Second Half Of Twentieth Century Research Articles

The Issues of Cultural Heritagisation of Lithuanian Architectural Artworks of the Second Half of Twentieth Century

The article aims to present the trends in cultural heritagisation of artworks of the synthesis of the arts, a prominent phenomenon of Lithuanian architecture of the second half of the twentieth century. In post-war Lithuania, synthesis of arts was encouraged: as it enabled the development of the branches of monumental and applied art, it was generally accepted that the surviving artworks of these branches were of historical and iconographic value. Nevertheless, these works could also be linked to the social engineering programme of the occupying Soviet government. The article evaluates the origins of the idea of the synthesis of the arts and its adaptation in the Soviet Union, which provides an understanding of both the ways in which the idea of the synthesis of the arts was used for propaganda purposes and the motivation of the creators of monumental and applied art that transcended the boundaries of propaganda. The analysis of the sources carried out in the article allows grasping the shift in the concept of the synthesis of the arts that took place in post-war Lithuania, which created the conditions for the manifestation of the personal character of art, the innovativeness of the expression, and conditional political neutrality. For the first time, the analysis of the data of the Register of Cultural Property was conducted to reveal that neither the criteria allowing recognition of non-ideological works nor the usual “50 years of age” requirement had a prominent impact on deciding which artworks should be declared cultural heritage in Lithuania. Due to the lack of a consistent value-based strategy and the acceleration of the destruction of the art of the Soviet period, the strategies for the identification and cultural heritagisation of art synthesis artworks are sporadic and inconsistent. The analysis carried out in the article demonstrates how uncoordinated efforts to preserve such artworks, lacking in systematic and contextual approach, as well as the contradiction between works created specifically for architecture and their treatment as detachable objects, have a fatal impact on their actual (not formal) preservation.

Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Tables in Latest Gastrointestinal Research in Islamic Civilization in Middle Ages

Research on Islamic civilization shows that gastrointestinal diseases are rooted in social lifestyles and are a sociological phenomenon. The science and craft of medicine evolved to such an extent that Muslim physicians presented a set of general rules in medicine, including gastroenterology, including Ibn Rushd in his book Generalities in Medicine. One of general laws of medicine in Middle Ages was about the functioning of gastrointestinal tract in relation to disease and health. In this general law, the systematic relationship between digestion and place, including village and city, time of year and days and hours of day and night, age of people, pollution and air pollution, is regulated in health table. By referring to this limit, one can choose food that is useful for maintaining health and also be safe from diseases. Spread of health is legacy of Islamic medicine in Middle Ages for world of science, which can be used even now. In this general law, occurrence of all diseases is due to digestive problems and incorrect choice of food. He considers urban lifestyle in nutrition as cause of all diseases. In Islamic medicine, there is a direct relationship between food and its type of digestion and lifestyle to maintain health. According to Ibn Khaldun, who has introduced himself as a commentator on works of Averroes who invented eight hundred years ago the “Trophology and “Ecotrophology” which developed in Europe in second half of twentieth century, was ago, Ibn Khaldun as sociologist studied issue pathology of nutrition from propht to averroes and interoduced hypotheses in nutrition about view of Islamic civilization and writes: Urban diet style is cause of disease: 1. Wrong food composition. people of city add all kinds of ingredients and condiments to food and produce dozens of indistinct forms of food and fruit that are not recognizable to human temperament. 2. Inactivity among city dwellers. 3. Stinking air and air pollution 4. Overeating and starting to eat new food before digesting t previous food Research hypothesis is presentation of a panoramic image of human nutrition knowledge of Qur’an by human maker, which is a firm image and in accordance with reality and there is a firm and definite logical relationship between gastrointestinal tract and food and health that can be plotted in a quantitative graph in Islamic civilization.

The place of ethics in practice of anatomical sciences: have we left our dark past behind and looking towards a bright future?

