Screening Of Secondary Metabolites Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites of Annona Muricata Bark

Screening of phytochemicals is a precious stair in the detection of bioactive principles present in medicinal plants and may lead to novel drug discovery). In present study aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening, fluorescence, and spectroscopic characterization in Annona muricata bark. The qualitative analysis of aqueous, hexane, ethanol, hydro-ethanolic and methanol extracts of Annona muricata bark were investigated. Among the various extracts, the hydro-ethanolic extract of Annona muricata bark contains a higher concentration of phytochemicals than other extracts and is used for subsequent studies. Quantitative analysis revealed that the Annona muricata bark has contain significant amount of phenol, flavonoids, saponin, tannin and alkaloids were present. Histochemical analysis further confirmed the presence of phytochemicals in Annona muricata bark. UV-VIS spectral analysis we can confirm that the presence of tannins and flavonoids. FTIR analysis had confirmed the presence of alcohol, phenol, aromatic, carboxylic acid, and aliphatic amines. Results of the study concluded that rich source of phytochemicals in Annona muricata bark is responsible for their therapeutic effects. So, it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance and further studies are needed with these plants to evaluate their pharmacological potentials of the bioactive compounds responsible for their bio-activities and other medicinal values.

SKRINING FITOKIMIA INFUSA DAUN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens Jack.) DENGAN METODE REAKSI WARNA

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) was used traditionally as a medicine to help relieve fever, malaria and flu. In general, people was used sungkai leaves in the form as infusion. This study was aimed to screening of secondary metabolite of Sungkai leaf infusion using the color reaction method. The sample in this study was sungkai leaf that obtained from Bengkulu city. The infusion was obtained by boiling 10 gram of sungkai leaf simplicia with 100 ml of distilled water for 15 minutes at 90 0C until a concentration of 10% (w/v) was obtained. Secondary metabolite screening was carried out using the color reaction method to identify alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids. Phytochemical screening using specific reagents with the test was repeated three times. The results were showed that sungkai leaves infusion was positive in alkaloid test as evidenced by the presence of white precipitate with Mayer reagent, brown precipitate with Wagner reagent, and orange precipitate with Dragendorff reagent. Positive results were also shown in flavonoid, saponin and tannin tests. While, negative result was seen in steroid test using Liebermann Burchard reagent. In this study it can be concluded that sungkai leaf infusion positively contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antiradical and antibacterial activities of stem and root barks of Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. (Rubiaceae): A plant traditionally used in northern Côte d'Ivoire

Gardenia ternifolia is an Ivorian plant species used to treat tooth decay, hemorrhoidal crises, leprosy, skin diseases and rheumatism. The present study is based on phytochemical screening and evaluation of the antiradical and antibacterial activities of aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts of G. ternifolia stem and root barks. Phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites was carried out using tube color reaction methods and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols (flavonoids, coumarins, tannins), saponins, steroids and terpenoids in G. ternifolia stem and root extracts. Phenolic acids were revealed only in stems, while alkaloids were absent in both organs studied. Anti-radical activities were highlighted in both organs by qualitative and quantitative methods with respect to the DPPH free radical. However, quantitative spectrophotometric analysis showed better antioxidant activity in stems than in roots. Antibacterial activity assessed against 05 bacterial strains using the solid-medium diffusion and liquid-medium dilution methods showed that only the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of G. ternifolia stems were absolutely bactericidal against the Staphylococcus aureus strains tested (S.a ATCC 29213, S.a 06 UB/22 and S.a 27 UB/22). The results obtained could give the stems the ability to treat infections caused by S. aureus bacteria.

