Secondary Players Research Articles

Examining the Impact of Helmet Orientation Visual Cues on the Passing Effectiveness of Quarterbacks in American Football

Defensive secondary players have long been instructed to “read the quarterback's eyes” in order to anticipate where a pass will be thrown. Where identifying quarterback gaze point is not feasible, head orientation becomes the primary indicator of a quarterback's intended passing target. Helmet stripes and logos may therefore provide visual cues to defensive players that inadvertently aid defensive players in determining the intended passing target. This paper presents the first comprehensive analysis of passing statistics from college football to examine the associations among head orientation cues provided by helmet styles and quarterback performance metrics. Five years of passing data (2009-2013) were analyzed from all 120 teams in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). For this assessment, helmets were grouped into two categories – No Stripe (referent) and Stripe. Multiple measures of passing performance were used to compare helmet categories including: completion percentage (CP), interceptions per year, interceptions per passing attempt (IPA), Total Quarterback Rating (QBR) and Pass Expected Points Added (EPA). Negative outcomes were determined based on 25th/75th percentiles for the overall group. Least mean squares were used to test for differences among non-parametric variables. Using the percentile cut points, the crude odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to determine the association of helmet categories with each outcome. FBS Year 2013 data represented the most significant findings. The odds of having a high IPA among teams with a helmet stripe was 2.4 times (95% CI: 1.01, 5.90) the odds of having a high IPA among teams without a helmet stripe (p<0.05). Similarly, teams with a striped helmet had a higher IPI (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 0.91, 5.08; p=0.08). Results in other years did not reach statistical significance and findings were mostly null. The findings suggest a recent trend toward significance among interception-related metrics. Future work will identify factors under which the effects of helmet orientation visual cues may be more pronounced.

L’école des filles, l’école des garcons by Daniel Picouly

such a variety of disciplines year by year comes at a price—especially when, in this case,“friends”Debussy, Ravel, Isadora Duncan, Matisse, Bernhardt, and Rodin garner every bit as much attention as the figures singled out in the book’s title, and when they are accompanied by an even larger cast of secondary players including Citroën, de Gaulle, Zola, Braque, the Michelin brothers, the Boulanger sisters, Diaghilev, Satie, Cocteau, Coty, Chanel, and Apollinaire. McAuliffe relies heavily on transitional statements which make events seem more coincidental than they surely were; these range from the innocuous—“Meanwhile, back in Paris” (66)—to the more obtrusive and sometimes unintentionally humorous:“While Rodin was brooding on his inability to impress his fellow Frenchmen, Isadora Duncan was reveling in her growing success” (70);“While Debussy and Emma Bardac were on the brink of shedding their respective spouses, Marie and her beloved husband, Pierre Curie, were hard at work”(82);“While [Bernhardt’s grandchildren] gorged on cakes, businessmen throughout Paris were finding new and better ways for making money” (203). Another holdover from the first volume is McAuliffe’s habit of planting“teases”just before turning to someone or something else: “Unfortunately, though, [...] tragedy would eventually strike” (14); “[Duncan] was also about to meet someone who would change her life” (51); “as [Debussy] would eventually realize, the weakness and pain he already was experiencing would not be going away” (189); “Of course young Cocteau had no way of knowing that fame as a poet, novelist, and filmmaker lay ahead” (176). That said, it is difficult to imagine a more capable treatment of this complex period. McAuliffe’s analyses of the post-Dreyfus fallout, the evolution of Cubism, and especially the unfolding of the Great War are particularly impressive, and her lively anecdotes add freshness and new dimension to well-known figures. McAuliffe’s Toulouse-Lautrec, for example, sets petrol-soaked rags on fire in toilets; her Picasso fires a few shots from his Browning revolver when some Germans insist on“extracting aesthetic theories from him”(106); her Duncan,having returned to work after weaning her baby,has to contend with breast milk on her dancing costume; her Marie Curie brings x-ray cars to the war front. We learn about road races so perilous that drivers jettisoned doors and seats to lighten their loads, a cocktail called“the Earthquake”for its“shattering combination of cognac and absinthe” (41), the pre-scripted sequence of events involved in bringing Proust a second croissant. It is McAuliffe’s obvious delight in these quirky details, along with her general gift for storytelling that keeps us not only reading, but wanting for more. University of Arkansas Hope Christiansen Picouly, Daniel. L’école des filles, l’école des garçons. Paris: Hoëbeke, 2013. ISBN 9782 -84230-486-7. Pp. 174. 29,50 a. Après Nos histoires de France (2011) et Nos géographies de France (2012), deux ouvrages illustrés de planches et de cartes scolaires anciennes, Picouly se sert à nouveau 240 FRENCH REVIEW 88.3 Reviews 241 de documents authentiques pour faire revivre le fonctionnement de l’école primaire avant que la mixité scolaire ne devienne la règle (elle ne sera généralisée qu’au milieu des années 1970). Cette plongée dans les écoles françaises des années 1950, qui séparaient rigoureusement les garçons et les filles, constitue un rappel visuel que le contenu de l’enseignement lui-même était différencié. De façon schématique (et sans exagération): la mécanique pour les garçons, la cuisine pour les filles. Il s’agissait de préparer les garçons à entrer dans le monde du travail, alors que les filles étaient destinées à devenir des maîtresses de maison accomplies. Les nombreuses planches scolaires,d’ailleurs fort claires et précises,qui sont reproduites dans ce livre proviennent des collections de deux maisons d’éditions (MDI et Rossignol) spécialisées dans ce domaine. Quant aux dialogues pleins d’humour, ils évoquent le charme nostalgique de la série Le petit Nicolas de Sempé et Goscinny. En effet, au lieu d’accompagner les illustrations par un...