Anatomical sciences involve handling of human tissues and, therefore, application of principles of bioethics is central to anatomical practice. For a considerable period of time, anatomy was practiced without ethical norms as concept of ethics developed during second half of twentieth century. Hence, possible glimpse into contrast in ethical standards between anatomy in the past and present was deemed as an intriguing research theme. A literature search was undertaken from indexed databases (Medline and Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science and Google Scholar). Relevant data were extracted from 37 articles that were selected from an initial pool of 752 articles based on search criteria set for the study. Prevalent anatomical practices in the past such as dissection of executed criminals, acts of vivisection, illegal procurement of human remains, use of human tissues obtained as part of war crimes and dissection of human fetuses as well as their archival were analyzed through prism of established ethical norms in present day. The observations from past were presented vis-à-vis ethical practices undertaken in present times such as use of donated bodies and/or body parts procured through legal means for dissection, adherence to ethical norms during dissection, archival of human tissues mandating stringent regulation and dignified disposal of human remains. Existing loop holes were identified and future prospects regarding ethical standards in anatomy were highlighted based on rational judgment of existing trends. The article concludes with defense on future prospects of ethics in anatomy based on documented arguments.

INTRODUCTION TO NON LIFE MATHEMATICS WITH REFERENCE TO PRICING: CONCEPTS, ORIGIN OF THE MODELS AND A PROPOSAL FOR AN ONGOING MONITORING OF THE PERSONALIZED PREMIUM

Pricing is a fundamental topic for a nonlife insurance company. It includes several underwriting activities to set actuarial models. In the past, it was a fundamental part of risk theory and nonlife insurance mathematic and nowadays results in a vast actuarial research field. Since the second half of twentieth century, many papers have been published in actuarial journals. This work originates from the experience of introductory university lectures of the author. After an historical recognition, a proposal is made of a simplified approach to monitor consistency and quality of the personalized premiums over time.

Saeculum-Mundus Politik Indonesia: Satu Kajian Filosofis dalam Perspektif Nurcholish Madjid

This article suggests some common opinions on Muslim’s worldview, which became the center of contention. This gives rise to perspective which states that the religion participation in government will bring the world of politics into the arena of theo-centrism that ends in authoritarianism. The research is qualitative, based on library research. The approach used is descriptive critical analysis. It aims to describe factual dynamics on Indonesian social-politic from philosophical point of view. The research finds that, on the second half of twentieth century, Nurcholish Madjid’s renewal idea on Islamic political thought (secularization) gets a variety of responses. Madjid suggested the need to separate religion from social-politic arena with his slogan, ‘Islam Yes, Islamic party No’. The basis of the idea is built on the concept of rationality as the main authority in the social science paradigm. Ideas or dogma, meanwhile, is part of historical development which has to be submissive to conditions that always change. Everything that “exist” has to change, the only absolute one is the change itself.

Profil “Kontemporer” Musik Kelahiran Minang


 
 
 one of musical entities in West Sumatera is the Minangkabau cultural music. The existence of the music has changed significantly since the second half of twentieth century, as an intergral change of Indonesian music in general. Following the situation I see the emergence of academic discussions on the music in a member of forums in this republic. In the discussion, many terms are adopted from foreign languages, especially English, such as “contemporary”. Various meanings given to “contemporary” are used to define the phenomena of changes in music in the countri. One of a newly-created music as a phenomenon of change in the Minangkabau cultural context is “Kawin Silang” composition. The composition in this article is discussed in the contemporary perspective. 
 
 

DOCTORAL RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN INDIA: A STUDY OF UNIVERSITIES IN MAHARASHTRA STATE

English Language Education (ELE) in India has a history of about two hundred years. There were some significant studies in ELE during the British rule. The research in ELE in India was mostly carried out in the second half of twentieth century. A cursory review of bibliographies reveals that ELE is one of the less researched sub-disciplines of English Studies in India. In the absence of a separate study on research in ELE in India, the present paper is a modest attempt to evaluate the doctoral research in different areas of ELE in the universities in Maharashtra State of India. The purpose of the present study is to know the less explored and over explored areas of ELE for doctoral research. This study would not only strengthen the research in ELE but also define the scope for further research in ELE in India. Besides, it may not only help the aspirant researchers but also will determine the path of ELE in twenty-first century India.

