Secondary Data Sources Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA

The study examined the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on development in Nigeria. The ultimate goal of developing countries is to attain development. Most studies on the effect of Foreign Direct Investment on the development of the Nigerian economy used growth proxied by GPP as a measure of development. This study however uses the Human Development Index (HDI) which is a complementary measure of development as it considers the three aspect of development (health, knowledge and standard of living). Current data from secondary data source. were used Secondary data were collected and OLS estimation method was used for the analysis of data. The result shows that the stock of FDI inflow has a positive and statistically significant effect on Economic development in Nigeria. Therefore to experience sustainable development, government should aim at providing infrastructure and conducive trade and investment environment for both foreign and local investors.

Planning for tourism under uncertainty: lessons from Macao, China (2002–2022)

ABSTRACT Drawing on the perspective of governance and planning uncertainties mentioned in Abbott 's 2005 and 2009 articles, namely, “Understanding and managing the unknown: The nature of uncertainty in planning” and “Planning for complex metropolitan regions: A better future or a more certain one?” , and several urban planning theories, this study examined the types of planning uncertainty that Macao (China), experienced from 2002 to 2020, and the planning approaches it adopted to tackle the uncertainties. A mixed research method was adopted. Fifteen qualitative face-to-face interviews with key informants were conducted, and secondary sources of data, such as government plans, reports, and statistics, were also reviewed. Results indicated that environmental, casual, value, organisational, and chance uncertainties emerged at three different stages of Macao's tourism development. To deal with these uncertainties, a variety of planning approaches were adopted, including guided flexible planning, comprehensive planning, communicative planning, and adaptive learning. This study contributed a novel perspective to examine tourism planning uncertainties over time. It emphasised the importance of a flexible planning approach in tackling uncertainties of growing complexity. The findings also shed light on how planners can strengthen their capacity for tackling uncertainty.

Rural Tourism and Homestays in India: Impact on Local Economy, Culture and Ecology

Purpose of the study: This study explores rural tourism as a sustainable form that encompasses environmental preservation, entrepreneurial opportunities, and the preservation of traditional village customs, values, and practices. Methodology: The research methodology employed a literature review approach, focusing on secondary data sources. The search utilized the Google Scholar database as a search engine, with the initial 500 results sorted by relevance to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant scholarly sources. Finally, 31 articles were selected for this study. Principal Findings: Operating homestays can provide alternative accommodation options and catalyze the promotion of rural tourism, benefiting the local community, economy, and regional art and culture. A well-executed marketing plan in rural tourism can bring significant societal advantages by channeling resources from urban to rural areas and curbing rural-urban migration. Applications of the study: This study can be helpful in the tourism and hospitality industry. It is instrumental in promoting rural tourism and supplementary accommodation like homestays in India, thus boosting the local economy and promoting local culture and tradition. Novelty/Originality of the study: Tourism and related industries substantially impact employment due to the sector's labor-intensive nature. Village tourism can generate income and employment and contribute to rural development, preventing rural-urban migration and promoting sustainable revenue generation.

Temple and Their Architectural Style in Himachal Pradesh: An Overview

The traditional architecture of Himachal Pradesh is developed and mostly present in the form of numerous temples constructed in different parts of the state. It is the outcome of the prevalent topography, available natural resources, extremes of the climate and other natural forces. These temples are the best-known example of successful experimentation with locally available building materials and indigenous construction techniques to produce architectural marvels. It is also best reaction to the harsh climate of hilly regions and other natural forces. The present study simply described the temple architecture distribution and its types in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The whole study is based on primary as well as secondary sources of data. Various kinds of temple architecture have been discussed in this study i.e., Shikhra Style, Pyramid style, Tower Style, Pent Roof Style and Dome Style. Himachal Pradesh has been a meeting place of various art and culture. Broadly Himachal art can be divided into three group each distinguished by the recurring theme of Hinduism and Buddhism. These are (1) Khasha Art (2) Indo Aryan Art (3) Indo-Tibetan Art. Therefore, Himachal Pradesh has been a meeting of varied art and cultures. But, the main focus of study is related to Hinduism as it has large number of architectures related to Hinduism than others.

