Second-degree Burns In Rats Research Articles

Effect of Spatholobus suberectus (Fabaceae) extract on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the wound-healing effect of Spatholobus suberectus (Fabaceae) on seconddegree burns in a rat model.Methods: The animals were divided into normal, negative control, as well as 10 % Spatholobus suberectus (SS) (SS10), 20 % SS (SS20) and standard (STD) groups. Second-degree burns were inflicted by exposing a 3 × 3 cm sterile area of skin to boiling water for 10 min. The animals were treated topically twice daily for 2 weeks. Wound contraction (%) was measured after 2 weeks, while wound tissue histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin & eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. In addition, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde kit) and cytokine secretion (ELISA) were measured in liver and plasma, respectively.Results: The results of this study suggest that topical application of SS for 2 weeks significantly increases wound closure compared with the negative control. Moreover, treatment with SS significantly improved the pathological status of the wound throughout the protocol. There was also a significant decrease in malondialdehyde activity and increase in cytokine release in SS-treated rats compared with control rats.Conclusions: The results show that topical application of SS after inflicting second-degree burns in rats results in increased wound healing and decreased cytokine release and oxidative stress.Keyword: Spatholobus suberectus, Burns, Wound, Lipid peroxidation, Cytokines

Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant and burn wound healing activities of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne fruit peel.

Objective(s):Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (pumpkin) is a well-known plant with several pharmacological effects. The aim of the present study was to assess burn wound healing activity of C. moschata peel extract (CE). Also, standardized CE was assessed for antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects against major pathogens of burns.Materials and Methods:Healing properties of topical preparation of 10% and 20% concentrations of CE were assessed on second degree burn in rats during a 14-day period as well as histological studies, total antioxidant power, lipid peroxidation and total thiol content of skin tissue samples.Results:Radical scavenging IC50 and ferric-reducing antioxidant power value were 4.015±0.20 mg/ml and 142.63±2.65 mmol Fe2+/g, respectively. Total mucilage content was 13.8%. The optimal results were obtained by 20% CE that showed 90.80±5.86 % wound closure and tissue repair as well as significant reduction of tissue oxidative stress biomarkers. Histological analyses confirmed wound healing activity of pumpkin peel extract.Conclusion:Considering the high mucilage content of the plant, providing a moist environment for wound, C. moschata peel extract could be a natural remedy for treatment of burns. Further clinical studies are suggested to confirm C. moschata peel extract as a wound healing agent.

Healing effect of <i>Sanguisorba officinalis</i> L extract on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose: To investigate the healing effect of Sanguisorba officinalis L. extract (SOLE) on seconddegree burns in rats. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 200 – 220 g, were subjected to deep second-degree skin burns by electrical scald instrument. The animals were divided into three groups as follows: (1) second-degree burns model (control), (2) burns model treated with 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD), and (3) burns model treated with SOLE. On days 3, 7 and 14, following administration of drug/extract, the wound area and histopathological changes of rat epidermis were evaluated in all the groups. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SOLE on Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was also assessed separately. Results: On day 14, the mean wound area of SOLE treatment group (0.22 ± 0.05 cm 2 ) was significantly smaller than that of control rats (2.67 ± 0.18 cm 2 , p < 0.01). Histological data indicate that inflammatory cells of burnt rats disappeared and were replaced by new granulation tissue by day 14 for the group treated with SOLE. The antibacterial results revealed that the MIC of SOLE for Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was 3.5, 14.0 and 7.0 mg·mL -1 , respectively. Conclusion: Sanguisorba officinalis L. appears to be an effective medicinal herb for the treatment of second-degree burns. Keywords: Sanguisorba officinalis , Burns, Healing, Antibacterial, Silver sulfadiazine