‘Mimesis' in Colonial Writings as an Assertion of Power: Positioning Plato as a Postcolonial Thinker

Plato is one of the most influential thinkers since the Classical time of Greece. Most of the literary criticisms came after him were trying to reply Plato to defend the moral authority of poetry. This paper is an attempt to intertwine the two seemingly unparalleled stream of thoughts club into a common politico-critical space. Plato, the Athenian philosopher, who lived somewhere around 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC might be a strange figure in the socio-political context of the second half of twentieth century. But his critical thoughts, especially his literary criticism, find an interesting parallel in Postcolonial stream of literary criticism. It's an attempt to read Plato from a Postcolonial angle and positioning him as a critique in Postcolonial critical space. This paper analyses Plato's Book X of The Republic and the position taken by Socrates, the central character of Plato's Dialogues. Plato's ideas on Mimesis and his other major criticism against poetry are juxtaposed here with postcolonial criticism of Edward Said, Michel Foucault, Chinua Achebe and other major postcolonial critiques. n

Three crayfish species of different origin in a medium-sized river system: a new state of affairs

In view of contemporary changes in aquatic environments, determining the distribution of both native and emerging invasive crayfish species is increasingly important. In central Europe, the three invasive crayfish species of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852), the spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) and the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarki (Girard, 1852) are of North American origin. The spiny-cheek crayfish was first brought to the southern Baltic basin at the end of nineteenth century, and its expansion ensued rapidly. At the same time, the indigenous species of the noble crayfish Astacus astacus (Linnaeus, 1758) began to disappear. The spread of the signal crayfish started in the second half of twentieth century; however, it has progressed strongly in recent years. Latest studies of fish fauna in the Drwęca River system, a tributary of the lower Vistula River, have simultaneously revealed new information on the occurrence of crayfish. The most widespread was spiny-cheek crayfish found at ten sites throughout the river basin. The second alien species, the signal crayfish, was noted in four locations in the upper part of the river system, but no mixed populations were noted. A particularly valuable result of the study was the discovery of an unknown site of noble crayfish in a small stream.

ЧАС І ПРОСТІР У МІСЬКІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ТЕОРІЇ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ. СПРОБА ПОРІВНЯЛЬНОГО АНАЛІЗУ

The author considers the process of modernization of life in the twentieth century in industrial developed countries and Ukraine also. The methodological base of this scientific research is the theory of modernization, which was founded worldwide sociology science in the second half of twentieth century. The theory of modernization considers changes in society as an inevitable, continuous process that has strong direction from the archaic to modernity. The article substantiates the connection between modernity and the radical changes in everyday life that took place in the last century. The author argues that home economics got significant progress in the development of household in the interwar countries of America and Western Europe, which received many features inherent modern time. However, such opportunities ware impossible in the Ukrainian society due to the rule of the totalitarian regime. The author determinates the prioritization of the process of modernization of everyday life, dwelling and household in industrial developed countries.

Los primeros libros impresos en Filipinas (1593-1607)

El presente estudio repasa las principales aportaciones en el campo de la historia del libro en Filipinas, haciendo énfasis en los aportes de los primeros bibliógrafos y comentando los impresos xilográficos descubiertos en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. A la luz de las evidencias disponibles, se traza una cronología razonada de los primeros impresos —xilográficos y tipográficos— de Filipinas. Se arguye que el itinerario de títulos resultante es extraordinariamente indicativo de las estrategias y las prioridades de las órdenes misioneras, especialmente los dominicos, en el Sudeste Asiático

Reseña de: Adrián Ascolani y Miguel Catalá. Humberto Volando. El líder agrario, Argentina 1964-1996. Buenos Aires: CICCUS, 2017, 336 páginas.

