Scientific Knowledge Systems Research Articles

An Alphabet of Scientific Categories

The paper discusses the possibility of understanding the entire system of scientific knowledge from a simple alphabet of fundamental categories, which by condensing degrees of complexity between levels of analysis, are capable of recapitulating an immense variety of data and principles.

Криміналістика в системі наукових знань

Криміналістика в системі наукових знань

MAIN BLOCKS AND MODELS OF THE NATIONAL INNOVATIVE SYSTEM

Urgency of the research. In our article, on the bases of analysis of the national system of the world, it is also discussed models of innovative development on the example of individual countries: Euro –Atlantic, Eastern Asian, alternative and triple spiral models. Target setting. That the system of scientific knowledge is becoming dominant of economic growth, as well as the system of new processes, products and services, and new forms of business organization. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The combination of the national innovative system blocks has been studied in this: creative block, block of the technological transfer, financing block, production block, staff training block. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Component blocks of the basic structure of national innovative system generate knowledge, they make innovative infrastructure, produce innovative production and implement state policy The research objective. We will try to make modest bit in the setting of the said problem and the scheme of learning conceptual grounds. The statement of basic materials. Alternative model of innovation development is mostly used in agrarian countries having no scientific potential of fundamental and applied nature, having no rich reserves of raw materials, processing technologies, realized of which may become grounds of national competitiveness. Thus, not only fundamental and applied scientific block, but also high-tech component is weakly represented in such innovation system. Conclusions. Hence – future belongs to the innovation economy. Due to this point of view of American economists regarding the fact that formation of national innovation systems in USA is the most important phenomenon in the 20th century.

Functional Features of Vascular Endothelium with Developing Arterial Hypertension

At present, the initial stages of the development of vasopathy in various cardiac pathologies, especially in arterial hypertension, are of great interest to researchers. Its development negatively affects the state of the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of thrombosis. Until now, changes in the hemostatic properties of blood vessels in a person with initial manifestations of arterial hypertension have not been adequately studied. To close the gaps in the scientific knowledge system, 65 men aged 35-45 years with arterial hypertension of the 1st degree were examined in the work. They were divided into two groups, depending on the duration of this pathology. The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers of the same age. In the blood of the examinees, the level of malonic dialdehyde, acyl hydroperoxides, catalase activity and biochemical markers of the functional state of the endothelium were determined. It was found out that, when there is an arterial hypertension of 1 degree to half a year, the violations of the measured parameters are not expressed strongly. In patients who have arterial hypertension for more than half a year, an increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-α and a decrease in the content of nitric oxide with an increase in the manifestation of endothelial dysfunction have been noted in the blood. Apparently, these disorders progressed as a result of activation of free radical processes, which intensify as the duration of the patient's arterial hypertension increases. Strengthening of symptoms of vasopathy in patients with arterial hypertension, occurring as the duration of the disease increases, gradually increases the risk of thrombosis and thereby worsens the overall prognosis.

Classifying the geology journals by editorial board interlocks

Academic journals are important carriers of scientific activities, important academic communication media, and channels in the process of scientific development, and an important research unit in the structure and classification system of scientific knowledge. In this paper, we use the interlocking editorship theory to construct a complex network of important journal editors of geology, analyze the degree of intimacy between journals, and use visual means to classify geological journals according to disciplines, and show the branches and subject areas of geology. On this basis, it reveals the development and evolution law of the discipline of geology and the structural characteristics of cross-fusion.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ І ПРАКТИКА ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМНОГО ПІДХОДУ У ФОРМУВАННІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ НАДІЙНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ У ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛАХ УКРАЇНИ

The methodology of systematic approach of guaranteeing the quality of training for military specialists in higher military educational institutions is disclosed in the article. It was determined that the process of education and upbringing takes place under conditions of change of pedagogical goals in any pedagogical system. This process is accompanied by the emergence of new tasks in the field of education and education as society develops. There is a constant updating of scientific information, in the conditions of improvement of existing ones and creation of new methods of teaching and upbringing. There is a constant update of the student and teacher contingent throughout the learning and upbringing process. The systematic approach as a methodological basis for the development of quality assurance systems for the training of military specialists in higher military educational institutions is revealed. It is found that the systematic approach does not exist in the form of a clear methodology with a defined logical concept. This system, formed from a set of logical techniques, methodological rules and principles of theoretical research, thus performs a heuristic function in the general system of scientific knowledge. The functioning of the system is the process of professional training of future military specialists in higher military educational establishments. An important result of the functioning of the system is the high level of readiness of future military specialists for practical activity. This can be achieved by ordering the system based on certain principles. These principles include: the principle of objectivity, completeness, specific-historical (genetic) approach, systematic, contradictory pedagogical experience.