Autobiography and Soviet Lithuanian Women Writers

This article focuses on autobiographies by women writers published in the last, two-volume version of a collection titled Tarybinių lietuvos rašytojų autobiografijos (Autobiographies of Soviet Lithuanian Writers), published in 1989 (previous versions appeared in 1957, 1967, and 1977). Solveiga Daugirdaitė explores what women writers felt it was appropriate to say about themselves to their society, and what can be gleaned from their statements about the nature of that society, the strengths and weaknesses it accorded its female members, the demands it made on them, the “spirit of the times”, and so on. Examining these autobiographies, she tries to reconstruct that social actor’s – the Soviet woman author’s – collective and individual identity, her courage and her fear of revealing herself, and the tension between her roles as public persona and “regular woman”. In Soviet Lithuania, although women writers’ professional work accorded them a place within that patriarchal, dominant society’s elite, they remained secondary players within it. Seeking to be recognized as equals, these women writers presented themselves as professionals, and for this reason their public accomplishments have pride of place in the autobiographies. The goal of this article is to decode what is nevertheless said about their private lives, as much as it is possible to separate that from the public. In reading women’s autobiographies from this period, it is therefore appropriate to draw both on the traditions for studying women’s autobiography, as well as studies of documents from the Soviet period.

India in Afghanistan

Ever since the declaration of the ‘war on terror’ in Afghanistan in 2001, New Delhi has heavily invested in humanitarian assistance, development projects and nation-building activities in that country with a view to cultivate a mutually beneficial relationship with Kabul and thereby enhance its own regional security. However, its reliance on the ‘soft power’ approach made it a ‘secondary player’ in Afghanistan; its views and concerns were not adequately taken into account by the international community while reaching crucial decisions regarding the endgame in Afghanistan—phasing out of international forces and handing over the charge to the Afghan National Army; and the United States seemed more inclined to rely on Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) to engage the Taliban leadership in the ensuing political process. This quite expectedly generated domestic resentment in India as well as calls for adoption of a more robust approach to protect its interests in Afghanistan. This article explores the new policy course New Delhi has embarked on—which included conclusion of a comprehensive security agreement with Kabul and policy coordination with Russia and Iran—and also evaluates the policy options available to India in post-2014 Afghanistan.

