating period. It is recommended that structural members' fire resistance designs encompass both the heating and cooling phases of a fire. Since the capacity degradation varies with fire duration, the conventional method is inadequate to design the load capacity for appropriate fire safety. Therefore, it is essential to adopt a performance-based approach while designing structural elements' capacity for the desired fire resistance rating. The proposed technique of using non-dimensional parameters will effectively support predicting the load capacity for required fire resistance.Originality/valueThe fire-resistant requirements for reinforced concrete structures are generally established based on standard fire exposure conditions, which account for the fire growth phase. However, it is important to note that concrete structures can experience internal damage over time during the decay phase of fires, which can be quantitatively determined using the proposed non-dimensional parameter approach.

CAR-T Cell Therapy for Cancer

Objective: To provide a basic overview of the status of CAR-T cell therapy and foresee its future applicability in cancer treatment. Method: The search engines PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Web of Science were employed in obtaining peer-reviewed articles using the criteria outlined in the method section. Main points: CAR-T cell therapy has proved a lifesaving option for hematological malignancies despite its huge cost per treatment. Clinical trials are still ongoing to improve the effectiveness of this therapy for solid tumors as well as make it more affordable and easier to set up. Conclusion: CAR-T cell therapy represents a useful addition to the arsenal in the fight against cancer, particularly in lifesaving scenarios in dealing with serious hematological malignancies.

Method of the known cross sections for calibration of the fast neutron spectrometer with a single-crystal stilbene based detector

The present work is devoted to implementation of the stilbene-based neutron spectrometer energy calibration method. The results of experiments with portable neutron generators and 238PuBe source and scattering materials with known cross sections are used for this method. It is shown that the submitted method makes it possible to carry out fast neutron spectrometry in the energy range from 1 to 15 MeV with the uncertainty of the unfolded neutron energy no more than 200 keV. Neutron spectra unfolding was carried out based on the measured spectra and a Geant4 simulated response matrix. Unfolded spectra were compared with the literature data and reference spectra.

Comprehensive Analysis of Ferrocement-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beam

Starting with the premise that the choice of the optimal method for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structures is a complex task and that ferrocement strengthening is comparable to other advanced strengthening technologies due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of construction, and durability, this paper presents a comparative study of the flexural bearing capacity of RC beams strengthened with ferrocement strips applied by gluing. An overview of the life cycle assessment (LCA) based on embodied energy or CO2 is presented in the introduction, based on the existing literature review. The research includes tests of 15 RC beams of identical cross-sections (150/250 mm) and a span of 3000 mm. Strengthening was conducted by applying four types of ferrocement strips (different widths and wire mesh layers). Two factors were examined: the verification of the comprehensive FEM numerical model against the experimental results and the applicability of existing simplified calculation methods for sufficiently accurate results which could be used in regular practice. The results show that the failure forces obtained from numerical models and experimental models differ by no more than 3.94%. The increase in the bearing capacity of the strengthened models is up to 21.4%. The transformed area method for the cracked section showed good results when compared to the FEM and experimental models. The analytically calculated failure force is contingent upon the partial factor for variable action, which was explored within the 1.5–1.7 range.

Navigating Media Regulation in Islamic Societies: Challenges, and Ethical Considerations

This empirical paper investigates the regulatory challenges and strategies for enhancing media content production in Islamic societies. The Introduction outlines the importance of media regulation within cultural and religious contexts, emphasizing the need for balanced approaches that uphold freedom of expression while respecting societal values. The Method section discusses the methodologies employed to analyze current regulatory frameworks, including legal reviews, stakeholder interviews, and comparative analysis. Results indicate various challenges, including legal restrictions, technological disruptions, and cultural sensitivities, necessitating collaborative approaches and innovative solutions. The Discussion explores recommendations for future regulatory initiatives, such as embracing digital transformation, strengthening legal protections, promoting media literacy, and fostering cross-cultural dialogue. Overall, this study highlights the complexity of media regulation in Islamic societies and underscores the importance of adaptive and inclusive approaches to address evolving challenges while upholding ethical and cultural values.