Поняття “система” як педагогічна категорія

The author of the research, based on the analysis of a wide range of sources, identifies the main components of the pedagogical system as educational category. Ukrainian scientists explore various aspects of the concept of the pedagogical system. General issues of development of the pedagogical system are studied by M. Skatkin and D. Chernilevsky. Innovative aspects of pedagogical systems are investigated by K. Bakhanov and B. Gershunsky. Problems of professional education from the point of view of system approach are studied by Y. Bolyubash, I. Zyazuyn, V. Ortynsky. The author of the article proves that the pedagogical system consists of the following components: goal, student-teacher relations, educational contents, the organization of the educational process, the result. The purpose of preparing – reflects an ideal concept of the desired results of preparing students. The goal reflects the tasks of the society due to the peculiarities of its development and needs in the field of education. The educational contents is a system of scientific knowledge and competencies, the mastery of which ensures the comprehensive development of mental and physical abilities of students, the formation of their ideology, morality and behavior, preparing for professional activities and social life. Organizational and technological component consists of: forms, methods, techniques and technologies of teaching. The last component of the system is the result of teaching comprehensive description of knowledge and competencies. The result is determined by legal acts and is achieved through the interaction of teachers and students in the educational process during the mastery of the preparing contents. Key words: pedagogical system, the aim, content, student-teacher relations, organization and the learning outcome.

THEORIZATION IN DIDACTIC AND SCIENTIFIC-PEDAGOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

Introduction: theorization as an object of scientific research in pedagogy and the product of the development of scientific knowledge and science in general defines its internal structures and products in the system of traditional and innovative scientific knowledge, reveals the general, private, private-subject and private-special possibilities of scientific knowledge in pedagogy as science. The problem of the qualitative use of the foundations and possibilities of theorization is of interest in the position of two component searches: academic and scientific. Materials and methods: in the structure of writing, theoretical and empirical research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, synthesis, comparison, comparison, pedagogical modeling, pedagogical design, study of the work of teachers and student teachers, registration method, methods of mathematical statistics. Pedagogical methodology is presented in a broad, narrow, local sense; in the constructions of innovative pedagogy - adaptive-acmepedagogical, functional-labor, epistemological-personified sense. Results: theorization is a complex system of neoplasms of scientific experience of activity and scientific research, the possibility of using theorization can be carried out in the structure of didactic knowledge and scientific and pedagogical research. In the statistics of the qualitative transition from didactic theorization to scientific theorization, one can use the data of forming a culture of independent work of an individual, determining through the accessibility of the method and technology used to create conditions for improving the quality of theorization due to the involvement of the personality of the student teacher in continuing education in research work. Discussion and Conclusions: theorizing in didactic and scientific-pedagogical knowledge is an opportunity to improve the quality of productive and personified-productive decisions in the system of priorities and norms of professional and pedagogical values and ways of solving pedagogical problems.

ГЕНДЕРНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЯВУ ТРИВОЖНОСТІ У ЛІВОРУКИХ ТА ПРАВОРУКИХ СТУДЕНТІВ ВНЗ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КОРЕКЦІЇ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ АРТ-ТЕРАПІЇ

The issue of anxiety in the modern world is important for the adaptation of people.In the system of modern scientific knowledge the phenomenon of anxiety in a human body and its impact on a person’s development and adjustment to the environment is one of the fundamental issues in biology, medicine, pedagogy and psychology. For example, it was found that anxiety in students has certain specific features.The aim of my work was to study the features of anxiety in university students.The following tasks were formulated to reach this aim:1. Analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the use of the method of art therapy as a means of correction of level of anxiety of adolescents.2. Experimentally examine the features of the level of anxiety of adolescents.3. Based on the results of the study, formulate conclusions and practical recommendations for parents and teachers.4. To study correction-developing program of correction of level of anxiety of adolescents.This theme is relevant because there are very few studies on the connection between the specific features of anxiety. In addition, theoretical and practical results of the existing works in this field contain much ambiguity and contradictions.This study involved 20 first grade psychology students in the age of 15 to 16 years.We were able to determine the level of anxiety in the group, compare the results and identify the differences. By statistical processing of the experimental data, we checked and proved the confirmation of our hypothesis.Art therapy, as a method of psychological and pedagogical correction, is the most effective means of psycho-correctional influence on the emotional sphere. Art therapy helps a person to resolve internal conflicts and strong emotions. Art therapy promotes awareness of feelings and feelings.In order to identify the effectiveness of the program, we conducted a pilot experiment.With the help of Spielberger's technique, we identified levels of anxiety in the group, compare the results and identify the differences. By statistical processing of the experimental data, we checked and proved the confirmation of our hypothesis.