Effect of Zicao ointment on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose: To investigate the healing effect of Zicao Ointment (ZCO) on second-degree burns in rats. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 200 – 220 g, were subjected to deep seconddegree skin burns by electrical scald instrument. The animals were divided into three groups as follows: (1) second-degree burns (control) group, (2) burns treated with 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group, and (3) second-degree burns treated with ZCO group. On days 3, 7 and 14 following administration of the drug or ZCO, wound area and histopathological changes of rat epidermis were evaluated for the various groups. Results: On day 14, mean wound area of ZCO treatment group (0.28 ± 0.04 cm 2 ) was significantly smaller than that of the control rats (2.63 ± 0.19 cm 2 , p < 0.01). Histological results indicate that inflammatory cells disappeared and were replaced by new granulation tissue by day 14 in the group treated with ZCO. Compared with SSD group rats, the inflammatory cells decreased and fibroblast and granulation tissues increased significantly in burnt rats treated with ZCO. Conclusion: Zicao Ointment is effective for the treatment of second-degree burns in rats and may be suitable for clinical therapy of second-degree burns. Keywords: Zicao ointment, Second-degree burns, Healing, Rat epidermis, Silver sulfadiazine

Effect of Paris polyphylla extract on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose: To investigate the healing effect of Paris polyphylla extract (PPE) on second-degree burns in rats. Methods : Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 200 – 220 g, were subjected to deep seconddegree skin burns by electrical scald instrument. The animals were divided into three groups as follows: (1) second-degree burn model (control) group, (2) burn model treated with 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group, and (3) burn model treated with 120 mg·mL -1 PPE group. On days 3, 7 and 14 following the administration of the drug/extract, wound area and histopathological changes in rat epidermis were evaluated for the three groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PPE on Staphyloccocus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were also assessed. Results: On day 14, the mean wound area of PPE treatment group (0.21 ± 0.04 cm 2 ) was significantly smaller than that of the control rats (2.78 ± 0.18 cm 2 , p < 0.01). Histological results indicate that inflammatory cells disappeared and were replaced by new granulation tissue in the group treated with 120 mg·mL -1 PPE by day 14. Compared with SSD group rats, the inflammatory cells and fibroblast and granulation tissues of burnt rats with burns and treated with 120 mg·mL -1 PPE decreased significantly. The antibacterial data revealed that the MIC of PPE against S. aureus , P. aeruginosa and E. coli was 2.35, 8.2 and 4.70 mg·mL -1 , respectively. Conclusion: Paris polyphylla is an effective medicinal herb that holds promise for the treatment of second-degree burns. Keywords: Paris polyphylla, Second-degree burns, Wound healing, Antibacterial, Inflammatory cells, Granulation tissues, Silver sulfadiazine

Anti-inflammatory and Wound Healing Activities of Aloe vera, Honey and Milk Ointment on Second-Degree Burns in Rats.

The aim of the present study was morphological and morphometric investigation of burn healing impacts of an honey, milk, and Aloe vera (HMA) ointment on experimentally induced second-degree burns, to approve the medicinal basis of its use in Iranian traditional medicine. A total of 21 male Albino rats weighing 200 to 300 g were divided into 3 groups of 7, including (1) control group, (2) positive control group, and (3) the treatment group that were treated with eucerin, silver sulfadiazine 3% and HMA ointment 5% respectively.After anesthetizing, the second-degree burns (1 cm(2) areas) were made on the back of the animals using a digital controlled hot plaque, and each group was treated topically, based on the time scheduled. Then, skin punch biopsies were obtained on the 1st, 14th, and 28th days of post-burn induction; processed; and stained using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome methods. The results showed that HMA ointment induces cell proliferation, increasing the wound closure rate, blood vessel counts, and collagen fiber density in treated animals. It also reduced the wound secretions, inflammation, and scar formation. According to the obtained morphological, morphometric results, we concluded that the traditional HMA ointment, which is rich in therapeutic biomaterials and minerals, has multiple healing effects on burn wounds in rats.