El libro de Adrián Ascolani y Miguel Catalá recupera, a través de las intervenciones públicas reproducidas en la prensa agraria, la trayectoria gremial de unos de los principales dirigentes de la segunda mitad del siglo XX: Humberto Volando, productor ganadero de la provincia de Córdoba, que tuvo bajo su dirección los destinos de la Federación Agraria Argentina (en adelante, FAA). Podemos afirmar que este aporte se inscribe en una dilatada preocupación de miembros de dicha entidad por relatar los aspectos más sobresalientes de las gestiones de sus líderes.Muchas de estas visiones son institucionalizantes, puesto que contribuyen a fijar la memoria de la entidad y/o exaltar la figura de sus líderes ubicándolos en una suerte de “panteón”

Nationalism and the Pan-historical Perspective in Early Middle Age Archaeology

To the memory of Jurij Voronov archaeologist, Vice-Premier of Abkhazia murdered on 11 September 1995Nationalism is a most general and worldwide phenomenon, known at least since European antiquity. It is also present in archaeological research, more intensively indeed in Central and Eastern Europe than in its Western counterpart. It is mostly connected with national prehistory, and its basic questions concern ‘ancientness’, ‘previousness’ and a high(er) culture, which are always the issues put forth in a comparison with others. Its emergence becomes more direct when manipulating constructed histories. Yet a decrease of its overall influence may be expected in the long run. Panhistorism in archaeology partly stems from the overestimation of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century archaeological finds and was the view generally adopted by Soviet-type Marxism. Its aim is to render history useful for political manipulation. Its followers and advocates, however, are generally ill-informed about the methodological issues of research developed in the second half of twentieth century. We may, therefore, be somewhat more optimistic as to its impending disappearance.

Tantra y los límites del potencial femenino en la respuesta sexual

Este artículo explica algunos de los nuevos hallazgos sobre la sexualidad femenina, la Respuesta Sexual Expandida (RSE) y los orgasmos prolongados–ampliados en comparación con las descripciones de las antiguas filosofías tántricas y taoístas. El orgasmo femenino y las «experiencias pico» femeninas tienen su adecuado reconocimiento en la antigua literatura de la India, China y Extremo Oriente. Al igual que los orgasmos tántricos, la respuesta sexual expandida se definió recientemente como: la capacidad de alcanzar orgasmos de larga duración y/o prolongados y/o múltiples y/o sostenidos y/o status orgasmus que dura más tiempo y es más intenso que los patrones de orgasmos clásicos definidos en la literatura occidental. Occidente empezó a comprender la verdadera naturaleza del orgasmo femenino en la segunda mitad del siglo XX con el uso de métodos de investigación científicos objetivos y racionales. En esta revisión se presentan descripciones detalladas de estos fenómenos en el marco de investigaciones clínicas actuales.

Efficiency wage, unemployment and tourism development: a theoretical analysis

PurposeInternational tourism has experienced a substantial growth during the second half of twentieth century. Tourism development can contribute substantially to the reduction of poverty problem by creating new employment opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of tourism development on unemployment problem using an efficiency wage framework.Design/methodology/approachThe authors developed a two-sector two-factor static competitive general equilibrium model of a less-developed open economy called South with an imported traded goods sector and with a non-traded tourism service sector, and with two factors, capital and labour. Labour is measured in efficiency unit; there exists unemployment in the labour market which is explained by the efficiency wage hypothesis. The authors also consider extensions of the basic model by introducing an exportable traded goods sector as well as sector-specific capital in the tourism sector.FindingsThe authors show that, with perfect intersectoral mobility of capital and with only one traded good, tourism development in South lowers unemployment rate and raises national income. However, this tourism development neither affects unemployment rate nor national income in South, in the mobile-capital model when there are two traded goods. When tourism sector uses sector-specific capital but capital is mobile between two traded goods sectors, tourism development keeps the unemployment rate unchanged but raises national income in South.Originality/valueThere exists a lot of debate about economic benefits of tourism development in a less-developed economy. A few works analyse the economic effects of tourism without developing formal models. However, no existing work analyses the effect on unemployment in an efficiency wage model. Although Harris–Todaro model is of relevance to explain unemployment in low-income countries, efficiency wage models are relevant for middle-income countries.