Reindeer Herders Without Reindeer. The Challenges of Joint Knowledge Production on Kolguev Island in the Russian Arctic

Kolguev Island in the Russian Arctic has a unique tundra ecosystem and an indigenous Nenets population whose livelihood is traditionally based on reindeer herding. The Nenets faced a major crisis in 2013–2014 when the reindeer population collapsed. Widely different explanations for this collapse were put forward. This lack of a shared perspective points at the failure of genuine joint knowledge production (JKP) in the island’s UNEP–GEF’s ECORA project (2004–2009). The ECORA project aimed to achieve integrated ecosystem management by stimulating dialog and mutual learning among indigenous people, state agencies, and scientists. This paper analyses the failure of ECORA’s JKP, using a recently developed framework of conditions for successful JKP. The results suggest that ECORA met none of these conditions. It failed at bringing the scientific and indigenous knowledge systems together, and the produced knowledge did not resonate with indigenous people’s perception of living in Kolguev.

ОСВІТОЛОГІЯ ЯК ОСНОВНА СКЛАДОВА У ФОРМУВАННІ ПРОФЕСІЙНИХ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЕЙ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ТА СПОРТУ

synergetic learns reverse connection, studies not only the process of stabilization, but mechanisms of physical training development. The ways of training future sport specialists, such as formation of certain knowledge in physical training and rational mode of motion activity; system of scientific knowledge of physical training and practical ways of activity in this sphere; formation of the scientific outlook of a person and unity with general human’s culture; skills of formation the needs and motives (interests) for training physical exercises. The purpouse of the article is investigating the influence of educology on professional skills of future physical training teachers and diagnosing of the level of formation of competence of students, training on direction 014. Higher education (Physical training). The investigational task is to determine the content of educology in training specialists of physical training and sport; to show the place of educology in formation of the competence of future physical training and sport specialists; to check the influence of educology on the formation of competence of future physical training and sport specialists. At the experiment took part 230 students of DSPU, divided into 2 groups: experimental and control. On the basis of determining the level of formation of professional skills of future physical training teachers lays the level of formation of professional competences. Peculiar features of these indicators were determined with the method of experimental marks. According to the results of comparison of initial and final stage of experiment was defined that the high level of professional competence was formed almost in 50% of student. The indicators of formation of professional competence of control group student’s remained almost at the same level. The investigation defines main competences in professional training of future physical training teachers for interaction with modern school environment: generally professional, generally cultural, socially educational, scientific investigational, psychologically pedagogical, organistational managerial, instrumental, which give a possibility to follow up the dynamic of it’s formation.

Borders of use criminalistics and medical knowledge in crime investigation

The article studies of the issues related to usage of criminalistic and medical knowledge in criminal proceedings. I have singled out the forms of their usage including separate or parallel usage, interaction and mutual borrowing of individual techniques and methods.Today, criminalistics is actively developing as a science, with its theoretical wing going particularly strong. Scientists come up with new concepts, certain provisions or theories. However, I believe that the currently attention is partially shifted from the issues related to usage of criminalistic knowledge and their place in the system of modern scientific knowledge in various spheres. This is especially true in cases when criminalistic knowledge has to be explored in connection with the modern medical knowledge. Although the following scholars studied the issues related to usage of criminalistic knowledge: R. S. Belkin, V. A. Zhuravel, N. I. Klymenko, V. Yu. Shepitko and others. Нowever, their works do not touch heavily upon the connection between usage of criminalistic knowledge in criminal proceedings simultaneously with expertise in other scientific areas, particularly, Medicine. Thus, the purpose of the article is to outline the extent of usage of criminalistic and medical knowledge in crime investigation. For example, criminalistic and medical knowledge may be used in criminal proceedings in a variety of ways. It may be used separately or in parallel, in interaction or interconnection. The mutual interaction between these two areas of knowledge have given birth to a variety of branches of science including “criminalistic medicine”, “medical traosology”, “medical and criminalistic examinations” and “medical and criminalistic identification”.