Selection of the Best Solvent Extract for Antimicrobial Activity Obtained from Marine Mollusca Shells

Marine organisms are a rich source of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites. So far, many chemically unique compounds of marine origin with different biologically activity have been isolated and a number of them are under investigation and/or are being developed as new pharmaceuticals. Screening of secondary metabolites from Mollusca shell is a common approach to identify compounds of biomedical importance. The aim of the present study is to assessment of antimicrobial activity of different extracts from ten different (Anadara antiquata, Anadara rhombea, Chicoreus virgineus, Donax cuneatus, Mactra violacea, Pugilina cochlidium, Donax scortum, Turritella acutangula, Trachycardium asciaticum and Tonna dolium) Mollusca s shell. The shell powders were immersed separately in ethanol, acetone, methanol and cold steeped for overnight at -18°C. The antimicrobial effects of different (Ethanol, acetone and methanol) extracts were tested against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans strains. The extract obtained from ethanol showed a higher degree of inhibition to the both microbes. Maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited P. cochlidium against E. coli (7.00mm) and C. albicans (5.40mm) by the ethanol extract as compared to other extracts. On the basis of antimicrobial activity of different extracts, ethanol extract is used for further subsequent antimicrobial activities.

Skrining Fitokimia, Kadar Total Flavonoid dan Antioksidan Daun Cocor Bebek

Kalanchoe pinnata Linn. or in Indonesia known as cocor bebek, this plants grow well in temperate and tropical regions. Cocor bebek is used to treat several diseases including skin diseases, wound healing, kidney stones, gallstones, diabetes. The pharmacological activities of cocor bebek leaves have been reported as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial. The objective of this study is to determine the metabolite content of cocor bebek leaves, total flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity. Observations of secondary metabolites of cocor bebek leaves were carried out through qualitative secondary metabolite screening, while total flavonoid levels were carried out quantitatively UV-VIS with quercetin as a comparison, atioksidan activity through DPPH molecular inhibition testing. The results of this study indicate that cocor bebek leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins and phenols. 200gr of cocor bebek leaves obtained % yield extract is 14.63%. The total favonoid content obtained was 8.77% of quercetin, while the antioxidant inhibition of DPPH molecules obtained IC50 of 97.42 ppm.

Pengembangan Buku Saku Berdasarkan Studi Identifikasi Tanaman Obat Pada Masyarakat Suku Serawai Bengkulu Selatan

This research is a research and development of teaching materials in the form of a pocketbook based on the study of the identification of medicinal plants in the Serawai people of South Bengkulu. The purpose of this study was to determine the medicinal plants, the content of secondary metabolite phytochemical compounds in each plant, and the validity and responses of students to the developed pocketbook. The development model used is the research and development (R&D) model of Bord and Gall (1983) which is limited to the seventh stage, namely the revision of the product from the limited trial results. From the research, 19 (nineteen) medicinal plants were selected that were used by the Serawai people of South Bengkulu. The results of secondary metabolite screening showed that the medicinal plants found contained various levels of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. The validity of the pocketbook from the study of the identification of medicinal plants in the Serawai tribal community obtained an average value of 84.3% for the material aspect and 91.7% for the media aspect which was included in the very appropriate category. Student responses regarding the pocket book of medicinal plants developed obtained a value the percentage of material aspects, media, benefits are 85.8%, 88.0%, and 87.0%, respectively with an average of 86.9% which were included in the very good criteria. Student also give a positive response to the product being developed with a 100 % interest percentage.
 Keywords: Pocket Book, Medicinal Plants, Serawai Tribe, Secondary Metabolites

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing and Secondary Metabolite Screening Confirm Fusarium graminearum C16 Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Products as Decalin-Containing Diterpenoid Pyrones.

Fusarium graminearum is a causal organism of Fusarium head blight in cereals and maize. Although a few secondary metabolites produced by F. graminearum are considered disease virulence factors, many molecular products of biosynthetic gene clusters expressed by F. graminearum during infection and their associated role in the disease are unknown. In particular, the predicted meroterpenoid products of the biosynthetic gene cluster historically designated as "C16" are likely associated with pathogenicity. Presented here are the results of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing experiments disrupting the polyketide synthase and terpene synthase genes associated with the C16 biosynthetic gene cluster in F. graminearum. Culture medium screening experiments using transformant strains were profiled by UHPLC-HRMS and targeted MS2 experiments to confirm the associated secondary metabolite products of the C16 biosynthetic gene cluster as the decalin-containing diterpenoid pyrones, FDDP-D and FDDP-E. Both decalin-containing diterpenoid pyrones were confirmed to be produced in wheat heads challenged with F. graminearum in growth chamber trials. The extent to which the F. graminearum C16 biosynthetic gene cluster is dispersed within the genus Fusarium is discussed along with a proposed role of the FDDPs as pathogen virulence factors.

