Scientific Project Management Research Articles

Optimization of Management Mode of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises Based on Decision Tree Model

Decision tree algorithm is a common classification algorithm in data mining technology, and its results are usually expressed in the form of if-then rules. The C4.5 algorithm is one of the decision tree algorithms, which has the advantages of easy to understand and high accuracy, and the concept of information gain rate is added compared with its predecessor ID3 algorithm. After theoretical analysis, C4.5 algorithm is chosen to analyze the performance appraisal results, and the decision tree for performance appraisal is generated by collecting data, data preprocessing, calculating information gain rate, determining splitting attributes, and postpruning. The system is developed in B/S architecture, and an R&D project management system and platform that can realize performance assessment analysis are built by means of visualization tools, decision tree algorithm, and dynamic web pages. The system includes information storage, task management, report generation, role authority control, information visualization, and other management information system functional modules. They can realize the project management functions such as project establishment and management, task flow, employee information filling and management, performance assessment system establishment, report generation of various dimensions, management cockpit construction. With decision tree algorithm as the core technology, the system obtains scientific and reliable project management information with high accuracy and realizes data visualization, which can assist enterprises to establish a good management system in the era of big data.

Presentation and implementation of the results of the own scientific research — a practical approach

During postgraduate studies, future PhDs must master a wide range of teaching and research skills that meet global and European academic standards. In particular, candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must acquire theoretical knowledge that is sufficient to produce new ideas, solve complex problems in the field of professional and/or research and innovation, acquire universal research skills, including oral and written presentation of their own scientific results, application of modern information technologies in scientific activity, organization and carrying out of educational employments, management of scientific projects and/or introduction of offers concerning financing of scientific researches, registration of the intellectual property rights.
 Objective — to summarize information about the relevance of the discipline «Presentation and imple­mentation of the results of the own scientific research» and highlight practical approaches to its teaching.
 Materials and methods. Analysis and generalization of information on current documents governing the educational process for applicants for the degree of «Doctor of Philosophy» in medical specialties, and literature sources on the presentation and implementation of dissertation research.
 Results and discussion. The discipline «Presentation and implementation of the results of the own scientific research» is an important component of the preparation of graduates of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of knowledge 22 «Health». As part of the study of this discipline, students learn the concept of innovation process and innovation of the scientist, get acquainted with the basics of protection of the results of their own research and modern aspects of patent information search technologies, gain skills in presenting the results of the own research using various forms of new information technologies and implementation in the practice of health care and educational process of the results of the own research.
 Conclusions. Assimilation of theoretical material and practice of the practical part of the program of the discipline «Presentation and implementation of results of the own scientific research» provides acquisition by postgraduate students of corresponding integral, general and special competences and formation of integrative final program results of training necessary for further professional activity of the future doctor of philosophy.

METHOD OF RISK MANAGEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC PROJECT IN CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS

The success of any project is to achieve the goal, get a unique product and meet the needs of stakeholders. Scientific projects are not an exception to the general rule, but have their own specifics and characteristics, in particular: complexity. The implementation of scientific projects takes place in conditions of complete uncertainty in the development of science, technology and engineering. To ensure the success of scientific projects, integrated risk management of scientific projects in conditions of uncertainty and behavioral economics was proposed. In order to implement it, it is proposed to develop methods of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects in conditions of uncertainty and behavioral economics, which take into account the assessment of personnel risks, conflicts and behavioral economics, as well as the calculation of "toxicity". These methods will help increase the efficiency of stakeholder management of scientific projects by reducing the negative effects of personnel risks, conflicts and behavioral economics. This study proposes the stages of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects in conditions of uncertainty and behavioral economics, based on the conceptual model of integrated risk management of scientific project conflicts in behavioral economics and the corresponding mathematical model. In addition, schemes for the implementation of the method of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects and the method of calculating indicators of "toxicity" of stakeholders of scientific projects are presented. The application of these methods will increase the efficiency of stakeholder management of scientific projects at the stage of initiation in the process of forming a register of project participants. In addition, they will reduce the likelihood of personnel risks, conflicts and behavioral economics associated with stakeholders in the implementation of scientific projects and will ensure the success of their implementation, obtaining a quality product and meeting the needs of stakeholders.

METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITY FOR SCIENTIFIC PROJECTS OF A PRIVATE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

In the article, the author examines the problematic aspects of project management, the study is devoted to the development of a method for distributing research projects among teams of executors of scientific projects in private higher educational institutions, which takes into account the specifics of staffing the project and the specifics of distributing the workload among scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers of educational institutions. The proposed method is necessary for the management of a hanging educational institution for a qualitative assessment and making rational management decisions at the stage of appointing a leader and a team of executors of scientific projects, determining the resource base and limitations in this particular scientific project. A method for assessing the scientific potential of scientific and pedagogical departments of private educational institutions has been developed, which, in addition to the intellectual component, takes into account the peculiarities of comprehensive support for the implementation of scientific projects. It is possible to assess both the static and the dynamic component of the scientific potential, as an indicator of the sustainability and development of a private higher educational institution, taking into account the personal achievements of scientific and pedagogical workers. As an additional motivational tool, a method for distributing the bonus fund based on the results of the implementation of a scientific project has been developed, which makes it possible to take into account the personal contribution of the project performers. So, the incentive mechanism under the conditions of specific restrictions makes it possible to improve the bonus system, differentiate the scientific personnel of the educational institution, determine the level of professionalism of each executor of scientific projects using the project management methodology. Thus, a promising model for the management of scientific projects in private higher educational institutions has been developed as a part of the system for managing scientific projects. The content of the components of this model, in contrast to the existing ones, have been optimized taking into account the experience of project-oriented management.

Study on schedule risk assessment of power transmission and transformation project based on improved risk chain

The development and management of power transmission and transformation project schedule is highly subjective, and the delay of construction period will bring risks and losses to all parties. With China’s power construction entering the period of structural adjustment and transformation, it has become a new trend of power development to adopt scientific project management methods to improve the risk management level of power transmission and transformation projects. This paper first identifies the schedule risk of power transmission and transformation projects, analyzes the correlation between schedule risks based on the risk chain theory, establishes the schedule risk evaluation model based on the improved risk chain, and makes an empirical analysis on the schedule risk assessment of a power transmission and transformation project, which has a good effect on quantifying the schedule risk of power transmission and transformation project.

Application of models and methods of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects in conditions of uncertainty and behavioral economics

The object of research is the processes of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects, including the project team, the main executors of the project (scientists) and other stakeholders, in conditions of uncertainty and behavioral economics. Today, scientists work in difficult conditions of uncertainty about the prospects for the development of science, technology and engineering. Therefore, it can lead to personnel risks, conflicts and behavioral economics and have a negative impact on the planning and implementation of scientific projects. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the success of scientific projects depends on the effective management of their stakeholders in order to achieve their goals. It is necessary to systematically approach the analysis of stakeholders of scientific projects, the use of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects in conditions of uncertainty and behavioral economics. Based on the analysis of risk management methods in different areas of activity and taking into account the conceptual model of integrated risk management of scientific projects, a method of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects in uncertainty and behavioral economics was proposed. For the practical application of the developed models and methods of integrated risk management of stakeholders of scientific projects in conditions of uncertainty and behavioral economics, the scientific project was considered. Their use, even at the stage of initiating scientific projects, allowed the project manager and his/her team to calculate the indicator of «toxicity» for each alternative stakeholders and compare them with each other. It is based on data obtained in the process of assessing personnel risks, conflicts and factors of behavioral economics, which was conducted using the method of expert assessments. The indicator of «toxicity» is limited and should be close to zero. An example of choosing a stakeholder for the supply of stationery is considered. This result allowed to increase the efficiency of inclusion of stakeholders in the participants of the scientific project.

SPRINTing to Innovation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Strategic Approach to Discovering Its Untapped Innovation Potential.