Application of Standard Agreements in Lease Purchase Contracts: Legal Implications of Business in the Realm of Civil Law

Business practices provide easy access to capital for certain goods. Hire purchase arises when the buyer cannot afford to pay cash. Standard agreements cannot be negotiated by consumers. In Indonesia, this practice is growing rapidly, especially in the motorbike trade. The application of standard agreements has important implications in business law, such as consumer protection and dispute resolution. Research on this subject is important for identifying challenges and opportunities in modern business. This legal research uses a normative juridical approach, which is a research method that relies on secondary data sources, such as library materials. This normative juridical approach involves analysis of legal principles, legal systematics, as well as vertical and horizontal synchronization in the civil law system in Indonesia. The results of this research are that the research highlights the importance of understanding the business practices of hire purchase contracts, especially the application of standard agreements and their legal implications. This raises questions regarding the balance of rights and obligations between providers and recipients of goods or services. It is important to understand the legal framework to ensure equality of rights and obligations and maintain the principles of consumer protection and public order in this business practice

Sustainable Consumer Behaviours through Comparisons of Developed and Developing Nations

Sustainable consumption is crucial for mitigating environmental harm and combating climate change. This study examines sustainable consumer behaviour in developed and developing countries, aiming to identify drivers and barriers to responsible consumption patterns. Using qualitative data analysis, we explore factors influencing consumer attitudes and behaviours. Adopting an exploratory approach, we employ interpretivist philosophy and thematic analysis. Through case study methodology and secondary data sources, we analyse drivers, attitudes, and barriers to sustainable consumption. The study findings indicate that consumers in both developed and developing countries exhibit a keen interest in embracing sustainable consumption to contribute to environmental preservation. Corporate social responsibility towards sustainability influences consumer purchasing decisions, highlighting the importance of green initiatives within companies. Recommendations include implementing Green Fund Schemes at the governmental level and sustainability audits within corporations to promote and sustain sustainability efforts. Collaborative endeavours among consumers, corporations, and authorities are essential for promoting sustainability and safeguarding the environment.

THE INFLUENCE OF ONLINE PRESENCE ON THE INTENSITY OF EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE AT PT. PEGADAIAN (PERSERO) DAYA MAKASSAR BRANCH

This research aims to determine the effect of Online Presence on Employee Discipline Intensity at PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Daya Makassar Branch. The population in this study were all employees of PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Daya Makassar Branch has 35 employees. The type of research is descriptive quantitative. The data sources used are primary data sources, namely information originating from observations and questionnaires. Meanwhile, secondary data sources are data sources obtained from documentation or literature study. The data analysis technique used is simple linear regression analysis using statistical calculations by Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 24 application.The results of the research show that Online Presence (X) has a positive and significant effect on employee discipline intensity (Y) seen from the results of the calculated t value > t table (4,163 > 1.690) and the significant value 0.00 ˂ 0.05

Akhlak Guru dan Murid Menurut Ibnu Jama’ah dan KH Hasyim Asy’ari

The occurrence of various social problems lately, especially in the field of education, especially moral issues in the world of education has become a problem in itself. This requires separate research to overcome these problems. This study aims to analyze the morals of teachers and students according to Ibn Jama'ah and KH. Hasyim Asy'ari, and comparing the thoughts of the two and then afterwards relevant to teacher competence that is common in Indonesian education today. The type of research used in this study is qualitative and the methods used include literature research methods, which produce data in the form of written words from analyzed data sources. This research also uses content analysis techniques in data processing. The primary data sources used are Kitab Tadzkiratu as-Sami wa al-Mutakallim by Ibn Jama'ah and Kitab adabu al-'Alim wa al-Muta'allim by KH. Hashim Ash'ari. While the secondary data sources are books or other references related to the moral statements of teachers and students. The similarity with the conclusions of other academics is the research method used, namely qualitative research methods. While the difference is in the results of the research, which may be due to differences in the material presented and the time of research. In conclusion, there are similarities between the moral concepts of teachers and students according to Ibn Jama'ah and KH. Hashim Ash'ari. While the difference between the thoughts of the two lies in the difference in diction and the existence of discussions that are only discussed in one of each of the books of both.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Conventional and Islamic Banks in Nigeria Using Camel Rating Model