Carbonnet: How Computer Vision Plays a Role in Climate Change? Application: Learning Geomechanics from Subsurface Geometry of CCS to Mitigate Global Warming

We introduce a new approach using computer vision to predict the land surface displacement from subsurface geometry images for Carbon Capture and Seques- tration (CCS). CCS has been proved to be a key component for a carbon neutral society. However, scientists see there are challenges along the way including the high computational cost due to the large model scale and limitations to generalize a pre-trained model with complex physics. We tackle those challenges by training models directly from the subsurface geometry images. The goal is to understand the respons of land surface displacement due to carbon injection and utilize our trained models to inform decision making in CCS projects. We implement multiple models (CNN, ResNet, and ResNetUNet) for static me- chanics problem, which is a image prediction problem. Next, we use the LSTM and transformer for transient mechanics scenario, which is a video prediction problem. It shows ResNetUNet outperforms the others thanks to its architecture in static mechanics problem, and LSTM shows comparable performance to transformer in transient problem. This report proceeds by outlining our dataset in detail followed by model descriptions in method section. Result and discussion state the key learning, observations, and conclusion with future work rounds out the paper.

Removal of Horizontally Impacted Mandibular Third Molars Using the Three-Piece or T-Shaped Tooth Sectioning Method

BackgroundThe extraction of horizontally impacted mandibular third molars (HM3) can be a complicated surgery. Appropriate tooth sectioning methods can reduce the operation time and postoperative complications. PurposeThe current study compares operative time and postoperative pain between HM3 removed using the three-piece or T-shaped tooth sectioning techniques. Study design, setting, sampleA randomized single-blind prospective clinical trial on HM3 extraction was carried out between June and December 2022 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University. Patients with local or systemic infection, poor oral hygiene and systemic disease were excluded. Predictor variableThe predictor variable was the tooth sectioning method. The subjects were randomized to three-piece or T-shaped group. Main outcome variablesThe primary outcome variables were the operative time and postoperative pain measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The secondary outcome variables were the rates of primary bleeding, mouth opening reduction (MOR), swelling, patient satisfaction measured using a VAS and quality of life measured using a postoperative symptom severity (PoSSe) scale. CovariatesThe covariates included age, sex, side and classification of HM3, and the relationship of HM3 to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal. AnalysesThe data were analyzed using the independent samples t-test, paired t-test, chi-square and rank sum test. A significance level set at P < 0.05. ResultsThe sample included 60 patients in the three-piece group and 66 patients in the T-shaped group. The operative time of the three-piece group (14.73 ± 3.21 min) was shorter than that of the T-shaped group (19.25 ± 4.29 min) (P < 0.05). On day 3 and 7, VAS of pain were 2.24±1.89 and 0.15±0.40 in the three-piece group , and 3.95±2.44 and 0.48±0.68 in the T-shaped group (P < 0.05). The VAS of patient satisfaction in three-piece group (6.05±1.29) was better than T-shaped group (4.90±1.05) on day 7 (P < 0.05). Conclusion and RelevanceThe three-piece tooth sectioning for HM3 removal was associated with shorter duration, slighter postoperative symptoms and higher patient satisfaction, and may be considered as a recommended practice for dentists.

PEWARISAN RUGAE PALATINA ORANGTUA PADA ANAK SEBAGAI SARANA IDENTIFIKASI ODONTOLOGI FORENSIK PADA ETNIS BANJAR

Background: Rugae palatine is a forensic organ that can survive and not be altered by any trauma such as from burns. Rugae palatina is one of the organs in the oral cavity that is unique in that there is no same pattern between individuals. This pattern also has peculiarities between individuals and gender. Palatine rugae can also be inherited from parents to children. Purpose: To analyze the inheritance of palatine rugae from parents to children in Banjar Ethnicity. Method: The method used in this research is analytic research with cross sectional method. This study was conducted on 32 families or 96 people whose number of students was divided into 16 men and 16 women. This study was conducted with photographic techniques using fullframe cameras and lenses, occlusal mirrors, LED lights. The results of photography are carried out in the editing stage in the photoshop application with the pentool feature. The data obtained and analyzed using the contingency coefficient correlation test. Results: The results showed a correlation in palatal rugae patterns. The father-offspring and mother-offspring contingency coefficient scores (0.708, 0.760) respectively which indicated a strong correlation in shape patterns between offspring and their parents. These correlations were statistically significant (p value ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: There is a strong and significant inheritance of palatine rugae between father and mother in children. Fathers and mothers have an equal chance of inheriting palatine rugae.Keywords : Banjar Tribe, Forensics, Inheritance, Palatine Rugae, Personal Identification.