LC-MS profiling-based non-targeted secondary metabolite screening for deciphering cosmeceutical potential of Malaysian algae.

Application of natural resources from the marine environment in the cosmeceutical industry is gaining great attention. This study pursues to discover the cosmeceutical potential of two Malaysian algae, Sargassum sp. and Kappaphycus sp. by determining their antioxidant capacity and assessing the presence of their secondary metabolites with cosmeceutical potential using non-targeted metabolite profiling. Metabolite profiling using Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the Electrospray Ionization (ESI) mode resulted in 110 putative metabolites in Sargassum sp. and 47 putative metabolites in Kappaphycus sp. and were grouped according to their functions. To the best of our knowledge, the bioactive compounds of both algae have not been studied in any great detail. This is the first report to explore their cosmeceutical potential. Six antioxidants were detected in Sargassum sp., including fucoxanthin, (3S, 4R, 3'R)-4-Hydroxyalloxanthin, enzacamene N-stearoyl valine, 2-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, and metalloporphyrins. Meanwhile, three antioxidants detected in Kappahycus sp., namely Tanacetol A, 2-fluoro palmitic acid and idebenone metabolites. Three antioxidants are found in both algae species, namely, 3-tert-Butyl-5-methylcatechol, (-)-isoamijiol, and (6S)-dehydrovomifoliol. Anti-inflammatory metabolites such as 5(R)-HETE, protoverine, phytosphingosine, 4,5-Leukotriene-A4, and 5Z-octadecenoic acid were also found in both species. Sargassum sp. possesses higher antioxidant capacity as compared to Kappahycus sp. which may be linked to its number of antioxidant compounds found through LC-MS. Hence, our results conclude that Malaysian Sargassum sp. and Kappaphycus sp. are potential natural cosmeceutical ingredients as we aim to produce algae cosmeceutical products using native algae.

Screening of secondary metabolites produced by a mangroove-derived Nigrospora species an endophytic fungus isolated from Rhizophora racemosa for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

Marine fungi have shown large chemo-diversity of unharnessed important secondary metabolites required for drug development. In this study, endophytic fungi Nigrospora species (5S3) was isolated from the fresh stem of Rhizophora racemosa from a mangrove forest in Lagos Nigeria and axenic colonies were fermented on sterile rice medium for 21 days. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extract were evaluated. Chemical analyses such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Nuclear magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMR) analyses of selected Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) fractions revealed the presence of ten known compounds with established biological activities. Tested fractions of the extract exhibited antimicrobial activities against at least one Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with MIC values that ranged between 0.13 to 1 mg/mL. FE2 and FE3 fractions of the extract demonstrated poor antioxidant activity of less than 10%. Septicine, Aureonitol, Papuamine, Di-iso-octylphtalat, 1-(2,4 Dihydroxy-3,5-Dimethylphenyl)-Ethanone, Cladosporin, Tetrabenzofuran, Dihydrophthalate, 9-Octadecaenoic acid and Eicosane were the compounds detected in the extracts. Our findings reveal that Nigrospora spp an endophytic fungi possesses unique chemo diversity of bioactive secondary metabolites that could be utilized for development of new drugs.