There is a clear and urgent need for health care innovation in the United States. Hospital employees routinely recognize pain points that affect care delivery and are in a unique position to propose innovative and practical solutions, yet leaders rarely solicit ideas for investment and development from frontline providers and staff, revealing an untapped resource with innovation potential. To address these deficiencies, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia expanded its innovation infrastructure with the competition-based SPRINT program in 2015. All hospital employees are encouraged to apply with early-stage innovative ideas, and if selected, are provided with business, legal, technical, and scientific project management support to help accelerate their projects toward commercial viability. SPRINT was modeled around 4 core tenets: (1) small, dynamic, and attentive project manager-led teams; (2) low barriers to entry; (3) emphasis on outreach; and (4) fostering innovators. Over its first 4 cycles from 2015 to 2018, 271 innovative teams applied to the SPRINT program, which led to support for 30 projects (11% acceptance rate). About a quarter of the projects each year were submitted by physician-led teams (mean 23%), a third by nonphysician clinical providers (mean 33%), and almost half were submitted by employees without direct patient contact (mean 44%). Nurses have emerged as the largest applicant group. Eleven of the SPRINT-supported projects (37%) resulted in commercial endpoints. SPRINT has proven to be an effective model for supporting institution-wide, employee-driven health care innovation, especially among frontline clinical and nonclinical personnel. Critical next steps for the program include a formal cost-benefit analysis and the earlier participation of technology transfer and intellectual property experts to improve the commercialization roadmap for many SPRINT projects.

Integrated anti-risk management of conflicts of a scientific project in a behavioral economics

The object of the research is the processes of managing uncertainties such as risks, conflicts, and factors of behavioral economics, which may have negative consequences for a scientific project. The study revealed that the success of any project depends on the ability of the project manager to effectively manage his team to meet the values of each stakeholder and the goals of the project itself. To solve this goal, it is necessary to complete the following tasks: - analysis of methods of integration of risk management, conflicts, and factors of behavioral economics; - justification of the necessity to build integrated anti-risk management of conflicts in behavioral economics; - to carry out conceptual modeling of integrated anti-risk conflict management in behavioral economics. A conceptual model of integrated anti-risk management of conflicts of a scientific project in the context of behavioral economics is proposed, built on the basis of the "Change Management Iceberg" model. The management of scientific projects has been further developed through the integration of methodologies: project management, the theory of stakeholders, risk management, HR management, conflict management, and behavioral economics. A conceptual scheme of integrated anti-risk management of conflicts of a scientific project in behavioral economics has been developed, which allows a project manager to manage uncertainties (risks, conflicts, factors of behavioral economics). Research refers to the project management methodology and improves it by integrating the processes of risk, conflict, and behavioral economics management into one process. The main goal of the study is to reduce and eliminate all negative consequences in a scientific project, to complete it within the approved budget, terms, and a certain quality.

Towards Secure and Efficient Scientific Research Project Management Using Consortium Blockchain

With the development of the knowledge economy, science and technology play an increasingly crucial role in social development. Investment from the government and the enterprise in scientific research has increased significantly, and the number of scientific research projects has also shown an obvious upward trend. Due to the lack of a standardized and unified scientific research project management program, many projects are overdue or even failed, and project fund management is confused. Besides, output results are limited and the actual conversion rate is low. In this paper, we propose a scientific research project management system based on consortium blockchain. Firstly, the process of scientific research project management is standardized. According to this specification, we then design a scientific research project management system in line with consortium blockchain, the smart contract, and the IPFS system. By using these technologies, we have coped with two major problems in traditional scientific project management: breach of contract and confidentiality. The simulation results show that compared with the conventional scientific research project management, the scheme proposed in this paper can significantly enhance the efficiency and the success rate of the project, and reduce the time and manpower consumed in the process of project implementation.

Constrained project scheduling problem: a survey of recent investigations

Scheduling projects are very important topic in project management science. Constrained resources project scheduling problem CRPSP is a problem of the purpose of allocating the available resources to specific tasks or activities for achieving specific objectives or purposes such as minimising the makespan or time of the projects, minimising the execution cost of the project, or any other specific objective or more than one objective at the same time (multi-objectives resource constrained project scheduling problems). This paper introduces a survey for procedure scenarios, techniques, and models that are considered the main context history of CRPSP and multi-mode constrained resource project scheduling problems MMCRPSP. It aims to exhibits, highlights, and update the recent CRPSP surveys. The current state of art for recent researches is evaluated and the potential research directions and orientations are pointed. Also a new framework is proposed for the researchers of interest for this domain of research.