Study on the Application of Functional Movement Screen in the Design of Individualized Physical Training Programs for Adolescents

This article aims to explore the application and effects of Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in the design of individualized physical training programs for adolescents. The introduction section introduces FMS as a tool to assess the quality of movement patterns, its current application status in various sports fields, and points out that its application in physical training for adolescents is still an under explored zone. The research method section adopts a quantitative research method to analyze the application of FMS in designing individualized physical training programs and its impact on physical training effects and sports injuries through FMS testing and physical training of 100 adolescent athletes aged between 12-16 years. The results show that the application of FMS testing can effectively improve the movement patterns of adolescent athletes, enhance their physical performance, and reduce the risk of sports injuries. However, there are also some limitations in the study, such as the relatively small sample size and short training duration, which may affect the stability and generalization of the results. The conclusion summarizes that the application of FMS testing in the design of individualized physical training programs for adolescents has positive effects, providing new theoretical and practical guidance for adolescent physical training. However, more research is still needed to further validate these results.

Author Correction: Effects of comprehensive care measures based on the HAPA model on self-care, neurotransmitters and clinical outcomes in cerebral infarction patients.

Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (10): 4462-4470-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202305_32452-published online on May 29, 2023. After publication, the authors have discovered a mistake in the number of male and female patients in the Patients and Methods section. Therefore, the following sentence "58 male patients and 42 female patients" is corrected into "71 male and 39 female patients". The corrections do not affect the article's results and conclusion as patients are reported correctly in the text as well as figures and tables. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/32452.

Latent profiles as predictors of response to instruction for students with reading difficulties.

The program code developed by others is appropriately cited in the text and listed in the references section. The raw and processed data on which study conclusions are based are not available. The statistical syntax needed to reproduce analyses in the article is available upon request. The methods section provides references for the materials described therein. We report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions, all manipulations, and all measures in the study, and we follow APA Style Journal Article Reporting Standards. This study's design, hypotheses, and data analytic plan were not pre-registered. Prior research supports the need for elementary-aged students with reading difficulties (RD) to receive explicit systematic small group evidence-based reading instruction. Yet for many students, simply receiving an evidence-based reading instruction in a small group setting is insufficient to reach the progress milestones needed to meet grade level reading standards. The current study examined whether: (1) elementary school students with RD constitute a homogeneous or heterogeneous groups when considering their basic language and cognitive skills (using a latent profile analysis), and (2) if latent profiles are predictive of response to reading comprehension instruction (using a mixed modeling approach). The sample consisted of 335 students, including students with RD and typical students (n = 57). The results revealed heterogeneity within students with RD - there were two distinct profiles, with one having higher basic language (reading fluency and decoding) and cognitive (verbal domain productivity, cognitive flexibility, working memory) skills and lower attention skills, and the other having stronger attention skills and lower basic language and cognitive skills. The findings also suggested that latent profiles were predictive of response to reading comprehension instruction. Our results provide a convincing argument for leading the field in the direction of developing customized interventions. It is conceivable, but remains to be further examined, that researchers and educators could potentially improve reading outcomes through providing a customized reading intervention to a student based on their cognitive-language profile.