Universal significance of the principle of Samanya and Vishesha beyond Ayurveda

There is a fundamental principle in Ayurveda, known as the principle of Samanya (similarity) and Vishesha (difference). While the principle was essentially propounded in the context of yuktivyapashraya (rational medicine) in Ayurveda, here we would like to argue that it has universal applicability in Ayurveda and beyond, across systems and domains of knowledge, including science, technology and humanities, as well as scientific, experiential and traditional knowledge systems. Taking examples of some of the most well-known problems of ecology, economy and society, we demonstrated the universal significance of the principle of Samanya and Vishesha. To illustrate our argument, we have discussed three brief cases, as diverse as family, climate governance, and poverty reduction, and discussed in the light of the Samanya and Vishesha. Evidently, these issues also have larger relevance to public health. Bringing an Ayurveda concept out from its premises is a new order of thinking. The path-breaking insights that were provided, have important implication for deciphering other basic principles of Ayurveda from the perspective of their wider applicability, and thus their robustness. We have indicated a way forward for future research in Ayurveda to develop knowledge-base for evidence-based clinical practice in contemporary society.

Mesoeconomics and Complexity Economics: Going Beyond the Limits of Economic Orthodoxy

The main goal of the article is to show how such new approaches as Mesoeconomics (ME) and Complexity Economics (CE) in economic analysis meet the challenges facing modern economic science. It is shown that the development of these approaches has been brought about by both practical needs and shifts in the system of paradigmatic scientific knowledge. Also shown are the differences between the initial assumptions of CE and ME, and the set of initial postulates of neoclassical mainstream economics. It is emphasized that CE and ME are based on modern ideas of self-organization of complex systems. At the same time, they restore the traditions of classical Political Economy, since they also consider the organic nature of the economy, evolutionism and historical conditioning. Both approaches explore the logic of the formation of economic mechanisms that create patterns of economic life and the spread of change. Along with the commonality of the approach from the ME perspective and the approach from the point of view of CE, their distinctive characteristics are identified, which allows them to complement each other. Comparison of ME and CE makes it possible to carry out a more in-depth analysis of the methodological features of mesoeconomic analysis, in comparison with the author's earlier works on this subject (Kirdina-Chandler, Maevsky, 2017; Kirdina-Chandler, 2018 – both in Russian).

Methodology and organization of scientific researches in the field of social-humanitarian and behavioural sciences

The urgency of the study lies in the fact that modern socio-economic development is characterized by a constant updating of the system of scientific knowledge, an intensive increase in the number and complexity of information. In these conditions, the task of highly qualified specialists, who on a qualitatively new theoretical and methodological basis, can analyze the complexities of the modern world deeply and systematically, make optimal solutions for society as a whole and for the economy, in particular rises as the main task of high school . The central problem is the study of methods and approaches of scientific knowledge, through which one can deeply penetrate into the essence of the investigated phenomena and processes of objective reality. The objectives of the study are to analyze a set of methods and approaches that, in their totality, constitute a methodology and organization of scientific research and are useful for social sciences and humanities and behavioral sciences. Methodology - (grammatical methods - method, method and logo - science, knowledge) - the doctrine of the rules of thinking in the creation of the theory of science. The methodology is considered as a doctrine of the scientific method of cognition or as a system of scientific principles, on the basis of which the research is based and the choice of a set of cognitive means, methods and means of research is carried out. The result of the study. Philosophical methodology carries out two types of functions: 1) reveals the meaning of scientific activity and its interrelation with other spheres of activity, that is, examines science in relation to practice, society, human culture; 2) solves the problem of improvement, optimization of scientific activity, going beyond the limits of philosophy, although based on the ideological and general methodological guidelines developed by it. Methodology is a conceptual statement of the purpose, content, research methods, which provide the obtaining of the most objective, accurate, systematic information about the processes and phenomena being investigated. Conclusions. The methodology and organization of scientific researches investigates the regularities of the functioning and development of science, the structure and dynamics of scientific knowledge, deep penetration into the essence of the investigated phenomena and processes

A Comprehensive Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Vulnerability of China’s Provincial Economies