Geschlechterspezifische Erinnerungsdiskurse zum Krieg 1915–1918. Das Fallbeispiel Italien

The paper deals with the centenary of the First World War in Italy, focusing on gendered memory politics before and after 2015. It is characteristic of the ‘Italian case’ that over the course of the twentieth century gender images of the Great War appear closely linked to rhetoric figures established in the context of events commemorating the unification of Italy in 1861. Besides, remembering the First World War played an important role in Italian Fascism. The Fascist regime declared the Great War as a crucial reference point of political ideology. Correspondingly, it propagated gender images of ‘soldier-like manliness’ and ‘caring national motherhood’. In contrast, and in order to distance themselves from Fascism, Italian politics and public opinion after 1945 rather ignored the role of women in the First World War. Accordingly, the range of ‘available’ gender representations of the war remained rather limited in the second half of twentieth century. It was not until the commemoration events around 2015 that women’s and gender history research set in motion again. Against the backdrop of a significant gender bias in current Italian historical sciences and persisting research desiderata concerning World War One, the conclusions of such historiographic developments nevertheless remain ambivalent.

Pensamiento feminista contemporáneo (Re)pensar la política en tiempos de crisis

AbstractFundamental categories of a specific interpretation of Being in Western philosophy has been brought into cuestion over the second half of twentieth century by different currents such as feminist philosophy. Key concepts in contemporary thinking as subject, community or politics have entered into crisis. What can we say about them today? The contributions of feminisms in this respect are crucial, mainly because of their attention to the problem of difference and the multiplity identities. In this article, we analyze the way in which these contributions contribute to rethinking ontology and politics, with the aim of tackling a key debate in the present moment of systemic or civilizing “crisis”: how to build a life that is alive from the premise of equality, but without renouncing at the same time the recognition of differences.Keywords: feminist philosophy, difference, incompleteness, common, policy.

El pueblo de la revolución. Las organizaciones armadas Argentinas en los años setenta

Taking Claude Lefort´s arguments as a base, this article analyzes practices and representations of the two most important military organizations of Argentina, Montoneros and the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores-Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (PRT-ERP). Those non state organizations arose during the dictatorship governments of the Revolución Argentina (1966-1973) and incorporated militants to become the two insurgent groups with greater impact and political visibility of the time. A few years later, after the rule of another dictatorship government, the so called Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (1976-1983), Montoneros and the PRT-ERP felt in a breakdown and desestructration process. Studying documents, publications, statements and practices of Montoneros and the PRT-ERP, on one hand, this article questions about how this groups represented their political internal space and how they faced diversity and division of social relations. On the other hand, we tend to show the potential of Lefort’s reflections to understand the experience of armed groups in Latin America during the second half of twentieth century.

Mito, simboli e stile dell'Europa unita

This article analyzes Niccolo Zapponi’s works devoted to such themes as European civilisation and Western Europe during the second half of twentieth century. In his approach, he dedicates great attention to the concept of modernity and to those collective mentalities which characterize the process of European unification and define some of its most peculiar aspects. This article takes into consideration two main fields. On the one hand, Europe is conceived as the product of a long-lasting acculturation process; on the other, as the result of political and institutional unification with its more recent historical background, symbolism and political style mainly defined by its ruling class.

Only action No oration- The why, The what, and The how of Community Medicine 2.0!

All through, the second half of twentieth century ‘community medicine’ has evolved from its forerunner ‘preventive & social medicine’ (PSM).(1)But this was not the Darwinian evolution; instead, it was merely a ‘naam-karan’ rather than being a much needed ‘bhoomi-poojan’ for the advancement of this specialty.(1) It would had been better, if the heavy weightsof this field would have given more stresson style of teaching community medicine.(2)It would be misdemeanour if we again change its name to ‘community and family medicine’ or ‘public health medicine’ or any other charming or sophisticated name we can think off.The role of community medicine is to make communities ‘healthy’ by making every citizen ‘healthier’, which is has far reaching effects as compared to just ‘curing’ illnesses. To accomplish this, a community physician should have expertizes in a host of scientific disciplines including various clinical specialties. He/she should be skilled enough to understand the determinants (biological, environmental and social), and course of diseases in an individual and the community.(3)Thus we need to think beyond just teaching epidemiology and bio-statistics; rather we should integrate newer fields such as evidence based medicine, health system & policy research, and overall public health leadership in training curricula.(4)In addition to ensuring the metamorphosis of a student into a proficient community physician we should also sharpen their clinical skills. For this, it is vital to focus on skills which will empower a community physician to treat most common illnesses affecting members of a family in different age groups.(5)