This study examines financial performance of Conventional and Islamic banking in Nigeria using CAMEL rating model covering the period of 2012-2022. Secondary sources of data were collected from the bank’s financial statements. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design and purposive sampling technique to select the sampled banks for the study. Two banks Jaiz Bank Plc and Unity Bank Plc (both from Conventional and Islamic banks) were drowned to serve as the study sample. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used as tool of analysis to show the trends of performance (CAMEL) between the two banks using mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation and also to check the relationship between the variables. Further, in inferential statistics, t-test was used to compare and test the significant variation between CAMEL components of the banks. The results showed the existence of low and negative trends in the quality of earnings of both banks. It also showed trends of performance between the two banks are significantly affected by all the CAMEL components. Moreover, results from t-tests showed a significant variation of three CAMEL components and the acceptance of alternative hypothesis. The study recommended the management of both bank should put more effort to mitigate the negative return volatility of the banks. Both bank need to have strong liquid-based or near liquid e.g., short-term securities (government bonds). A lot more effort needs to be made to create value-based products.

Restructuring Industrial Sector and Economic Growth in Nigeria

This study investigated the effects of restructuring industrial sector on economic growth in Nigeria. The study sets to examine the effect of the manufacturing on economic growth in Nigeria, examine the impact of crude petroleum and natural gas on economic growth in Nigeria and investigate the effect of solid mineral mining on economic growth in Nigeria. The study adopted both primary and secondary source of data. The study employed Error Correction Model (ECM) and Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for hypothesis testing. The findings of the study showed that Manufacturing (LnMAN) had a significant positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Crude petroleum and natural gas (LnCPN) had positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Solid mineral mining (LnSMM) had an insignificant positive impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study concluded that restructuring industrial sector, if properly and adequately implemented, would certainly propel and facilitate economic growth, development and unity in Nigeria with positive multiplier effect on West African states and Africa as a whole. Hence, recommended that there is need for the government to develop stimulants for the manufacturing sector and manufacturers in form of tax incentives and credit facilities. A good road network to mining sites and a sufficient power supply will go a long way to boost the productivity of the sector. Government should encourage the production of more agricultural products that could be used as raw materials by manufacturing industries to achieve balanced growth between the agricultural and the manufacturing industries of the Nigerian economy.

A qualitative study of Suaahara II influence on nutrition governance in Nepal.

Maternal and child undernutrition remain major public health problems in Nepal. Suaahara is a USAID-funded multi-sectoral nutrition programme aiming to strengthen local nutrition governance to reduce maternal and child undernutrition, among other objectives. The purpose of this study is to present findings from a recent qualitative evaluation of Suaahara II's influence on the decentralised implementation of Nepal's Multi-sectoral Nutrition Plan (MSNP) and identifying gaps and areas for improvement at the federal, provincial, and local levels to strengthen nutrition governance. This study employed multiple qualitative methods, engaging over 100 multi-sectoral nutrition stakeholders across three levels of government and eight districts. Thematic qualitative analysis was employed to identify emergent and salient themes, which were triangulated with other secondary data sources. Suaahara II had a positive influence on strengthening horizontal coordination for implementing the MSNP and effectively leveraged existing networks to strengthen implementation of nutrition-focused activities at the municipal level. Although there was an observable increased demand for nutrition budgets attributable to Suaahara II activities, sufficient allocation and utilisation, particularly in non-health sectors, did not meet these levels. Nepal's shift to federalism hindered vertical coordination of MSNP implementation. Some formal coordination mechanisms were strengthened, but variation in their effectiveness to strengthen horizontal and vertical coordination to implement MSNP activities continues. Finally, limited government ownership over nutrition activities and facilitating multi-sector coordination to implement the MSNP threatened sustainability of Suaahara II's outcomes on nutrition governance. Future programmes should continue to build on the progress made under Suaahara II, and specifically aim to address challenges in vertical coordination to strengthen nutrition governance in Nepal.