Healing effect of &lt;i&gt;Terminalia chebula&lt;/i&gt; Retz extract on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose : To investigate the healing effect of Terminalia chebula Retz. Extract (TCRE) on seconddegree burns in rats. Methods : Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 200 – 220 g, were subjected to deep seconddegree skin burns by electrical scald instrument. The animals were divided into three groups as follows: (1) second-degree burns model (control) group, (2) burns model treated with 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group, and (3) burns model treated with 100 mg·mL -1 TCRE group. On days 3, 7 and 14 following the administration of the drug/extract, the wound area and histopathological changes in rat epidermis were evaluated for the various groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TCRE on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were also assessed separately. Results : On day 14, the mean wound area of TCRE treatment group (0.25 ± 0.06 cm 2 ) was significantly smaller than that of the control rats (2.71 ± 0.20 cm 2 , p < 0.01). The histological results indicate that the inflammatory cells disappeared and were replaced by new granulation tissue in the group treated with 100 mg·mL -1 TCRE by day 14. Compared with SSD group rats, the inflammatory cells and fibroblast and granulation tissues of burnt rats treated with 100 mg·mL -1 TCRE were same as those of rats that had no burns. The antibacterial results revealed that the MIC of TCRE on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was 3.13, 12.5 and 6.25 mg·mL -1 , respectively. Conclusion : Terminalia chebula Retz. has potentials to be developed as an effective medicinal herb for the treatment of second-degree burns. Keywords : Terminalia chebula, Second-degree burns, Burn wound, Healing, Granulation tissues, Fibroblast, Antibacterial, Inflammatory cells

The evaluation of the healing proprieties of pumpkin and linseed oils on deep second-degree burns in rats

Context: Medicinal plants have been recognized as useful remedies for primary health care. Accordingly, Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae) (pumpkin) and Linum usitatissimum (L.) Griesb. (Linaceae) (linseed) which have extracted oil with prominent pharmacological properties are investigated as possible burn healing treatments.Objective: The present study assesses the healing potential of pumpkin and linseed extracted oils on rats.Materials and methods: Uniform deep second-degree burns were induced on the dorsum of 24 rats, randomly divided into four groups. The burns were measured, photographed, and topically treated with saline solution, “Cytol Centella®”, pumpkin, and linseed-extracted oils (0.52 µl/mm2 of oil) each 2 d (up until day 33). Post-burning of the 33rd day, biopsies were histologically assessed.Results: At the end of the experiment, the rat groups treated with linseed, pumpkin oils, and “Cytol Centella®” had higher percentage of wound contraction (98.68, 96.71, and 92.54%, respectively) than the control group (58.38%). Wound biopsies from rats treated with extracted oils showed the best tissue regeneration proprieties as compared with the other groups. The histomorphometric analysis of biopsies revealed that linseed oil could significantly stimulate angiogenesis (55.6% ± 7.25). The pumpkin oil, and Cytol Centella® could significantly increase the collagen production 64.9% ± 5.94, and 61.2% ± 7.36, respectively.Discussion and conclusion: Overall, our study has given for the first time scientific evidence of the healing efficiency of pumpkin and linseed oils on burn-wounds.

Effect of Chinese medical herbs- burn liniment on deep second degree burn in rats

Background: Burn Liniment (BL) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting five herbal medicines (Flos Lonicerae, Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Pericarpium Granati,Terminalia chebula Retz. and Galla Chinensis), that has been used in China for centuries to cure burn. This study investigated the healing effect of BL on deep second degree burn wounds in rats.Materials and methods: The animals were divided into four groups including control group, model group,1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group and BL group. On days 0,3,7,14 and 21,animal weight, wound area as well as histo-pathological observations of the skin were evaluated in different groups. Serum anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), IL-10 levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured on the 21st day. HPLC chromatography of BL was prepared and concentrations of active constituents were determined. Antibacterial test and toxicological test were also performed.Results: The average wound area of BL treatment group was also significantly smaller than model control rats on days 14 and 21. Serum anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of BL group decreased significantly than in model rats on day 21 while IL-10 level of BL group increased remarkably than in model rats on the 21st day, showing that BL has strong anti-inflammatory activity on burned rats. The histological studies indicated that inflammatory cells disappeared significantly and were replaced by new granulation tissue, and epithelialization progressed quickly and was treated with BL on the 21st day. Meanwhile, HPLC chromatography of BL was prepared and concentration of Chlorogenic acid, Polydatin and Gallic acid from BL were determined. Antibacterial test revealed that the MIC of BL on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were 1.56, 6.25 and 1.56 mg·mL-1 respectively. Toxicological test showed that BL does not induce skin irritation or sensitivity signs and has no acute toxicity reaction.Conclusions: Our study revealed that BL could enhance cutaneous burn wound healing effectively. It also showed strong anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity in rats.Keywords: Burn Liniment; Deep second degree; Burn wound; Anti-inflammatory; Antibacterial; Toxicological test

Role of autophagy and apoptosis in wound tissue of deep second-degree burn in rats.