Screening of secondary metabolites produced by a mangroove-derived Nigrospora species an endophytic fungus isolated from Rhizophora racemosa for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

Screening of secondary metabolites produced by a mangroove-derived Nigrospora species an endophytic fungus isolated from Rhizophora racemosa for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

Biological significance of carbohydrate active enzymes and searching their inhibitors for therapeutic applications

Glycans are the most abundant and diverse group of biomolecules with a crucial role in all the biological processes. Their structural and functional diversity is not genetically encoded, but depends on Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) which carry out all catalytic activities in terms of synthesis, modification, and degradation. CAZymes comprise large families of enzymes with specific functions and are widely used for various commercial applications ranging from biofuel production to textile and food industries with impact on biorefineries. To understand the structure and functional mechanism of these CAZymes for their modification for industrial use, together with knowledge of therapeutic aspects of their dysfunction associated with various diseases, CAZyme inhibitors can be used as a valuable tool. In search for new inhibitors, the screening of various secondary metabolites using high-throughput techniques and rational design techniques have been explored. The inhibitors can thus help tune CAZymes and are emerging as a potential research interest.

Hepatoprotective effect of the Hexane extract of Luffa echinata root and Stem bark against Tetrachloromethane Induced Hepatic Disorder in rats

In many nations, long term liver syndromes are the principal cause of casualty. Medicinal drug obtained from fauna and floras are well-thought-out and valuable in the treatment of chronic diseases that require long-term treatment. An experiment was conducted to determine the potential outcome of a hexane extract of the root and stem bark of Luffa echinata (L.echinata) Roxb on tetra chloromethane (TCM) induced liver toxicity in female albino rats. The root and stem bark of L. echinata were treated with hexane (C6H6), and exposed to preliminary secondary metabolite screening for the presence of various therapeutic component. Tetra chloromethane has been used to cause the hepatic disease in albino rats, which was subsequently treated with Hexane extract. Biochemical markers including entire bilirubin (BR), serum glutamic–oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) enzyme, serum glutamic –pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) enzyme, and total serum protein (TSP) in blood serum were used to assess the patient. The synergistic outcome of root and stem bark hexane extract on the damage liver tissues were also investigated histopathologically. According to the findings, Hexane extract has a strong hepatoprotective effect.

A Preliminary Phytochemical, Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical Evaluation of Endemic Thymus spathulifolius (Lamiaceae)

Aim of study: The members of the genus Thymus are widely used in Turkey as herbal teas, spices and salads for different purpose and the herbs of Thymus spathulifolius are reported to have medicinal value. Therefore, in this study various pharmacognostic parameters, physicochemical properties and anatomical characters of Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. & Velen., is a medicinal plant and endemic to Turkey, were investigated. Area of study: T. spathulifolius was dried and stored according to herbarium techniques in the Herbarium of Pharmacy Faculty, Trakya University, collected from Sivas, Turkey. Material and methods: The total ash, moisture content, and physicochemical tests on the different extracts obtained from the endemic T. spathulifolius aerial parts collected from Sivas province were determined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for crude drugs. Main results: The moisture content and total ash amount of the drug obtained from this plant is in accordance with the WHO standards. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites showed the presence of carbohydrates, antraquinone glycosides, steroids, flavonoids and coumarins, while other phytochemicals such as alkaloids and saponins were absent. Besides, the cross-sections of root, stem and leaf were examined and detailed. The total ash value was found as 7.36 ± 0.21% and acid insoluble ash was 0.14 ± 0.72%. Highlights: The present study provided important information for correct authentication and standardization of this plant material.

A multi-aspect analysis of two analogous aspergillus spp. belonging to section Flavi: aspergillus flavus and aspergillus oryzae