IJCM_16A: Calcium supplementation in pregnancy: adherence, determinants and barriers

Background: Calcium intake of 1gram/day in pregnancy reduces the risk of pre-ecclampsia and preterm birth. Universal free calcium supplementation program was started throughout India at considerable cost to the government. Although coverage is high, this program is only effective if there is good adherence among mothers, and this is unknown. Objectives: 1. To estimate the prevalence of adherence to calcium tablets among mothers attending antenatal clinic at Kundrathur PHC. 2. To identify the determinants and barriers to Calcium tablet adherence. Methodology: A cross sectional mixed methods study was conducted among mothers attending antenatal clinic at Kundrathur PHC during November 2023. Mothers with &gt;20 weeks gestation were recruited consecutively. They were interviewed using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Barriers to adherence was elicited by freelisting and analysed with Visual Anthropac. Results: 89 mothers completed the study. The participants had a mean age of 25.29+4.275 years. Majority of mothers were literate, and primi gravida (57.3%). Mean MMAS score was 4.98+1.79(95% CI 4.61, 5.36) out of maximum possible 8. Adherence was low among 69.7%, medium in 23.6% and high in only 6.7%. Only 3.4% mothers were aware of the role of calcium in hypertension. There was a significant association between adherence and level of education (X2 37.422, df 8, p&lt;0.001) and having a support person (OR 11.5 95%CI 2.568, 51.502). Major barriers identified were forgetfulness (S 0.462), big tablets (S 0.205), difficulty in swallowing (S 0.130), timing (S.077), and vomiting (S 0.077). Conclusion: Adherence to Calcium supplementation is low among mothers. Educating mothers regarding importance and role of calcium may ensure better results of the program. Forgetfulness is the major barrier, and having a designated support partner in pregnancy, who helps in reminding and giving supplements, can help improve the adherence.

Validation and Efficiency Evaluation of Automated Quality Assurance Software SunCHECK™ Machine for Mechanical and Dosimetric Quality Assurance.

Recent decades have witnessed transformative advances in radiation physics and computer technology, revolutionizing the precision of radiation therapy. The adoption of intricate treatment techniques such as three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, and image-guided radiotherapy necessitates robust quality assurance (QA) programs. This study introduces the SunCHECK™ Machine (SCM), a web-based QA platform, presenting early results from its integration into a comprehensive QA program. linear accelerators (LINAC) demand QA programs to uphold machine characteristics within accepted tolerances. The increasing treatment complexity underscores the need for streamlined procedures. The selection of QA tools is vital, requiring efficiency, accuracy, and alignment with clinic needs, as per recommendations such as the AAPM task group 142 report. The materials and methods section details SCM implementation in various QA aspects, encompassing daily QA (DQA), imaging QA with Catphan, conventional output assessment with a water phantom, and LINAC isocenter verification through the Winston-Lutz test. Challenges in QA processes, such as manual data transcription and limited device integration, are highlighted. Early results demonstrate SCM's significant reduction in QA time, ensuring accuracy and efficiency. Its automation eliminates interobserver variation and human errors, contributing to time savings and near-immediate result publication. SCM's role in consolidating and storing DQA data within a single platform is emphasized, offering potential in resource optimization, especially in resource-limited settings. In conclusion, SCM shows promise for efficient and accurate mechanical and dosimetric QA in radiation therapy. The study underscores SCM's potential to address contemporary QA challenges, contributing to improved resource utilization without compromising quality and safety standards.

Correction to "Anger has benefits for attaining goals" by Lench et al. (2023).

Reports an error in "Anger has benefits for attaining goals" by Heather C. Lench, Noah T. Reed, Tiffany George, Kaitlyn A. Kaiser and Sophia G. North (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advanced Online Publication, Oct 30, 2023, np). In the article (https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa 0000350), the first paragraph in the Method section of Study 4 has been revised. All paragraphs in the Results section of Study 4 have been revised. Table 1 and Figure 5 have been updated. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2024-17814-001.) Functional accounts of emotion have guided research for decades, with the core assumption that emotions are functional-they improve outcomes for people. Based on functional accounts of emotion, we theorized that anger should improve goal attainment in the presence of challenges. In seven studies, goal attainment was assessed in situations that involved varying levels of challenges to goal attainment. Across studies, anger compared to a neutral condition resulted in behavior that facilitated greater goal attainment on tasks that involved challenges. With a goal to solve difficult puzzles, anger resulted in more puzzles correctly solved (Study 1). With a goal to attain prizes, anger increased cheating rates and numbers of unearned prizes (Study 2). With a goal to do well in a video game, anger increased scores on a game with challenges to be avoided, but not other scores (Study 3). In two studies, examining the consequences of anger in response to the challenging task that was the focus of that anger, anger decreased reaction time with goals to win trials (Study 4), and predicted making the effort to vote in two contentious elections (Study 5). With a goal to protect financial resources, anger increased action taken to prevent loss compared to a physiological arousal condition (Study 6). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Analysis of Determinant Factors of The Bed Occupancy Rate of Ar-Rahman and Al-Ikhlas Inpatients at IBNU SINA YW UMI Hospital, 2023