The pathogenesis of burn wound progression is poorly understood. Contributing factors include continuous loss of blood perfusion, excessive inflammation, and elevated apoptosis levels in wound tissue. Macroautophagy (here referred to simply as "autophagy") is associated with many chronic diseases. The authors hypothesized that autophagy is involved in burn wound progression in a rat model of deep second-degree burn. Deep second-degree burns were modeled using a brass rod heated to 100°C applied for 6 seconds to the back skin of Wistar rats. Full-thickness biopsies were obtained from burned and nonburned controls at several times postburn. Western blotting and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining determined expression of the autophagy markers Light Chain 3 (LC3) and beclin-1. Apoptosis was determined by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF)-measured tissue perfusion. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay measured inflammation. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining-determined pathology and wound depth. The LC3 and beclin-1 protein level in burn wounds decreased to one-fourth of normal levels (p<0.01) over 24 hours and then began to increase but still did not reach their normal level. TUNEL-positive cells in burn wounds were 3.7-fold (p<0.01) elevated over 48 hours and then decreased slightly, yet still remained higher than in normal skin. The burn wound progressed in depth over 72 hours. In addition, significant decrease in LDF values and upregulation of MPO activity were observed. Enhanced LC3-positive cells were observed in the deep dermal layer of burn wounds as shown by IHC staining. A reduction in autophagy and blood flow and an increase in apoptosis and inflammation were observed in burn wounds early during the course of burn injury progression. This suggests that autophagy, complemented by apoptosis, play important roles in burn progression. Enhanced autophagy in the deep dermis may be a prosurvival mechanism against ischemia and inflammation after burn injury.

Healing Process Of Burns Using Ambarella Leaf (Spondias dulcis F.) and Vaselin in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

The aims of this research was to find out the healing process of second degree burn in rats (Rattus norvegicus) using ambarella leaf (Spondias dulcis F.) and vaselin on histopathologically. The research consisted of 4 treatment groups and 3 rats each, P1(double distilled water), P2 (ambarella leaf + double distilled water), P3 (vaselin), and P4 (ambarella leaf + vaselin). Treatment was done twice a day for 21 days. The research parameters are inflammatory reactions and distribution of collagen tissue. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that on day 7, P1 and P3 many infiltration of inflammatory cells, hemorrhage and edema, on P2 and P4 here more infiltration of inflammatory cells, hemorrhage and edema. On the day 14th of many inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen tissue diffuse very thin on were described P1 and P3, and visible presence of new blood vessels was found on P4. On day 21th infiltration of inflammatory cells still present on (P1), there were a lot of new blood vessels on P2, there has been a process of epithelialization (P3), epidermis formed and collagen tissue spread very densely on P4. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that administration of ambarella leaf and vaselin can speed up the healing process of burns in rats compared with other treatments.Key words: ambarella leaf, burn, vaselin

Propolis and amnion reepithelialise second-degree burns in rats

Burns are serious consequences of trauma in terms of both imminent mortality and prolonged periods of morbidity. They are often accompanied by unsatisfactory cosmetic as well as functional and psychological outcomes. These complications emphasise the need for stronger efforts in achieving greater diversity and effectiveness in the treatment of skin burns. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of gross and microscopic epidermal and dermal responses in the process of regenerative repair or healing of burns in rats that were treated either daily with 5% propolis ointment or by autologous amnion graft. Second-degree burns were inflicted in the neck region of female rats by contact with a hot metal (at 130 °C) for 5 s. Propolis treatment accelerated the process of tissue repair and led to decreased local inflammation, which indicates that treatment with propolis was successful in the initial period (7 days) and stimulated the production of collagen fibre (assessed by morphometry) in all the periods evaluated (14 and 21 days). Amnion treatment inhibited local inflammation (assessed macroscopically), stimulated local epithelial regeneration (assessed microscopically) and stimulated the production of collagen fibre (assessed by morphometry) in the days following burn. These treatments offer new therapeutic strategies for treating severe skin burns; these strategies may allow the minimisation of scar formation, a more rapid return of function and, ultimately, a better quality of life for burn patients.