Constrained project scheduling problem: a survey of recent investigations

Scheduling projects are very important topic in project management science. Constrained resources project scheduling problem CRPSP is a problem of the purpose of allocating the available resources to specific tasks or activities for achieving specific objectives or purposes such as minimising the makespan or time of the projects, minimising the execution cost of the project, or any other specific objective or more than one objective at the same time (multi-objectives resource constrained project scheduling problems). This paper introduces a survey for procedure scenarios, techniques, and models that are considered the main context history of CRPSP and multi-mode constrained resource project scheduling problems MMCRPSP. It aims to exhibits, highlights, and update the recent CRPSP surveys. The current state of art for recent researches is evaluated and the potential research directions and orientations are pointed. Also a new framework is proposed for the researchers of interest for this domain of research.

METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH WORKS AMONG THE COLLECTIVES OF IMPLEMENTERS OF SCIENTIFIC PROJECTS HIGHER MILITARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article deals with increasing the efficiency of scientific project management in higher military educational establishments by introducing the method of distribution of research works among the teams of performers of scientific projects of higher military educational establishments, analyzes the load of scientific and pedagogical workers of typical structural units of higher educational establishments of higher educational establishments. Actions of the functional leader in the selection of the team of executors of the scientific project. Specificity of scientific tasks in the military field is the need to overcome the uncertainties caused by the unpredictability of the enemy during combat. The complexity and multidimensionality of the problem of planning and managing the scientific and technical activities in the security and defense sector necessitate the improvement of existing planning and management mechanisms in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Management activities of functional leaders is one of the important factors for the success and quality of scientific tasks. In the teaching and research processes of higher military education there is a wide range of management entities. The content and scope of managerial functions of heads of departments, faculties and departments are defined in the relevant charters, guidelines and instructions. However, it is very difficult to identify the quantitative weight of each institution of management of the scientific-pedagogical system of higher education institutions and its structural units. The order of performing management functions during certain periods of activity is worked out by each entity, mainly independently, on the basis of personal experience, the choice of forms, methods and means of influencing the management object is, for the most part, a creative process. One of the important aspects of the implementation of a scientific project that depends on the end result is the selection of the "right" team of project executors and the project resource, namely: specialists in the field of research, motivated by the result, able to achieve it by their competence, not overloaded with other work , plus - comprehensive security of the project. In order to increase the effectiveness of management activities, to apply the management of the institution (the chief and his deputy for scientific work) by the apparatus, to qualitatively evaluate and make the right management decisions at the stage of appointment of the project manager and the team of executors of the scientific project, to determine the resource base and limitations in this particular scientific project, this technique is proposed. Management of scientific projects in all phases of their implementation - from order to implementation, is a priority direction of increasing the efficiency of the system of scientific and scientific-technical activity of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The implementation of the algorithm of selection of the team of executors of the scientific project is an effective mechanism for optimizing the decision-making process by functional managers in the early stages of scientific projects.

Resource levelling problem in construction projects under neutrosophic environment

Planning and managing resources is one of the most important topics in project management science. Resource leveling is used for improving work efficiency and minimizing cost throughout the life of the project. Fuzzy resource leveling models assume only truth-membership functions to deal uncertainties conditions surrounded by the projects and their activities duration. In this paper, we consider the objective function of scheduling problem is to minimize the costs of daily resource fluctuations using the precedence relationships during the project completion time. We design a resource leveling model based on neutrosophic set to overcome the ambiguity caused by the real-world problems. In this model, trapezoidal neutrosophic numbers are used to estimate the activities durations. The crisp model for activities time is obtained by applying score and accuracy functions. A numerical example is developed to illustrate the validation of the proposed model in this study.