Differential contributions for soccer skills among secondary and high school elite male players

The aim of this study was to assess the contributions of the age, playing experience, selected anthropometric and motor fitness variables to soccer skills between secondary and high school male players. A total of 240 adolescent males were selected for the present study. Each of the secondary and high school adolescent groups, age 13–15 and 16–17 years consisted of 120 elite soccer players who represent the eight upper premier league teams in Iran. The age and playing experience were assessed in years by a questionnaire. The anthropometric measurements encompassed 12 items. Skin fold thickness measurements were taken using skin fold caliper at seven sites, and the motor fitness variables were six tests, which contained 50-yard dash, shuttle-run, sit and reach, vertical jump, Burpee and 1-mile run/walk. Soccer skill tests were administered the ball control with the body, ball control with the head, dribbling with a pass, dribbling speed, shooting accuracy and passing accuracy. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used in data procession. The age, playing experience, anthropometric and motor fitness variables contributed significantly to the variance of soccer skill tests (P<0.05) by two age groups, but in different combinations. In conclusion, the whole of the age, playing experience, selected anthropometric and motor fitness variables were shown as significant contributions to the six soccer skill tests by the two age groups.

‘I felt like a third wheel’: Fathers’ stories of exclusion from the ‘parenting team’

This research reports on the perceptions of 27 fathers involved in five focus groups which were conducted in late 2009 on behalf of Tweddle Child and Family Health Service in Melbourne. The fathers in this research highlight their encounters with services that frequently presume they are secondary or part-time parents. While cultural assumptions about paternal incompetence sit comfortably alongside portrayals of fathers as helpers, these fathers resisted the assumption that they were secondary players or as one father put it ‘the third wheel’. This research set out to identify barriers and opportunities in relation to fathers’ engagement with residential parenting support programs. It found that these fathers believed themselves to be part of a parenting team and that lack of recognition of this fact impacted on their level of engagement with support services.

Spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks: an adaptive game approach

Throughout this study, an adaptive competitive second-price pay-to-bid sealed auction game is presented as a solution to the fairness problem of spectrum sharing among a number of users in a cognitive radio environment. First, a comparison among three main spectrum-sharing game models; optimal, cooperative and competitive game models is discussed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each model. The results prove that cooperative games aim to achieve Nash equilibrium between primary and secondary players and provide better revenue to them. Also, it proves that cooperative games are best when the number of secondary users changes dynamically, but only when the number is low. As in practical situations, the number of secondary users might increase dramatically and cooperative games will lose their powerful advantage once that happens. As a result, the proposed mechanism creates a competition between the bidders and offers better revenue to all players in terms of fairness. The proposed model ensures that users with better channel quality, higher traffic priority and fairer bids will get a better chance to share the offered spectrum. It is shown by numerical results that the proposed mechanism could reach the maximum total profit for all users with better fairness.

The Five Lives of Our Cat Zook (review)

Reviewed by: The Five Lives of Our Cat Zook Kate Quealy-Gainer Rocklin, Joanne . The Five Lives of Our Cat Zook; illus. by Robyn Ng. Amulet/Abrams, 2012. 218p. ISBN 978-1-4197-0192-4 $16.95 R Gr. 4-6. Zook has eight extra toes, a chewed-off ear, black gums, and terrible breath, all traits that make the scraggly old cat utterly lovable to ten-year-old Oona and her younger brother, Freddy. Unfortunately, Zook also now has kidney failure, so he is spending most of his time at the vet, while Oona tries to console Freddy with [End Page 527] made-up stories about Zook's past lives (of the nine lives afforded to cats, Zook has only used up five, according to Oona). An avid whopper-teller, much like her late father, Oona finds that although her stories cheer up Freddy, they're cold comfort for Oona herself, particularly as her reality gets more complicated: her mom has started seeing someone new, a few of Oona's previous white lies turn out to be not so harmless, and poor Zook recovers only to take a turn for the worse. Rocklin (One Day and One Amazing Morning on Orange Street, BCCB 4/11) has a knack for making emotionally complex situations accessible to younger readers. Here, Oona's narration rings with authenticity as she tries to negotiate her grief for her father, her worry for her cat, and her mother's new relationship all with a perceptivity that is credible but never precocious. The diversity among the secondary players makes for a nice multicultural element, as does the inclusion of several folktales that serve as inspiration for Oona's various iterations of Zook's past lives. A bittersweet ending, realistic without melodrama, reinforces the idea that life, like the best kind of whopper, can be both happy and sad and often has plenty of "to be continueds." Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The New Kid (review)