Hospitals are required to provide the best and highest quality services so that more and more patients will be comfortable and satisfied when going to the hospital for treatment. This study aims to analyze the determinants of the BOR value of Ibnu Sina YW UMI Hospital. The type of research is quantitative research, descriptive analysis using a cross sectional method, and the research sample was 27 people. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis to describe the characteristics of each research variable. The research results found that the BOR (Bed Occupancy Rate) value for Ar-Rahman and Al-Ikhlas inpatient care at Ibnu Sina YW UMI Hospital was efficient according to standards. The hospital service that influences the inpatient BOR value is satisfaction with the nutritional food menu provided. Hospital facilities that influence inpatient BOR values are satisfaction with radiology facilities. The general perception of patients that influences the inpatient BOR value is a feeling of great satisfaction with fast service. It is hoped that this research can help determine the factors determining the Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) value of Ar-Rahman and Al-Ikhlas Inpatients at Ibnu Sina YW UMI Hospital.

FILTERING STRATEGIES FOR SMARTPHONE EMITTED DIGITAL SIGNALS

In today's digitalized and technology-driven society, where the number of IoT devices and the volume of collected data is exponentially increasing, the use of sensor data has become a necessity in certain fields of activity. This paper presents a concise history of sensor evolution and specialization, with a focus on the sensors used for localization, particularly those present in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that make up inertial measurement units. The study starts with a general overview and progresses towards a more specific analysis of data sets collected from an accelerometer. In the materials and methods section, it emphasizes the imperfect nature of sensor measurements and the need to filter digital signals. Three different digital signal filtering techniques belonging to distinct filter categories are comparatively analyzed, with each technique having its own particularities, advantages and disadvantages. The analysis considers the effectiveness in reducing measurement errors, the impact of the filtering process on the original signal, the ability to highlight the underlying phenomenon, as well as the performance of the analyzed algorithms. The ultimate purpose of this article is to determine which filtration method is best suited for the signal at hand in the context of an indoor localization application.

The Association Between Smoking Activity and Physical Fitness of Males Aged 18-22 Years at Udayana University

Background. Lack of movement activity in a person can lead to a decrease in physical fitness. There are many factors that affect physical fitness, one of which is smoking. Smoking has become a lifestyle in some developing countries, including Indonesia. The habit of smoking is easily found in various environments, including students. Therefore, researchers want to conduct further research to find the association between smoking habits and physical fitness in male aged 18-22 years at Udayana University. Method. This research is a cross sectional method. The research subjects were males aged 18-22 years totaling 95 people. The research was conducted in direct and indirect ways. The direct way is used to measure the physical fitness of the respondents using the Multi Stage Fitness Test (MSFT). The indirect way (questionnaire) is used to determine the level of smoking habits of respondents. The research will be conducted at Udayana University for 3 months starting from January to March 2024. Result. The results showed that 33 samples (34.7%) smoked with low intensity, 20 samples (21.1%) smoked with moderate intensity, and 42 samples (44.2%) smoked with high intensity. Based on MSFT, 41 samples (43.2%) had very poor physical fitness, 37 samples (38.9%) had poor physical fitness, and 17 samples (17.9%) had good physical fitness. This study showed a weak association between smoking activity and physical fitness (p = 0.01; r = -0.376). Conclusion. The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant association between smoking habits and physical fitness in males aged 18-22 years at Udayana University with a value of p = 0.01. The correlation coefficient shows -0.376 which means there is a weak association between smoking activity and physical fitness. The minus value shows an inversely proportional association between smoking activity and physical fitness where if there is an increase in smoking frequency, the level of physical fitness will decrease. Keywords: smoking, physical fitness, male