MECHANISM FOR FORMING AN EFFECTIVE PORTFOLIO OF RESEARCH PROJECTS OF INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The subject matter of the article is the methods, models and mechanisms of forming a portfolio of research projects of higher education institutions. The goal of the work is to develop a mechanism for managing a portfolio of research projects of a higher education institution based on the commercialization of the results of scientific activities of the university based on a risk management system. The following tasks were solved in the article: analysis of the scientific management model of higher education institutions, the study of modern methods of managing portfolios of research projects of universities, the development of a mechanism for the formation of an effective portfolio of research projects of higher education institutions taking into account risks and the commercialization of scientific results. The following methods used are – project and portfolio management methods, systems theory and systems analysis, risk management methods. The following results were obtained – the mechanism for creating a portfolio of research projects taking into account the strategic goals of a higher education institution was developed, a consolidated plan for the implementation of scientific projects of a portfolio was created, a mechanism for managing a portfolio of research projects of a higher education institution was developed based on a grouping of projects according to risk criteria and the commercialization of scientific results. Conclusions: using the portfolio management mechanism will allow higher education institutions to form balanced portfolios of scientific projects, thereby more effectively implementing innovative programs taking into account risk criteria and the commercialization of scientific results. The most difficult task of the scientific project management system is the task of forming a portfolio of research projects. The portfolio of research projects of a higher education institution is valuable if it allows you to develop activities aimed at creating and strengthening competitive advantages. However, the university’s capabilities in terms of forming a portfolio of research projects are limited by available resources, as well as by the increasing complexity of developing the latest technologies that require the involvement of third-party organizations, because the possibilities of establishing a higher education for independent conduct and processing of the results of scientific activities are limited. At the stage of selection of research projects, a list of current projects is formed; an analysis of research projects in the portfolio is carried out for compliance with the strategic goals of the institution of higher education. By grouping research projects in a portfolio and forming the necessary criteria for the projects to correspond to a particular group (direction) of scientific research, the projects are linked both with each other and with the goals of a higher education institution, and the transparency of the formed portfolio of research projects is increased. At the stage of balancing research projects, resources are allocated in accordance with the directions of research projects and the objectives of the portfolio of projects of higher education institutions. At the same time, the portfolio should increase the share of research projects with high value for higher education institutions and the share of projects designed to bring higher education institutions dividends from the commercialization of scientific results (patent implementation) and reduce the share of high-cost research projects, as well as projects with high risks. The following criteria are used as the main criteria in balancing the portfolio of research projects of higher education institutions in work: expenses for the implementation of research projects; the value of projects for higher education institutions; project risk; proportion of projects in the portfolio.

PORTFOLIO METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The subject matter of the article is models and methods of portfolio management of research projects of higher education institutions. The goal of the work is to create methods of portfolio management of scientific activities of institutions of higher education on the example of the Odessa National Maritime University. The following tasks were solved in the article: analysis of the innovation model of state development, the formation of a model for managing the scientific activities of higher education institutions, the development of a method for forming a portfolio of research projects of a higher education institution using the example of Odessa National Maritime University. The following methods used are – project and program management methods, systems theory and systems analysis, mathematical modeling methods. The following results were obtained – developed mechanisms for scientific projects management of higher educational institutions, developed a method for forming a portfolio of scientific projects of a higher education institution that takes into account the strategic goals of the university and available resources. Conclusions: using the portfolio management method of research projects of a higher education institution allowed the university to increase the effectiveness of scientific activities, form an effective portfolio of research projects, based on determining the organization’s planned trajectory length when implementing strategic research goals, allowed the university to achieve its strategic goal as part of an innovative program mission. Based on the proposals received for each research project, the specific length of the trajectory was determined as the ratio of the length of the trajectory to be held by the institution of higher education (Odessa National Maritime University) in case of successful implementation of a certain scientific project to the planned trajectory length. On the basis of the proposed system of management of scientific activities of higher education institutions, which has a four-level structure, temporary standards for the implementation of research projects in the portfolio of higher education institutions are distributed. Comparative assessments of research projects of Odessa National Maritime University have been obtained, allowing to include in the portfolio scientific projects "SP3", "SP2", "SP1", which contribute to the achievement of the strategic goal of the university as part of the mission of the innovation program.