Impact of Youth Migration on the Agricultural Sector in Nepal

The paper examines the impact of youth migration on the agricultural sector in Nepal. Nowadays, youth are involved in both internal and international migration to seek better income opportunities and secure living conditions. The increasing trend of youth migration is significantly affecting the agricultural sector by transforming knowledge and skills through the adoption of agricultural technology, the selection of profitable crops, increasing productivity, increasing food security, and exporting crops. The paper follows descriptive research method and based on secondary data sources like scholarly articles, journals, and authentic reports to analyze qualitative and quantitative information. It concludes that youth migration is a significant issue, despite potential negative impacts in developing countries like Nepal. Migration boosts household income through remittances but can lead to labor shortages, land loss, and decreased productivity. Negative effects include increased reliance on remittance earnings and a deteriorating working attitude.   

Wildfire, deforestation and health in tropical rainforest areas: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionWildfires and deforestation potentially have direct effects on multiple health outcomes as well as indirect consequences for climate change. Tropical rainforest areas are characterised by high rainfall, humidity and temperature,...

Innovation Unleashed: Measuring the Effectiveness of Atal Incubation Centres in Nurturing Women Entrepreneurs

Purpose: The manufacturing industry has been at the cutting-edge of technology advancements, which has Background: This research delves into the impact of Atal Incubation Centres (AICs) on women entrepreneurship, aiming to understand the driving initiatives behind female participation in the startup ecosystem. Recognizing the imperative role of AICs in shaping entrepreneurial landscapes, the study addresses the need to assess their specific contributions to fostering women-led ventures.   Objective: The study sets out to achieve several key objectives, including the identification of AIC programs that support women entrepreneurs, the exploration of factors that enhance female involvement in startups facilitated by AICs, and the analysis of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs within this ecosystem.   Method: Employing a dual-methodology approach, the research relies on both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data is gathered through meticulously crafted questionnaires, allowing for a firsthand understanding of the experiences and perspectives of women entrepreneurs associated with AICs.   Findings: The synthesis of primary and secondary data aims to provide a concise yet thorough analysis of AICs' effectiveness in fostering women entrepreneurship. By shedding light on specific programs, influential factors, and challenges encountered, the research endeavors to contribute valuable insights to policymakers, researchers, and aspiring women entrepreneurs.   Conclusion: This comprehensive investigation seeks to inform the ongoing discourse on women entrepreneurship and innovation. By offering nuanced insights into the measures implemented by AICs, factors fostering increased female participation, and the challenges faced, the research provides a foundation for crafting effective strategies to create a more inclusive and supportive startup ecosystem for women.

Impact of Marketing Strategies of Retailers on Consumers with Specific Reference to Ramki Bandi and Local Tiffin Centres

Entrepreneurs and small business management go hand in hand in making a successful business. The study is taken up on retailers in the street food industry. The study’s objective is to analyze the impact of the marketing strategies of Ram ki Bandi , a famous street food corner in Hyderabad, India, and a comparative study between the marketing strategies of Ram ki Bandi  and local street tiffin centers. Tiffin centers are small eateries put up on the street. A marketing strategy is a long-term plan for achieving a company’s goals by understanding customers’ needs and creating a distinct and sustainable competitive advantage. For the study, the data was collected through primary data sources, such as survey methods, questionnaires, and secondary data sources. The primary data was collected from a sample of 100 respondents using questionnaires and interviews. Marketing strategies are essential in the growth of a retailer’s business. Some of them are as follows: attracting more customers, analyzing competitors, understanding customers, and making optimal pricing decisions, amongst others. The findings of the study state that marking strategies impact consumer behavior when purchasing a given product.

Sejarah Sosial Teori Hukum Islam Mazhab Maliki

The Maliki school of thought has made a major contribution to the development of Islamic legal theory (usul al-fiqh). However, there has not been much research that has paid serious attention to the dynamics of the Islamic legal theory that developed in the Maliki School. This research aims to analyze the Maliki School of Islamic legal theory from a socio-historical perspective. This library research places the work of usul al-fiqh written by Malikiyah scholars as the primary data source. Meanwhile, secondary data sources were obtained from various other works that are relevant to the study topic. This research found that the Maliki School of Islamic legal theory developed dynamically because it was influenced by the social context. In the early of the formative period, the Maliki School was known as ahl al-atsar (textualists) because of its preference for the sunnah as a source of Islamic law. However, in subsequent developments, Malikiyah scholars became increasingly rationalist with a tendency to use ra'y with various variants (al-maslahat al-mursalah, istihsan, etc.) which relied on maqashid al-shari'ah in efforts to discover Islamic law.