Reviewed by: The New Kid Deborah Stevenson Jukes, Mavis. The New Kid. Knopf, 2011. [288p]. Library ed. ISBN 978-0-375-95879-3 $17.99 Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-375-85879-6 $14.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-375-89631-6 $9.99 Ad Gr. 3–5. A move from southern to northern California means that eight-year-old Carson is now the New Kid in his class at Valley Oak School. That’s a daunting position, especially when obstreperous classmate Weston Walker seems bent on making Carson into his sidekick, if not actual partner, in crime, complicating Carson’s quest to find a friend with whom to celebrate his upcoming birthday. As the days go by, however, Carson begins to settle in, making friends with his classmates and the class rat and discovering that Weston’s not the troublemaker he appears. Veteran author Jukes has a fluid and readable style, and Carson, with his love of animals and his attachment to his beloved stuffed animal, Moose, is an endearing protagonist. The story is somewhat unshaped, though, so it’s left to the reader to identify the main points among the other quotidian events; aside from Weston, there’s little characterization of the secondary players, who tend to blend together save for the odd gimmick, and Weston’s misjudged nature requires a number of contrived misunderstandings. The easygoing prose and the humor-touched world of the middle-grades classroom will likely still satisfy fans of Claudia Mills and Johanna Hurwitz. Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

I'm Not (review)

Reviewed by: I'm Not Deborah Stevenson Smallcomb, Pam. I'm Not; illus. by Robert Weinstock. Schwartz & Wade, 2011. [32p.] Library ed. ISBN 978-0-375-96115-1 $18.99 Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-375-86115-4 $15.99 Reviewed from galleys R 6-9 yrs. "If Evelyn was a car, she would get a speeding ticket," says her admiring friend the narrator, who feels a little bit shrunken next to her ebullient companion's largerthan-life vivacity. Fortunately, Evelyn is as forthright in friendship as she is in everything else, and she points out that the narrator outstrips Evelyn in spelling, karate, cookie-making, and other skills, and that most of all Evelyn appreciates having a loyal and true friend. While the story of two very different friends is a familiar one, this is a funny and understanding look at the particular problem faced by the seemingly less charismatic companion. The subdued iteration of "I'm not" after the enumerations of Evelyn's various exciting qualities ("Evelyn is up on all the latest fashion trends") conveys in an instant the protagonist's perspective, and the text's curve to point out that the "I'm not" goes the other way for other characteristics is valuable as well as valid. Weinstock captures the friends as rotund, squat reptiles who suggest trash-compacted dragons, and the scenes are confidently laced with absurdity, from the kids' various mayhem-causing scenarios to the occasional secondary players (the lanky, droopy-billed birds are particularly droll). Plenty of kids occasionally feel like sidekicks to a more dramatic friend, and this offers a nice reminder that good friendships always offer mutual benefits. Copyright © 2011 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Upper Extremity Injuries in the National Football League