Project and Community Management in Polar Sciences – Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract. Because geoscientific research often occurs via community-instigated bursts of activity with multi-investigator collaborations variously labelled as e.g., years (The International Polar Year IPY), experiments (World Ocean Circulation Experiment WOCE), programs (International Ocean Discovery Program), missions (CRYOSAT spacecraft), or decades (The International Decade of Ocean Exploration IDOE), successful attainment of research goals generally requires skilful scientific project management. In addition to the usual challenges of matching scientific ambitions to limited resources, on-going coordination and specifically project management, planning and implementation of polar science projects often involve many uncertainties caused by, for example, unpredictable weather or ocean and sea ice conditions, large-scale logistical juggling; and often these collaborations are spatially distributed and take place virtually. Large amounts of funding are needed to procure the considerable infrastructure and technical equipment required for polar expeditions; permissions to enter certain regions must be requested; and potential risks for expedition members as well as technical issues in extreme environments need to be considered. All these aspects are challenging for polar science projects, which therefore need a well thought-through program including a realistic alternative “plan B” and possibly also a “plan C” and “plan D”. The four most challenging overarching themes in polar science project management have been identified: international cooperation, interdisciplinarity, infrastructure, and community management. In this paper, we address ongoing challenges and opportunities in polar science project management based on a survey among 199 project and community managers and an additional of 85 project team members active in the field of polar sciences. Case studies and survey results are discussed with the conclusive goal to provide recommendations on how to fully reach the potential of polar sciences project and community management.

Preface: Implementing project management principles in geosciences

Abstract. Together with scientific creativity, good research project management is one of the keys for a successful project. This special issue compiles a collection of articles on several topics related to project management in Earth sciences. It is an initiating step towards building a body of literature in (geo)science project management in response to the need of research project managers to share their daily work, experiences and knowledge. It is composed of six original papers that present technical tools, interpersonal skills and focused areas of practice (ocean and polar sciences).

Causes of delays in slum reconstruction projects in India

Slums are densely populated areas developed without proper physical planning and where the majority of people live without basic life essentials. They pose major challenges in developing countries. During the execution of slum rehabilitation projects, resident families experience significant social and economic disruptions. A scan of extant literature reveals that most of the studies on slum reconstruction, in India, are conducted in the socio-economic and design issues. These studies are focused primarily on the evolution of slums, and the social, health, economic, infrastructure, inequality, layout and design aspects of slums. Existing literature has not revealed project management aspects of slum reconstruction projects particularly the delays that occur during the construction phase of the project. For the purpose of this study, six slum rehabilitation projects have been selected, located in the urbanized western region of India. Using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and the Importance Index (IMPI) as tools to analyse the data, key factors responsible for delays have emerged. These point directly to the issue of non-application of scientific project management techniques for these projects. Furthermore, two-step cluster analysis has been used to check the most significant predictor and to validate the findings of RII and IMPI. The findings of the study concluded that the most significant factors causing delays in slum rehabilitation projects in the four-phase of project life cycle are ‘source of financing’ in initiation stage, ‘project scope’ in planning stage, ‘managing working capital’ in execution stage, and ‘the snag list issues related to quality not being addressed’ in the close-out stage. The findings of the study are important in understanding the dominant causes for delays in slum rehabilitation projects, and to a considerable extent can be globalized, especially in countries with dense populations.

Государственное регулирование науки в высших учебных заведениях

The transformation of the role of scientific knowledge in society, the growth of globalization processes, the formation of a single educational space have led to the fact that modern science faces with the tasks of national scale, aimed at ensuring national priorities through competent state regulation. The implementation of the state scientific and technical policy largely depends on the integration of scientific and technical innovation as well as educational activities on the basе of various forms of participation of the research team. Today science has become an integral part of every person's daily life. It is becoming a usual sphere of life, along with trade, industrial production, agriculture and many others. Science in the supporting universities is developing at a high level; many different interesting research projects in all areas of scientific research are being conducted. The main goal of scientific project management is to ensure a high level of quality of the product or service sold with fixed components (resources and time).

Programme on Integrated Scientific Project Management for Women Scientists/Technologists

Programme on Integrated Scientific Project Management for Women Scientists/Technologists