Criminal Law Policy (Penal Policy) in the Formulation of Criminal Sanctions Against Narcotics Crimes in Indonesia

Criminal Law Policy (Penal Policy) in the Formulation of Criminal Sanctions Against Narcotics Crimes in Indonesia

ANALISIS DURASI DAN BIAYA DENGAN METODE RESOURCES LEVELING PADA PEMBANGUNAN BALAI SERBAGUNA BANJAR WONGAYA BETAN TABANAN

In the Multipurpose Hall Advanced Development project in Banjar Wongaya Betan, Tabanan Regency, there was an overall allocation of human resources which caused a mismatch between plans and realization in the field, where implementation experienced delays in the 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a human resource leveling method to minimize deviations between needs and the availability of existing human resources, namely by Resources Leveling using the help of Microsoft Office Project 2019. The Resources Leveling method is carried out by shifting non-critical activities within the available grace time so that available resources are not overloaded. This research aims to analyze the duration of activities and costs required for the project through descriptive research methods with a quantitative approach and using secondary data sources from the implementing contractor, namely CV. Sustainable Gold. Based on the analysis results, it was found that the number of human resources that were initially overallocated could be optimized after the leveling process was carried out using the resource leveling method with Microsoft Office Project 2019. The leveling process affected the project duration, from 90 days to 103 days. This is because of max. units of labor that the contractor is able to provide cannot meet the max. units required for project implementation. Meanwhile, the cost of human resources required is not affected by the leveling process, namely, it still costs IDR 71,981,700.

Development Strategy of Batu Ojung Tourism Object Using SWOT Analysis

This study aims to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) associated with tourism objects and then formulate a comprehensive development strategy. This study used a qualitative approach, utilizing primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was collected through field visits, interviews with local stakeholders, and observations, while secondary data was collected from relevant literature and documents. The findings revealed that Batu Ojung has unique natural and cultural strengths, including a beautiful landscape and traditional heritage. However, challenges such as limited infrastructure, lack of promotion, and environmental concerns were identified as weaknesses. Opportunities include growing interest in ecotourism and cultural experiences, while threats include competition from nearby attractions and potential negative impacts on the local environment. Based on the SWOT analysis, a development strategy is proposed, to capitalize on strengths, the strategy suggests improving infrastructure, promoting the site through various marketing channels, and encouraging community involvement. Overcoming weaknesses involves investing in basic facilities, implementing sustainable practices, and providing training to local communities for hospitality and tourism-related activities.

Water Governance: Challenges and Prospects for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal Six in Nigeria

The primary objective of this study is to review all Nigerian National Water and Sanitation Policies implemented since 1993. The aim is to assess their performance, efficiency, and alignment with the targets set forth in UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). This review provides a contextual understanding of the challenges and opportunities for implementing SDG 6 in Nigeria. We conducted a critical appraisal and qualitative analysis of the 2016 Nigerian National Water Resources Policy, the most recently published policy, in relation to the targets of SDG 6. Our findings indicate that seven out of the eight SDG 6 targets are addressed in the policy. These include safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, pollution reduction, water-use efficiency, trans-boundary cooperation, and protection of water-related ecosystems. However, the policy falls short in involving local communities in water and sanitation management, which is the eighth requirement of SDG 6. Specifically, only 28 states have a dedicated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA), and few local government areas have Water Supply and Sanitation Hygiene Departments (WASH) as required by SDG 6. Our assessment of the policy's implementation and practices is based on secondary data sources, notably from the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the National Bureau of Statistics. We argue that by developing effective implementation strategies that involve local communities, the 2016 National Water Resources Policy can significantly contribute to achieving sustainable water and sanitation management for all Nigerians by 2030.