Background Very little has been published regarding the incidence of and duration of time lost after hand injuries in professional American football players. Hypotheses (1) Hand, first ray, and finger injuries in professional American football players represent a common cause of missed time from practice and game participation. (2) The effect of upper extremity injuries differs as a function of the anatomic site involved, injury type, and athlete's position. Study Design Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods A retrospective review of all documented injuries to the hand, first ray, and fingers sustained by American football players in the National Football League over a 10-year period (1996–2005) was performed using the League's injury surveillance database. The data were analyzed from multiple perspectives, with emphasis on the type of injury, athlete position, and activity at the time of injury. Results A total of 1385 injuries occurred to the hand, first ray, and fingers over the 10 seasons studied. Of these injuries, 48% involved the fingers, 30% involved the first ray, and 22% involved the hand, with game injuries more common than practice injuries at each location. Metacarpal fractures and proximal interphalangeal joint dislocations were the 2 most common injuries. Offensive and defensive linemen were the most likely to sustain a hand injury; 80% of hand injuries were metacarpal fractures. The most common injuries to the first ray were fractures (48%) and sprains (36%), which occurred most often in athletes playing a defensive secondary position. Finger injuries were most commonly dislocations at the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint, typically involving the ulnar 2 digits. Finger injuries were most common in wide receivers and defensive secondary players. The act of tackling produced the most injuries (28%). Conclusion Upper extremity trauma, especially injury to the hand, first ray, and fingers, is a significant source of morbidity for professional football players. The results of this study may be used to implement preventive measures to help minimize these injuries.

Shrunken Sovereign &lt;i&gt;Consumerism, Globalization, and American Emptiness&lt;/i&gt;

Two narratives bound our era and, by degrees but unmistakably, our pre dicament: the story of consumerism and the story of globalization. In recent years, the two have combined to produce a single and singularly corrosive nar rative. Consumerism has meant the transformation of citizens into shoppers, eroding America's sovereignty from within; globalization has meant the trans formation of nation-states into secondary players on the world stage, eroding America's sovereignty from without. In collaboration, the trends are dealing a ruinous blow to democracy?to our capacity for common judgment, citizenship, and liberty itself. The common thread that winds through these two stories is the erosion of national autonomy?and, with it, the state's monopoly over violence, the power to enact binding laws, and other essential aspects of sovereignty. Sovereignty, in turn, is an obvious precondition for democracy (which you cannot have without a state). When the sovereign state erodes, democracy erodes. It is that simple? and, beset from within and without, it is happening even today. There is, to begin with, an accelerating process of internal disintegration? and the engine, consumerism, that drives it. Critics such as David Riesman, Theodor Adorno, and Jean Baudrillard have been writing about conspicuous consumption, keeping up with the Joneses, outer-directed men in gray flannel suits, the dialectic of enlightenment and one-dimensional men since the end of

Alexander Hamilton

This book is one of those happy rarities: a popular biography that should also delight scholars. The subject is the man who might well be regarded as the real first president of the United States (Alexander Hamilton created the economic foundation on which a great commercial republic could be built, wisely chose to emphasize ties with Great Britain at a time when France was enmeshed in a destabilizing revolution, and was George Washington's most influential adviser and secret speechwriter). Ron Chernow has given us valuable portraits as well of Hamilton's major contemporaries, including not just Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, and Aaron Burr, but also Abigail Adams, Hamilton's well-born wife Elizabeth Schuyler, her father Philip Schuyler (a titan in New York politics), and a bevy of secondary players. The years of the early republic, from the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789 until the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800, the focus of most of the book, were perhaps the most important in the nation's history and, curiously, involved a seemingly intractable party split characterized by the kind of paranoia and rancor that now divide conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats. Then, as now, there were charges of infidelity to the democratic spirit of the American Revolution on the one side and of neglecting tradition, morality, and religion on the other. Chernow presents us with a Hamilton who is best described as a tragically flawed genius; he could see much further than other men, but somehow failed to find the means to overcome his own insecurities (as the bastard son of a West Indian planter) and his own indiscretions (he was famously unfaithful to his wife in a manner very useful to his political enemies). But if Hamilton is given to us warts and all, Chernow also does a splendid job eviscerating the even more duplicitous Jefferson, the fatuous Adams, and the scheming Burr.

Cannabinoids Protect Astrocytes from Ceramide-induced Apoptosis through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Pathway

Cannabinoids, the active components of marijuana and their endogenous counterparts, exert many of their actions on the central nervous system by binding to the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor. Different studies have shown that cannabinoids can protect neural cells from different insults. However, those studies have been performed in neurons, whereas no attention has been focused on glial cells. Here we used the pro-apoptotic lipid ceramide to induce apoptosis in astrocytes, and we studied the protective effect exerted by cannabinoids. Results show the following: (i) cannabinoids rescue primary astrocytes from C(2)-ceramide-induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner; (ii) triggering of this anti-apoptotic signal depends on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway; (iii) ERK and its downstream target p90 ribosomal S6 kinase might be also involved in the protective effect of cannabinoids; and (iv) cannabinoids protect astrocytes from the cytotoxic effects of focal C(2)-ceramide administration in vivo. In summary, results show that cannabinoids protect astrocytes from ceramide-induced apoptosis via stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. These findings constitute the first evidence for an "astroprotective" role of cannabinoids.

The Role of Interested Groups in England's Emerging Tourism Policy Network

The role of interested groups within English tourism policy development has increased considerably in recent years. There are several possible explanations for this, including changing government policy styles, the perception of the importance of tourism to the national economy, and the developing sophistication of a tourism policy network. This paper reviews the role of interested groups and the nature of tourism policy development in England within the context of a theoretical discussion on public policy analysis, policy styles and policy networks. It specifically reports on the relationship between the tourism interest groups and government, and the mechanisms used by them to influence policy development. The paper shows that the tourism policy network can be characterised as immature. It has government at its centre directing strategic policy, with two sub-networks concentrating on the detail of commercial tourism and tourism resource policy. Within these sub-networks are dominant and secondary players defined as such by the manner in which they use their resources, gain access to decision-makers, collaborate with like-minded groups and work with government bureaucracy.

NRAGE and the cycling side of the neurotrophin receptor p75

Following the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) in 19601, it was not long before its capacity to support the development of selective neuronal populations was demonstrated. Rapidly, NGF became considered as the founder member of a family of growth factors as other neuro-trophins, BDNF, NT3 and subsequently NT4/5, were identified. However, it was not until the 1980s that the first receptor for NGF was described2. This receptor was initially thought to be specific for NGF but as other members of the neurotrophin family were described it became clear that it could bind all neurotrophins and as such it became known as the neurotrophic receptor p75 (p75NTR). The transcendence of the identification of p75NTR was somehow devalued by the lack of any obvious catalytic motif within its cytoplasmic domain. Indeed, when the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases was shown to specifically bind and transduce the trophic signals initiated by the neurotrophins3, p75NTR became a secondary player in studies of the neurotrophin family.

Poxvirus immune modulation: the secondary players.

Poxvirus immune modulation: the secondary players.

Fibroblast biology: Synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis - leading role or chorus line?

The continuing saga of the aetiology and pathogenesis of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has often led to reassessment of the working hypotheses created to explain the phenomenon. Initial and current models set a protagonistic role for inflammatory and autoimmune cellular mediators in RA, and this notion has been well supported by a plethora of experimental data. However, it may have been biased by the relatively more easy access to experimental and clinical data regarding immune cell function and also, perhaps, by the overenthusiasm with which it was felt cellular immunology could explain chronic immunopathologies. Even from early investigations, however, it has been clear that for arthritis development, inflammatory and autoimmune processes actively interacted with a network of non-immune cell types, and that it was the effector activities of these cell types that resulted in cartilage and bone attack. Although, until recently, the non-immune constituents of the synovial lining were regarded as mere targets of the inflammatory milieu and as secondary players in the development of disease, more recent data provide serious grounds for considering these cells as dominant players in the aetiopathogenesis of RA. The series of reviews on synovial fibroblasts (SFs) presented in this issue of Arthritis Research aims to refocus attention on our current knowledge of the biology of SFs and their possible involvement in the development of RA.

Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860 (review)

174CIVIL WAR HISTORY Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860. By Ian R. Tyrrell. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979. Pp. xii, 350. $23.95.) This is an ambitious work. Ian Tyrrell crammed sixty years of tactics, ideology, organization, personnel, and politics in a book that may replace John Krout's classic The Origins of Prohibition as the standard introduction to a major reform. Tyrrell read widely in temperance society reports and pamphlets, and he used all the right secondary studies. In addition, Tyrrell scrutinized sixty prohibitionists and seventy-eight antiprohibitionists from the mid-1830s in Worcester, Massachusetts , and he examined short lists of abstainers from other cities as well. This is nevertheless a selective work. Sobering Up emphasizes the social origins and contexts of temperance. Tyrrell knocks down an old straw man: abstainers were cranky rural conservatives who feared economic change and clung to colonial customs. In Worcester, innovative , mobile, evangelical entrepreneurs championed the prohibition opposed by traditionalists wed to the fading mercantile economy. This interpretation closely parallels Leonard Richards's early study of abolitionists . Tyrrell's social portrait is not without problems. There are no control groups here. Church records were apparently used butnever footnoted. His small samples of leaders leave unanswered questions about the rank and file support, but there is no mention or analysis of the January 29, 1835, prohibition petition to the state legislature signed by431 Worcester men (Petition #12.946, Massachusetts Archives). Comparisons with the 1840s rely on thirty-six Worcester Washingtonian officers, but there is no mention or analysis of the eighty-nine delegates to the 1842 Washingtonian convention, the speakers at the weekly meetings, or the newspaper subscribers (all listed in the Worcester County Cataract). Furthermore, when Tyrrell puts Worcester aside, he is willing to make major assertions without statistical support. For example: the orthodox church members were the most active members of local auxiliaries (p. 37); the least dedicated members lost interest (p. 45); changing manufacturing practices pushed artisans into the Washingtonian societies (p. 167); and the most competitive Washingtonians liked prohibition (p. 216). Tyrrell too readily infers motivation, equating thepublic character of temperance work with private reasons for abstaining. Although most of Tyrrell's social history is sensible and logical, he does not have quite enough hard evidence to make his case compelling. Tyrrell does better with tactics, which is the book's secondary theme. He effectively refutes some common misunderstandings. The crusade was not rooted in nativism. The wine issue was not as divisive as Washingtonianism. Prohibition took shape long before partisan intrigue jostled the Maine Law. And he buries the "symbolic crusade" thesis by BOOK REVIEWS175 showing how vigorously and efficiently the abstainers agitated. These insights, coupled with the wide sweep of each chapter, serve to outdate Krout's durable old study. But we still need many more case studies in order to develop the detail necessary for a definitive book on this complicated and polyvalent reform. In light of the very recent surge of monographic work on liquor and antiliquor, Tyrrell's useful survey may prove just a bit premature. Robert L. Hampel Boston, Massachusetts Fountain of Discontent: The 'Trent' Affair and Freedom of the Seas. By Gordon H. Warren. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981. Pp. xiv, 301. $18.95.) There is no mystery surrounding the enduring attraction of the Trent episode for historians. Here was an international drama (if not melodrama ), complete with naval and troop movements, at the moment of supreme domestic crisis for the American Union. The principal actors were the political giants of the period—Palmerston and Russell performed for the British and Lincoln and Seward for the Americans. Even the secondary players—Charles Wilkes, James M. Mason, John Slidell, Lord Lyons—were figures of some stature. There was, in addition, the Prince Consort's act of selfless statesmanship in rewording one of the British notes even as he was heading feverishly towardhis grave. Yet, on balance, the Trent affair contains more bathos than pathos. Moreover, the outline, indeed the details, of the incident and theensuingevents are too well known to require further elaboration here. Thatvery familiarity poses an obvious question—is another accountofthe affair eithernecessary or useful? Professor Warren...