Factors Related to the Incident of Diarrhea in Elementary School Children in Muara Burnai Village II

Poor snack food habits with a diversity of snacks encourages children's snack habits at school, because they can spend a third of their time at school. However, there are still many children who have the habit of consuming snacks and poor hand and nail hygiene habits The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea in elementary school. This research was quantitative with the Cross Sectional method. The sample in this study amounted to 118 respondents, which were determined by simple random sampling technique. Respondents were dominated by women as many as 77 respondents (65.3%), and the age of the respondents was dominated by the age category 11-12 years as many as 60 respondents (50.8%). Bivariate analysis resulted that there was a significant relationship between the frequency of snack food consumption, the choice of snack foods, the habit of washing hands, and cleanliness of nails with the incidence of diarrhea, while the habit of carrying lunch had no significant relationship with the incidence of diarrhea in elementary school in Muara Burnai Village II. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the selection of snack foods was the most dominant variable influencing the incidence of diarrhea in elementary school children with (p-value=0.030; PR=29.291; CI 95%)=1.393-615.854) after controlling for the variable frequency of snack food consumption, washing habits hand and nail hygiene. The schools should make regulations related to standards for traders so that they become healthy canteens in school.

Integrative leaf anatomy structure, physiology, and metabolome analyses revealed the response to drought stress in sainfoin at the seedling stage.

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia) is a vital legume forage, and drought is the primary element impeding sainfoin growth. The anatomical structure, physiological indexes, and metabolites of the leaves of sainfoin seedlings with a drought-resistant line of P1 (DRL) and a drought-sensitive material of 2049 (DSM) were analyzed under drought (-1.0 MPa) with polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). The leaf anatomy was studied by the paraffin section method. The related physiological indexes were measured by the hydroxylamine oxidation method, titanium sulfate colorimetric method, thiobarbituric acid method, acidic ninhydrin colorimetric method, and Coomassie brilliant blue method. The metabolomics analysis was composed of liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results revealed that the thickness of the epidermis, palisade tissue, and sponge tissue of DRL were significantly greater than those of DSM. The leaves of DRL exhibited lower levels of superoxide anion (O2 •-) production rate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared with DSM, while proline (Pro) content and soluble protein (SP) content were significantly higher than those of DSM. A total of 391 differential metabolites were identified in two samples. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment showed that the primary differential metabolites were concentrated into the tyrosine metabolism; isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis; ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis; neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin biosynthesis; and anthocyanin biosynthesis metabolic pathways. Compared with DSM, DRL had more complete anatomical structure, lower active oxygen content, and higher antioxidant level. The results improved our insights into the drought-resistant mechanisms in sainfoin.

Determination of the Relationship Between the Number of Clusters and Primary Bud Size in Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca Grapevines by Histological Sectioning Method

This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between the number of clusters and of primary buds size in dormant grapevine winter buds. In addition, it has been tried to determine how the size of the primary bud and the cluster primordials in it change according to the position on one-year-old shoots. In this study, Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Karaerik’ and Vitis labrusca L. cv. 'Ülkemiz' varieties was used. Primary buds are separated from other shoot beds (secondary and tertiary buds) with the a scalpel, and fixation, vacuuming, paraffin impregnation, paraffin embedding, freezing, sectioning and tissue staining were performed, respectively. The stained samples were examined microscopically, images were taken and these images were transferred to the computer and histological analyzes was made. In the study, it was determined that bud sizes including three clusters were statistically different (p &amp;lt; 0.05) from other bud sizes (without clusters, one cluster and two clusters of buds). It was determined that there were statistical differences between cultivars in terms of both bud size and the number of cluster. In addition, it was determined that the middle (0.77) buds of the ‘Karaerik’ variety contained more clusters than the basal (0.66) and apical (0.59) buds, whereas the apical (1.19) buds of ‘Ülkemiz’ variety contained more clusters than the basal (0.88) and middle (0.98) buds. It is very important to know the structural features of the buds in order to make the right pruning application suitable for the variety.