Microfungal isolates were routinely identified depending on both macro and micro morphological characteristics, sometimes, some fungal isolates appeared to be similar and such cases caused severe confusion for mycologists during the preliminary identification. During our previous studies dealing with isolation of fungi for some biotechnological applications; two mystifying species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae showed similar cultural and macroscopic features. Therefore, the current study aimed to easily distinguish between these two species depending on simple approaches which are routinely followed by a large segment of researchers. Investigation of the macroscopic features was performed to check the fungal growth on four different media (PDA, MEA, YES, and CYA) followed by microscopic examination using an ordinary light microscope, and scanning electron microscope SEM. Also, screening of secondary metabolites for both strains was preliminarily identified to find out the difference between their metabolic profiles. Finally, ITS rDNA was involved to clarify the molecular differences along their partial sequence. Conclusively, the BLAST strategy confirmed the similarity of ITS rDNA segments of both fungal strains that supported our hypothesis. The color of the fungal growth is a very critical factor whereas it is extensively influenced by the type of cultivation media. Accordingly, the YES medium was an inspiring tool assisting in prompt differentiation during the culture investigation step whereas A. oryzae and A. flavus appeared significant mustard yellow and olive green respectively. During the microscopic examination, the CYA medium also had a robust effect on the formation of the conidial chain whereas the knit long chain was observed in A. oryzae while the conidia appeared scattered and not in a chain in the case of A. flavus. Likewise, both two strains possessed different metabolic profiles where A. oryzae is not an Afla toxin producer, unlike A. flavus.

Rapid screening of secondary aromatic metabolites in Populus trichocarpa leaves

BackgroundHigh-throughput metabolomics analytical methodology is needed for population-scale studies of bioenergy-relevant feedstocks such as poplar (Populus sp.). Here, the authors report the relative abundance of extractable aromatic metabolites in Populus trichocarpa leaves rapidly estimated using pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS). Poplar leaves were analyzed in conjunction with and validated by GC/MS analysis of extracts to determine key spectral features used to build PLS models to predict the relative composition of extractable aromatic metabolites in whole poplar leaves.ResultsThe Pearson correlation coefficient for the relative abundance of extractable aromatic metabolites based on ranking between GC/MS analysis and py-MBMS analysis of the Boardman leaf set was 0.86 with R2 = 0.76 using a simplified prediction approach from select ions in MBMS spectra. Metabolites most influential to py-MBMS spectral features in the Clatskanie set included the following compounds: catechol, salicortin, salicyloyl-coumaroyl-glucoside conjugates, α-salicyloylsalicin, tremulacin, as well as other salicylates, trichocarpin, salicylic acid, and various tremuloidin conjugates. Ions in py-MBMS spectra with the highest correlation to the abundance of extractable aromatic metabolites as determined by GC/MS analysis of extracts, included m/z 68, 71, 77, 91, 94, 105, 107, 108, and 122, and were used to develop the simplified prediction approach without PLS models or a priori measurements.ConclusionsThe simplified py-MBMS method is capable of rapidly screening leaf tissue for relative abundance of extractable aromatic secondary metabolites to enable prioritization of samples in large populations requiring comprehensive metabolomics that will ultimately inform plant systems biology models and advance the development of optimized biomass feedstocks for renewable fuels and chemicals.

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem: Quantitative process optimization and bioactives analysis

AbstractGiloy (Tinospora cordifolia), a medicinal herb, contains several bioactives having immunomodulatory properties and various health benefits. In this study, giloy stem extract was derived using ultrasound process followed by screening of secondary metabolites and bioactives. Box–Behnken design coupled with RSM was employed for the optimization of yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of GSE with respect to solvent‐to‐solid (SS) ratio, sonication time (ST), and ultrasound amplitude (UA). The UA, ST and their interaction effects had significantly influenced the green extract yield and quality. The optimum extractions conditions were found to be 30% (UA), 10:1 (SS ratio), and 30 min (ST). The optimum responses were obtained as follows: extract yield: 9.614 ± 0.015%, TPC: 100.04 ± 0.133 (mg GAE/100 g extract), and DPPH % inhibition: 78.8523 ± 0.399%. Screening of optimized extract through HR‐LCMS‐QTOF reported the presence of major polyphenols such as malic acid, catechin, and quercitrin with a match factor of 99.23%, 98.65%, and 90.58%, respectively.Practical applicationsGiloy (T. cordifolia) is a potential source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties and chemical stability. Recent trends suggest paradigm shift toward research and development of active food from the herbal plant for special purposes such as supplements, functional food, nutraceuticals, or medicine. Thus, non‐thermal extraction and characterization of extract for screening along with higher retention of bioactive from herbal plants such as giloy and its utilization becomes a crucial part of any industry. In this regard, the present study on ultrasound extraction is the way ahead due to high bioactive retention and the cost implications of the process.