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Mast Cells in Second-Degree Burns in Rats

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Mast Cells in Second-Degree Burns in Rats

The effect of a self‐assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold (peptide) when used as a wound dressing for the treatment of deep second degree burns in rats

RADARADARADARADA (RADA16-I) peptide, consisting of 16 alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic (also alternating negative and positive charges) amino acids, forms extremely stable beta-pleated sheet structure and then self-assembles into nanofibers to produce high-order interwoven nanofiber scaffold hydrogel. To investigate its therapeutic effects, a burn model of partial thickness-deep dermal injury (the deep second degree burns) was performed at the dorsal skin of female Sprague-Dawley rats with an electrical scalding machine. The wounds treated with either RADA16-I or control materials were carefully examined at morphological, histological and cellular levels. We found that RADA16-I can advance the time of eschar appearance and the time of eschar disappearance both by 3-5 days, and speed up wound contraction by 20-30% compared with contrast groups (chitosan, poly(DL)-lactic acid (PDLA), collagen I and the blank) without obvious edema. Immunohistochemical studies showed that both FGF and EGF were obviously expressed in nascent tissue such as epidermis and glands when wounds were treated with the RADA16-I after injury. When peptide stock solution was diluted from 10 to 0.17 mg/mL, atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation showed that the shape of peptide nanofibers changed from the globular-pieces-clustered filaments with 4.8 +/- 0.38 nm in height, 61.6 +/- 6.10 nm in width and 708 +/- 80.2 nm in length, to general filaments with 1.4 +/- 0.36 nm, 17.5 +/- 1.13 nm and 1108 +/- 184 nm. The nanofiber surface porosity gradually decreased from 49-70% to 12-28%. These characteristics contribute to wound healing by offering an "ideal dressing" moist healing microenvironment and a nanofiber 3D scaffold. These results suggest that the self-assembling peptide might be a promising wound dressing with being simple, effective, and affordable.

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Mast Cells in Second-Degree Burns in Rats

This study sought to investigate whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with a helium-neon (He-Ne) laser would affect mast cell number and degranulation in second-degree burns in rats. LLLT has been recently applied to stimulate the wound healing process. Sixty-five rats were randomly allocated to one of five groups. A deep second-degree burn was inflicted on all rats except those in the control group. In the sham-exposed group burns remained untreated. In the two laser-treated groups, the burns were irradiated every day by LLLT, with energy densities of 1.2 and 2.4 J/cm(2). In the fifth group the burns were treated topically with 0.2% nitrofurazone cream every day. The unburned skin of the rats in the control group were used for baseline study. The effects on mast cell number and degranulation were assessed by counting the number of intact and degranulated mast cells in sections fixed in formalin and stained with toluidine blue. On the seventh and 16th days post-burn, the type 1 mast cell count in the 2.4-J/cm(2) laser-treated group was significantly higher than that of the control group. On the 30th day, the total numbers of mast cells in the laser-treated groups were lower than those in the control and sham-exposed groups. LLLT of deep second-degree cutaneous burns in rats significantly increased the number of intact mast cells during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of healing, and decreased the total number of mast cells during the remodeling phase.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on the healing of second-degree burns in rats: a histological and microbiological study

This paper presents the results of a study on the effects of two different doses of low-level laser therapy on healing of deep second-degree burns. Sixty rats were randomly allocated to one of four groups. A deep second-degree burn was inflicted in each rat. In the control group burns remained untreated; in two laser treated groups the burns were irradiated daily with low-level helium–neon laser with energy densities of 1.2 and 2.4 J/cm 2, respectively. In the fourth group the burns were treated topically with 0.2% nitrofurazone cream every day. The response to treatments was assessed histologically at 7, 16 and 30 days after burning, and microbiologically at Day 15. The number of macrophages at day 16, and the depth of new epidermis at day 30, was significantly less in the laser treated groups in comparison with control and nitrofurazone treated groups ( P = 0.000). Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in the 70% of rat wounds in the laser treated groups in comparison with 100% of rats in the control group. S. aureus was found in the 40% rat wounds in the nitrofurazone treated group, but there was not found in the wounds of laser treated, and control groups. It is concluded that low-level laser therapy of deep second-degree burn caused significant decrease in the number of macrophage and depth of new epidermis. In addition, it decreased incidence of S. epidermidis and S. aureus.