&lt;i&gt;Fountain of Discontent: The 'Trent' Affair and Freedom of the Seas&lt;/i&gt; (review)

BOOK REVIEWS175 showing how vigorously and efficiently the abstainers agitated. These insights, coupled with the wide sweep of each chapter, serve to outdate Krout's durable old study. But we still need many more case studies in order to develop the detail necessary for a definitive book on this complicated and polyvalent reform. In light of the very recent surge of monographic work on liquor and antiliquor, Tyrrell's useful survey may prove just a bit premature. Robert L. Hampel Boston, Massachusetts Fountain of Discontent: The 'Trent' Affair and Freedom of the Seas. By Gordon H. Warren. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981. Pp. xiv, 301. $18.95.) There is no mystery surrounding the enduring attraction of the Trent episode for historians. Here was an international drama (if not melodrama ), complete with naval and troop movements, at the moment of supreme domestic crisis for the American Union. The principal actors were the political giants of the period—Palmerston and Russell performed for the British and Lincoln and Seward for the Americans. Even the secondary players—Charles Wilkes, James M. Mason, John Slidell, Lord Lyons—were figures of some stature. There was, in addition, the Prince Consort's act of selfless statesmanship in rewording one of the British notes even as he was heading feverishly towardhis grave. Yet, on balance, the Trent affair contains more bathos than pathos. Moreover, the outline, indeed the details, of the incident and theensuingevents are too well known to require further elaboration here. Thatvery familiarity poses an obvious question—is another accountofthe affair eithernecessary or useful? Professor Warren attempts to counter this potentially dismissive criticism in a short preface, where he strives manfully (but not with complete success) to justifyhis study. Not surprisingly, he finds all earlier works wanting. "The inadequacies ofthe literature—its partial quality, its confusions, its mistaken emphases—thus have obscured an interesting chapter in Americanhistory." Of course, his assertion thatnot a "book-length account" of the episode appeared between the publication of Thomas Harris's in 1896 and that of Norman Ferris in 1977 is not strictly accurate. Evan John'sAtlantic Impact 1861 (1952) certainly lacks the traditional scholarly framework but is not entirely devoid of merit. Far more discouraging than this oversight, however, is the tone of the war Warren wages in his footnotes on the work of Ferris, which may strike readers as churlish. The book does have much to recommend it, not least the admirably clear statement of the legal aspects of the incident and a careful elaboration of the grounds on which the Trent might have been seized and then condemned as prize. Equally, there is always a case to be made for the 176CIVIL WAR HISTORY retelling of an exciting if well-known tale. And his claims to the contrary notwithstanding, Warren's account differs little if at all from earlier versions. This book follows essentially the same course as his thesis (1969), which was recently published by University Microfilms and is a mine of information. Unfortunately, his interpretation of the material is not always convincing. His assessments of the personalities involved are far from novel or penetrating, and his harsh judgment of Lord Lyons might have been modified by an examination of his Papers. (Another significant omission from the bibliography is the Somerset collection) . The estimate of Seward's role appears to be influenced by the far from objective opinion of Gideon Welles. In 1861, Seward had reason to fear British meddling in the Civil War, and by his behavior he did much to discourage them from pursuing this line of conduct. One obvious strategy was to remind the British government of the vulnerability of Canada, and to this extent the October circular to the governors of seaboard and Great Lakes states served a purpose. As for opinions and attitudes of Canadians toward the troubles of the Union, Professor Warren's view of them is somewhat naive. Finally, his suggestion that the international crisis persisted until news of the surrender of Mason and Slidell reached Britain is not supported by the evidence. Once the initial excitement subsided, there was no imminent danger ofwar. Long before the reply to the British government's demand forthe return ofthe Confederate...