Vulnerability theory is a fundamental scientific knowledge system in sustainable development, and vulnerability assessment is important in vulnerability studies. Economic vulnerability affects economic growth sustainability. Comprehensive assessment of economic vulnerability in the process of economic growth under the theoretical framework of vulnerability will provide a new perspective for vulnerability studies. Based on a vulnerability scoping diagram assessment model, this study selected 22 economic sensitivity indexes and 25 economic adaptability indexes from the economic, social, and nature–resource–environmental subsystems to comprehensively assess and spatially analyse the vulnerability of China’s provincial economies since the year 2000, while applying the entropy method, multilevel extension assessment, spatial measurement method, and geographic information system technology. The results showed the following: (1) There are great differences in the vulnerability of China’s provincial economies. Western China’s vulnerability is higher and the fluctuation range of economic vulnerability is larger. The vulnerability increased significantly based on spatial differential features; (2) Regional differences in economic vulnerability, mainly caused by differences within a region, increased gradually. Eastern and Western China showed the spatial pattern characteristics of prominent and reinforcing regional imbalance, while Central and Northeast China showed declining regional imbalance. The spatial structure evolution of economic vulnerability is characterized by a volatility curve, and regional separation and divergence are strengthened; (3) Growth of China’s provincial economies and economic vulnerability are related negatively. In Eastern, Central, and Northeast China, vulnerability of the provincial economies has a negative spillover effect on neighbouring provinces’ economic growth, while in Western China it has a slight positive spillover effect.

Scientific fundamentals of the theory of protection of the state border of Ukraine as a specialized branch of scientific knowledge

The scientific fundamentals of the state border protection are investigated in the article. Theoretical approaches of scientists to the concept of “the theory of state border protection” have been analyzed, the place and role of the theory of protection of the state border of Ukraine in the system of scientific knowledge have been determined, its relative independence as a branch of knowledge has been established. The scientific bases of the theory of the State border protection are formed at the present stage.

Factors Contributing to the Decline of Traditional Practices in Communities from the Gwallek-Kedar area, Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal.

Traditional knowledge and practices are increasingly recognized in the resource conservation and management practices, however are declining in many parts of the world including Nepal. Studies on the inventory of traditional knowledge are available, albeit limited, and empirical analysis of factors contributing to the decline of traditional knowledge are negligible in Nepal. We thus initiated this study in the Nepal part of the Kailash Sacred Landscape to (i) document traditional knowledge and practices on agriculture, forest-based herbal remedy, and genetic resource conservation; and (ii) identify factors contributing to the decline of traditional practices in the communities. Data was collected during September-December 2015 through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and households survey. The household survey data was used in binary logistic regression analysis to identify factors contributing to the decline of six key traditional practices. The study documented 56 types of traditional practices. The regressions showed that the age of the respondent, distance to the nearest forest, distance to the nearest motorable road, family members' ill health, and seasonal migration of the household members for jobs significantly influencing to the decline of the particular traditional practices, however, their effects vary within a practice and among the practices. The use of modern medicine, increasing road linkages, decreasing trend of plant resource availability, and agriculture intensification are responsible for the decline of the particular traditional practices. We recommend to recognize their significance in the governing socio-ecological systems and to link the traditional and scientific knowledge systems through policy formulations.

Forecasting and its place in the system of scientific knowledge

Forecasting and its place in the system of scientific knowledge

Integrating Local Ecological Knowledge for Waterbird Conservation: Insights From Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, Zimbabwe

Weaving local and scientific knowledge systems is important to enhance understanding, practice, and ethics toward natural resources sustainable utilization. We focused on wetlands and waterbirds and used local knowledge and perceptions by key informants in and around a protected area in Zimbabwe to investigate (a) trends in rainfall and water quality, (b) waterbird trends and associated uses, and (c) drivers, mechanisms, and impacts behind waterbird trends, to understand waterbird ecological dynamics. We confronted these perceptions to available data locally and globally. Furthermore, we explored local ideas to improve waterbird survival. Associations between informant variables and trends in water quality were tested using the χ2 test while multiple correspondence analyses were used to explore drivers, mechanisms, and impacts of bird trends. Wildfowl were cited the most (48.7% of all citations), probably linked to their use as food, and they were negatively driven by human predation but would increase when left to follow natural processes. Changes in natural processes and wetlands drove large piscivores into decline, but their populations would increase when predation was controlled. Generalist species responded positively when climate and resources were not limiting. We then discus the feasibility of the suggested waterbird conservation remedies: education, increasing surface water, law enforcement, sustainable use guidelines, and modified drinking troughs for large herbivores. Local knowledge and available local trends data were inconsistent with International Union for the Conservation of Nature trend status. The local sources of knowledge were not correlated but broadly consistent. We also discuss the scale discrepancies and how the sources of information can be complementary.