Screening of Secondary Metabolites and Semi-Synthetic Analogues of Ramalina leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. against Free Radicals Inflammation and Cancer Cell Lines

Screening of Secondary Metabolites and Semi-Synthetic Analogues of Ramalina leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. against Free Radicals Inflammation and Cancer Cell Lines

EFFECT OF NERIUM OLEANDER L. TOXIN ON MUNG SEEDS

Nerium oleander L. is a shrub of Apocynaceae. Despite its poisonous effects it has been used to treat several medical conditions. The present study was done for phytochemical screening of various secondary metabolites of oven dried Nerium leaf extracts. The total glycoside content of Nerium leaves were found out. The glycosides (toxin) were extracted from the Nerium leaves and were tested to evaluate its effect on mung seeds.

Screening, identification, and antibiotic activity of secondary metabolites of Penicillium sp. LPB2019K3-2 isolated from endemic amphipods of Lake Baikal

This study aimed to assess the influence of nutrient media content on the production of antibiotics and the ability of water fungi isolated from lake Baikal to synthesize novel natural products. Interest in this topic stems from the high demand for new drugs, and studies are carried out via the screening of new natural products with biological activity produced by unstudied or extremophilic microorganisms. For this study, a strain of Penicillium sp. was isolated from endemic Baikal phytophagous amphipod species. Here, we identified natural products using the following classical assays: biotechnological cultivation, MALDI identification of the strain, natural product extraction, antimicrobial activity determination, and modern methods such as HPLC-MS for the dereplication and description of natural products. It was found that many detected metabolites were not included in the most extensive database. Most of the identified metabolites were characterized by their biological activity and demonstrated antibiotic activity against model Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The isolated strain of water fungus produced penicolinate B, meleagrin A, austinoneol A, andrastin A, and other natural products. Additionally, we show that the synthesis of low-molecular-weight natural products depends on the composition of the microbiological nutrient media used for cultivation. Thus, although the golden age of antibiotics ended many years ago and microscopic fungi are well studied producers of known antibiotics, the water fungi of the Lake Baikal ecosystem possess great potential in the search for new natural products for the development of new drugs. These natural products can become new pharmaceuticals and can be used in therapy to treat new diseases such as SARS, MERS, H5N1, etc.

SCREENING OF SECONDARY METABOLITE PHOTOCHEMICALS EXTRACT 96% LEAF’S MAHKOTA DEWA (PHALERIA MACROCARPA) IN THE COASTAL AREA OF BENGKULU CITY, INDONESIA

Tropical diseases are infectious diseases that occur in tropical regions. The causes of tropical diseases are various types of infections, ranging from viral, bacterial, and fungal to parasitic infections. The pharmacological treatment implemented. Further, non-pharmacological treatment is widely used, but it has side effects, and the level of danger and risk is much lower than synthetic chemical drugs. Some potential plants in Indonesia have been used for treatment, such as Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa). This plant helps treat microbial infections and menstrual pain, lower blood sugar, prevent the side effects of chemotherapy drugs, and lower blood pressure. The study aims to screen for the phytochemical content of secondary metabolites from the leaves of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa). The method was the maceration in the BPOM laboratory and the Diploma Program of Pharmacy of The University of Bengkulu.
 The Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains chemicals known as secondary metabolites. The results of the secondary metabolite screening of the leaves Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) showed the presence of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. Antibacterials ingredients include flavonoids and saponins, antifungal and antibacterial, with three mechanisms: inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, inhibiting cytoplasmic membrane function, and inhibiting energy metabolism. The flavonoid compound of the flavone class has the potential as an antibacterial with potent inhibition against Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Bacillus subtilis (gram-positive bacteria) because it has an OH group bound to CH. The study concluded that the leaves of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) located in the coastal area of Bengkulu city are phenol, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins