Scientific Procedures Research Articles

SAGD-VL Framework: A Framework for Serious Adventure Game Development in A Virtual Laboratory

A virtual laboratory is an instructional approach to facilitate learning on a scientific procedure or experimental procedure to motivate students to think critically and to improve problem-solving skills through virtual media. A serious adventure game is a game that has a serious purpose for example Education but with an adventure genre that allows the user to go on adventures and explore within the game. The merging of a virtual laboratory and a serious adventure game will contribute to the progress of the education field and motivate students in virtual practicum activities. But currently, there is no particular software development framework for developing a serious adventure game for a virtual laboratory. This study aims to produce a serious adventure game framework for a virtual laboratory called SAGD-VL (Serious Adventure Game Development for Virtual Laboratory). SAGD-VL is obtained from analysis of characteristics of virtual laboratory, adventure game, similar software, existing game development methods, and game mechanics mapping framework so that an appropriate development framework will obtain and improve student ability. SAGD-VL consists of pre-production, production, testing, and post-production, and each of these steps has specific components. The SAGD-VL framework was tested by building a game according to the proposed framework. The proposed game mechanics is also the result of testing players repeatedly to get optimal game mechanics. This test aims to see the effectiveness of the game produced with SAGD-VL on improving the player's abilities and determine the importance of specific components in game design. The game was tested on 128 high school students by dividing them into reading groups and playing groups and tested by doing pre-test and post-test. The results show that the game produced by the SAGD-VL framework indicates a better positive impact than learning by reading and obtains an increase in post-test results achieving 115.74%.

Thesis on sociology of the diplomacy

The establishment of the sociology of diplomacy as an independent discipline is of particular interest to the social sciences. This may occur through more detailed scientific research of diplomacy at the sociological level. To achieve such a goal we need a sociological explanation of the phenomenon of diplomacy and the necessary scientific research procedures, theoretical and empirical, that are based on hermeneutic methods. Through scientific research in the sociology of diplomacy, there can be obtained empirical data relevant to the processes of communication, negotiation, war, peace, agreements, and disagreements can serve as a basis for guidance for a state representative. The hermeneutic method of description, understanding, and explanation of the sociological phenomenon of diplomacy creates a good basis for formulating the thesis of a theory of the sociology of diplomacy.

Innovations from the Levant: smallpox inoculation and perceptions of scientific medicine.

Modern public-health initiatives in industrialized countries revolve around immunization against contagious diseases. The practice of engendering immunity against disease through disease first emerged in Western European social and medical landscapes in the eighteenth century as inoculation, based on the imported Middle Eastern practice of 'engrafting'. By the nineteenth century, this practice had evolved into the procedure of vaccination, in the first instance directed against smallpox. Popular and academic narratives thus often categorize inoculation as a procedure from the Middle East which was transformed into the truly scientific procedure of vaccination by English and French knowledge. This characterization has obscured the complex traditions of intellectual exchange between English and French networks and Middle Eastern societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article examines these networks in order to show how knowledge was transformed as it circulated between communities during this period. Both Western Europeans and Egyptians across different social hierarchies translated foreign or new medical practices according to the needs of their knowledge and goals, creating cycles of adoption and adaptation. This exploration of inoculation and vaccination furthers our understanding of the bilateral translation processes ingrained in the global circulation of knowledge.

Coupling Coordination Research on Disaster-Adapted Resilience of Modern Infrastructure System in the Middle and Lower Section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Rapid incremental urbanization in China has resulted in an incomplete modern infrastructure system and multiple point-like flaws. This is due to a lack of funding and poor scientific construction concepts and procedures. This also contributes to the infrastructure system’s low disaster-adapted resilience and insufficient coupling coordination of production-oriented and service-oriented infrastructure subsystems. Based on the “Robustness-Rapidity-Redundancy-Resourcefulness-Durability” (4R-D) frameworks, this study screens 53 indicators across three tiers of “production-oriented, service-oriented, intelligent” infrastructure subsystems to establish a modern infrastructure resilience evaluation system. We examined the overall infrastructure resilience and coupling coordination development among subsystems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) from 2009 to 2020 using a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM). Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to analyze the significant control aspects of infrastructure resilience and coupling coordination degree based on grey system theory. The findings show the following: (1) at the macro level the overall resilience, resilience of each subsystem, and coupling coordination among subsystems in the research region show an upward trend from 2009 to 2020, with the rise from 2018 to 2020 being the most significant; (2) at the micro level, from 2010 to 2013, there was no obvious spatial divergence and from 2014 to 2020, driven by the radiation of the two major urban agglomerations, the resilience and coupling coordination of Yiling and Wanzhou both show a trend of more substantial increase, while the rest of the counties have a small increase; and (3) at the meso level, seven factors have a more significant impact on the coupled and coordinated development of urban infrastructure than other indicators, including urbanization rate, average annual rainfall, the number of health technicians per 10,000 people, and the percentage of GDP in the tertiary industrial sector.

RETRACTED: Heart disease classification models from optical device-based electrocardiogram signals using machine learning algorithms

A fundamental difficulty in the healthcare system is a lack of manpower and machine power. Soft computing is critical for the advancement of healthcare technologies. To forecast existing mobility concerns and cardiac disease, soft computing is essential. The heart is the second most essential organ in the body. It carries blood to all of the body's organs. The use of data analytics to predict heart disease is an important medical issue. By offering more information, data analysis aids medical organizations in forecasting illnesses. The accuracy of several classification algorithms in predicting heart disease is compared in this study. Data from the past can be utilized to forecast future illnesses. The basic objective is to predict illness based on recent diagnoses. On diverse data sets, numerous scientific learning approaches and procedures have been evaluated. This study evaluates the most effective learning algorithms for predicting heart disease using a variety of learning methods and performance criteria from Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. These ECG signals were mainly collected using plastic optical fiber-based ECG sensor device. The accuracy and precision of three separate data sets are examined in this study. The data sets were from public sources and each had over 250 ECG samples. The accuracy, precision, and F1-value of each data set are evaluated in this study. Logistic Regression, k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Naive Bayes (NB), Linear Discriminate Analysis, Ada Boost Classifier Gradient Boosting Classifier, Quadratic Discriminate Analysis, and Multilayer Perception (MLP) Classifier are some of the machine learning algorithms we look at. In addition, each data set's outcome was compared and shown.

Orally Disintegrating Tablet: A Review

Orally dispersive tablets are solid dosage forms that dissolve in the mouth in within 10 to 30 seconds, enabling waterless ingestion. The tablet dissolves quickly due to its fast breakdown, which also causes the effects to start acting quickly. ODTs can help patients with a variety of conditions, including paediatrics, geriatrics, psychosis, dysphagia, bedridden discomfort, comatose patients, young patients with undeveloped muscular and nervous systems, patients with hand tremors, and patients who travel often. It provides high stability, precise dosage, efficient manufacture, and smaller packing; self-administration is allowed on long journeys because water is not required. ODTs are a cost-effective way to distribute drugs. When a medicine is absorbed through the buccal cavity, ODTs constitute a critical drug delivery method. Spray drying, sublimation, and other scientific procedures like freeze drying, moulding, and direct compression. The availability of ODTs as over-the-counter drugs for the treatment of a range of illnesses is increasing. This article’s objective is to go over the benefits, drawbacks, formulation difficulties, manufacturing methods, patented technologies, commercially available formulations, and evaluation checks of ODT. The word “Oro dispersible tablets” was created by the European Pharmacopoeia. This is an uncoated tablet that dissolves easily in the mouth for 3 minutes before being swallowed.

초등학생 탄력성(resilience) 척도 개발 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the resilience measurement for elementary school students. Methods First, basic items were prepared through literature review and interview with elementary school teachers, and then preliminary tool were constructed through expert review about basic items. And then preliminary survey was conducted for 184 elementary school students in grades 3rd~6th. Based on the results of the survey, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the factors of resilience. After that, the main survey was conducted for 263 students with the items that factor structure was confirmed. The validity of the scale was confirmed by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis on the survey results. In addition, reliability and official validity were checked for a scale of final 24 items. Results As a result of the analysis, the resilience scale of elementary school students found to be two-dimensional 8 factors. There are four factors in the dimension of individual internal characteristics: self-efficacy, positiveness, initiative, and request for help. There are four factors in the dimension of external protection factors: teacher support, peer support, parental support, and social ties. As a result of checking the model fit, TLI was .918, CFI was .928, and RMSEA was .054, all of model fits satisfy the criteria. As a result of checking the reliability, factor’s Cronbach's α was in the range of .692 to .868, and the overall Cronbach's α was as high as .915. Confirming the official validity of the test, It showed a high positive correlation of .711 between this scale and the school adaptation scale for late-school-age children, and a negative correlation of -.501 with the children's emotional and behavioral problem scale. In addition, this study presented three-step criteria to confirm the level of resilience. Conclusions This study is meaningful because it developed and validated an elementary school students' resilience scale involving personal internal characteristics and external protective factors. And it is meaningful that it provided a reliable scale by developing the scale through a scientific procedure. It is expected that the scale will contribute to resilience research and be used as useful for elementary student education.

Kerajaan Jambi dan Pengaruh Islam

This paper discusses the Jambi kingdom and its existence as a country located in international trade routes. This is interesting to study because its growth period coincided with the entry and development of Islam in the archipelago. Thus, this paper examines the influence of Islam on the Jambi Kingdom. By using a multi-dimensional approach and supported by the application of historical methods that refer to scientific history research procedures, the results of this study are expected to provide an explanation of the main problems proposed and so contribute to the development of science, especially about Jambi's local history. In addition, it can be used as material for consideration by related institutions in the context of preserving historical and cultural values and for regional development and development. The results showed that the Jambi kingdom was one of the archipelago's kingdoms that existed from the end of the 15th century to the early 20th century. This kingdom has received the influence of Islam since its inception. Putri Selaro Pinang Masak as the founder of the Jambi kingdom converted to Islam after marrying Ahmad Salim Datuk Paduka Berhalo, a person who came from Turkey and embraced Islam. Since then the Kingdom of Jambi has made Islam the official religion of the kingdom. In this case, the king has the position as head of state as well as religious leader. Orangkayo Hitam is a king who is directly involved with the spread of Islam. As a royal religion, Islam has an influence on royal institutions and people's lives in various aspects. In the political field, Islam influences the designation of the state, king, and the names of the ruling kings. The name of the kingdom changed to the sultanate. The king changed his name to Sultan. Meanwhile, the names of the kings changed from using words from Sankerta or Malay to using words in Arabic. State laws and regulations are now based on Islamic teachings. In the economic field, the influence of Islam can be seen in terms of trading procedures. The usury system is prohibited although in practice it is sometimes violated. In the social and cultural fields, the influence of Islam can be seen in the way of dress, as well as in social relations. Islamic prayers and the prophet's shalawat now strongly influence various ceremonies and arts.

Python- An Appetite for the Software Industry

Python is a scripting language that's high- positioned, interpreted, interactive, and object- oriented. Python is intended to be a veritably accessible programming language. It generally uses English terms rather than punctuation, and it has smaller syntactical structures than other languages. Python is a must-have skill for scholars and working professionals who want to become exceptional software masterminds, especially if they work in the web development field. It's a freshman-friendly scripting language. Some of the crucial features of Python programming language are- It supports OOP as well as functional and structured programming methodologies. It can be used as a scripting language or collected into bytecode for large-scale operations. It allows dynamic type verification and provides veritably high-position dynamic data types. It facilitates scrap collection by itself. Numerous different programming languages have been impacted by Python's design and gospel. Some of those languages are Boo, Cobra, CoffeeScript, Go, Swift, Ruby, etc. Some of the advantages of Python programming language are straightforward, free, simple to use, and largely compatible, object- acquainted, has multitudinous libraries, has erected in data structures, has a wide range of uses, boosts productivity and speed, and simple to understand. One of the most extensively used programming languages is Python. It's an open- source language. Python's demand is growing, and its operations are expanding in virtually every assiduity. It's abundant in every way. It has a wide range of capabilities. Python is a popular programming language. It's also developing a strong request in the IT sector. Python is in high demand across the globe. Python helps you negotiate more in lower time. Python has a large community that supports and meets the requirements of inventors. Python is therefore one of the most popular programming languages. It's a veritably reliable and effective programming language. Python programmers are in high demand because Python is being used in a variety of sectors. Python is an extensively used computer language that was created nearly 25 years ago. Python is useful in a variety of fields, including web development, desktop app development, machine literacy, big data, data analysis, and robotics. Clean syntax, extremely clear law, a wide range of uses, packages that help apply features, and a cool community that helps grow this excellent language are just a many of the reasons why people like this language and why it's well suited for different tasks. The Python programming language has a bright future. The advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud Computing, Data Science, etc and world-notorious companies similar as Amazon, Google, Apple, Deloitte, Microsoft, Netflix, and Accenture have the Python programming language as their backbone which states that Python is in demand and AN APPETITE FOR THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY! A standard and scientific procedure of an Empirical Exploration Methodology (Survey) was conducted to check the statement stated by the author where 900 repliers from colourful corridors of the globe shared their thoughts. From the check, it was concluded that 99.8% of the respondents feel that Python is one of the in- demand programming languages for the digital assiduity in the present time.

Estimation of blood and urine levels of eight metals and essential trace elements collected from living Subjects compared to urine, cardiac and femoral postmortem blood, and other postmortem samples: A forensic toxicology study

Along with the regular toxicology testing, different samples collected during the autopsy might be subjected to metal level estimation to investigate the cause of death in some cases. Utilizing a scientific procedure on postmortem specimens is crucial for interpreting forensic toxicological analytical results. Even modest procedural errors made by incompetent forensic toxicologists and chemists who lack proper specialized training and knowledge can alter the scientific conclusions and hence the legal verdict.The current work studies an overview of eight metals and element levels in living and deceased human bodies. It could be a substantial contribution to establishing normal or so-called "reference" metal levels under antemortem and postmortem situations, hence aiding in identifying reliable future interpretations of results produced by numerous researchers in the same field. Aim of the workThe current work aimed to study the concentration of eight metals in the blood samples (cardiac and femoral), urine, and other samples (Spleen, liver, and renal tissues) collected from human cadavers at different postmortem intervals in addition to blood and urine samples collected from the living population as a contribution to establishing normal or so-called "reference" metal levels under antemortem and postmortem situations. Subjects and methodsPostmortem autopsy blood samples (cardiac and femoral), urine, and other samples (Spleen, liver, and renal tissues) were collected from 400 deceased subjects. These samples were analyzed for the estimation of the eight metals under research, namely, Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb), Mercury (Hg), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb). In addition, blood and urine samples from 400 living volunteer subjects were analyzed for the same eight elements under study. ResultsIn the postmortem group, the mean metal levels in cases with absent, early, and advanced putrefaction simultaneously in μg/L were 2.45 ± 3.30, 3.25 ± 5.18, and 3.81 ± 1.95 for As. For Se, the results were 10.74 ± 4.21, 10.54 ± 5.28, and 9.96 ± 4.14. 4.04 ± 1.74, 3.48 ± 1.32, and 3.74 ± 0.91 were the results for Ag. For Cd, they were 8.35 ± 3.91, 12.15 ± 3.05, and 24.51 ± 31.25 with P < 0.0001**. 1.48 ± 1.85, 1.61 ± 1.85, and 1.62 ± 1.74 were the same results for Sb; 6.07 ± 2.44, 5.22 ± 2.17, and 5.39 ± 1.82 for Hg. 395 ± 79.8, 553 ± 51.7, and 704 ± 97.2 for Zn with a P-value <0.005*. As for lead, the results were 15.61 ± 24.19, 14.76 ± 23.05, and 24.61 ± 52.72. As the postmortem interval increased, Cd and Zn levels increased (p < 0.0001, <0.005* simultaneously).

Emerging Trends and Knowledge Structures of Urbanization and Environmental Sustainability: A Regional Perspective

More than 59 million people reside in the six member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia). The rate of urbanization is more than 80% in each of these countries. To better understand the trends and knowledge structures and to aid policy design and implementation, more research is needed on the topic of urbanization in GCC countries. In order to address this knowledge gap, bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping procedures utilizing VOSviewer were employed. A total of 415 academic papers covering four decades, from 1980 to 2021, were collected from the Web of Science database and split into three time periods: 1980–2017, 2018–2019, and 2020–2021. The findings indicate that the topics related to sustainable development, environmental regulations, renewable energy, and smart cities have received the most attention. In addition, land use planning, urban growth, and energy consumption have been dominant themes over different periods. Several intertwined factors have contributed to the evolution of research over these periods. These include the widespread diffusion of the sustainability agenda, the rise of advanced ICT, and the escalating rate of urbanization. It can also be explained by the fact that the world has been grappling with numerous environmental challenges, increasingly requiring innovative solutions for sustainability. The findings of this study can be used to develop better strategies for sustainable urban development in the region.

Refining Research to Improve the Lives of Laboratory Mice

Some scientific research includes experiments performed using animals. Many of the animals used in research are sentient, which means they have emotions or feelings that are probably similar to the positive and negative emotions that humans experience. Some experiments can cause animals to experience negative emotions like pain or fear. While animals can sometimes be replaced with other methods or used sparingly, in other situations there is no easy way to perform experiments without using animals. In these cases, scientists can protect animals by using refinement, which describes all efforts to improve the housing conditions, care, and scientific procedures that the animals experience. Refinement aims to avoid or lessen negative experiences or pain and to improve the animals’ wellbeing. For example, scientists work hard to develop methods to give drugs to mice without using force, or to pick mice up more gently so the animals do not feel stress.

Use of Bacteriocins and Bacteriocinogenic Beneficial Organisms in Food Products: Benefits, Challenges, Concerns.

This review’s objective was to critically revisit various research approaches for studies on the application of beneficial organisms and bacteriocins as effective biopreservatives in the food industry. There are a substantial number of research papers reporting newly isolated bacterial strains from fermented food products and their application as potential probiotics, including partial characterization of bacteriocins produced by these microorganisms. Most of these studies follow scientific community-accepted standard procedures and propose various applications of the studied strains and bacteriocins as potential biopreservatives for the food industry. A few investigations go somewhat further, performing model studies, exploring the application of expressed bacteriocins in a designed food product, or trying to evaluate the effectiveness of the studied potential probiotics and bacteriocins against foodborne pathogens. Some authors propose applications of bacteriocin producers as starter cultures and are exploring in situ bacteriocin production to aid in the effective control of foodborne pathogens. However, few studies have evaluated the possible adverse effects of bacteriocins, such as toxicity. This comes from well-documented reports on bacteriocins being mostly non-immunogenic and having low cytotoxicity because most of these proteinaceous molecules are small peptides. However, some studies have reported on bacteriocins with noticeable cytotoxicity, which may become even more pronounced in genetically engineered or modified bacteriocins. Moreover, their cytotoxicity can be very specific and is dependent on the concentration of the bacteriocin and the nature of the targeted cell. This will be discussed in detail in the present review.

Online shopping cart abandonment: A review and research agenda

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has put online shopping at the forefront of retailing; however, the issue related to shopping cart abandonment remains an eternal nemesis of e‐retailers. To understand extant research on online shopping cart abandonment (OSCA), a framework‐based systematic literature review was conducted with the purpose of gaining more insights into existing studies in this context. Specifically, this review examined the literature related to OSCA in terms of theory, context, characteristics, and methods to provide (i) a comprehensive review of the current state of research and (ii) constructive future research agenda in the area. Using scientific procedures, a total of 52 research articles were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases published during the period 2003–2022. The results revealed that most research was founded by the stimulus‐organism‐response (S‐O‐R) model and the buyer behavior theory, focused in the context of the United States and China, and appeared to use quantitative methods. As a result, this review is expected to assist researchers in better understanding the OSCA context, thus paving the way for further research and development in the area. In addition, providing practitioners with a better panorama to address the issue by expanding the literature review and highlighting the inhibiting factors of OSCA.

THE DILEMMA OF MUSIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT: EXTERNAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL TRENDS

This research is motivated by the development of the music industry, in order to obtain new results, through extensive and revolutionary actions to move from the current quality to a new one. The specific hypothesis of the study of the music industry is based on the consideration of the dilemma: although the leaps and interruptions of evolution favor the growth and considerably expand the musical activity, they do not result in a totally new state of quality accompanied by highlighting musical values. Thus, the interpretable cultural result obtained, of the current music industry, is due to a series of external challenges, both solitary distinguished and numerous associated. The study sums up all the challenges, coming from outside the structure of the music industry, to shape the external influence; whose action is reflected in the generation of new internal trends. In this sense, the external influence is the expression, and the internal tendencies are the reflection of this expression. The research used various methods, principles, techniques and scientific procedures combined, and based on the principle of integrity, the author developed his own culturological procedures. At the same time, in the presentation of the material, preference was given to the descriptive method with the application of the elements of comparison, analysis and deduction, as well and the search engine Scopus. The research finds, through the prism of different civilizational paradigms, that the music industry is in the dilemma of its development. In the circumstances of 2022 and for the next period, the author concludes with two directions of development of the music industry that require special research.

Investigating the immersion of inquiry in lecture in improving students’ understanding about scientific inquiry

This study aimed to examine the extent to which scientific inquiry procedures during a lecture improvelead to an improvement in students’ understanding of scientific inquiry. The study implemented a one-group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 53 first-year students from the Chemistry Department atin a public university in Malang Ccity. Students’ understandings of scientific inquiry were assessed before and after the instruction using the Views About Scientific Inquiry (VASI) questionnaire. TThe participants’ responses were analysed descriptively and classified into three categories: informed, partially informed, and naïve, with Cohen’s inter-rater reliability value of 0.81.he participants’ responses were analysed descriptively and classified into three categories, namely informed, partially informed, and naïve views with Cohen’s inter-rater reliability value of 0.81. The results showed that (1) before treatment, students' understanding of scientific inquiry was at the level of partially informed and naïve, and (2) the immersion of scientific inquiry procedures in lectures improved students' understanding of scientific inquiry with the improved strength of Cohen's d-effect size was 1.10 (much larger than the typical category) or average normalized gain was 0.3 (medium category).

Orally disintegrating tablet: A review

Orally dispersive tablets are solid dosage forms that dissolve in the mouth in within 10 to 30 seconds, enabling waterless ingestion. The tablet dissolves quickly due to its fast breakdown, which also causes the effects to start acting quickly. ODTs can help patients with a variety of conditions, including pediatrics, geriatrics, psychosis, dysphagia, bedridden discomfort, comatose patients, young patients with undeveloped muscular and nervous systems, patients with hand tremors, and patients who travel often. It provides high stability, precise dosage, efficient manufacture, and smaller packing; self-administration is allowed on long journeys because water is not required. ODTs are a cost-effective way to distribute drugs. When a medicine is absorbed through the buccal cavity, ODTs constitute a critical drug delivery method. Spray drying, sublimation, and other scientific procedures like freeze drying, moulding, and direct compression. . The availability of ODTs as over-the-counter drugs for the treatment of a range of illnesses is increasing. This article's objective is to go over the benefits, drawbacks, formulation difficulties, manufacturing methods, patented technologies, commercially available formulations, and evaluation checks of ODT. The word "Oro dispersible tablets" was created by the European Pharmacopoeia. This is an uncoated tablet that dissolves easily in the mouth for 3 minutes before being swallowed.

The use of water quality index and water pollution index in assessing the water quality and suitability of the river Molo water basin, Kenya

Water quality assessment has become a very essential scientific procedure for qualifying water for drinking and general purpose use, and better public health policy on clean water supply. Various tools have been employed to determine the status of water systems for drinking, industrial and general use. For the purpose of this study, water quality index (WQI) and the recently developed water pollution index (WPI) have been adopted to evaluate the water of the Molo water basin. The world health organization (WHO) has defined limits of these parameters beyond which the quality of water is considered unsuitable for a specific use. The study was carried out in December, 2021 during the dry season. In this contribution, pH, conductivity, TDS, salinity, major cations and anions, and selected heavy metals were explored. Of the major cations Na reported the highest concentration at 1800 mg/L whereas in the anion category, the Cl gave the highest concentration at 110 mg/L. The highest pH, TDS and salinity were 8.5, 146.33, and 282.67, respectively. The data obtained were used to determine the water quality index (WQI) and water pollution index (WPI) of the Molo water basin based on the world health organization (WHO) standards. The average WQI obtained was 57.47 indicating that the water is slightly polluted. Also the average WPI obtained was 0.77 indicating that the water from the water basin is not of good quality. Sediment morphology and composition was also determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The findings showed the presence of heavy metal pollutants of concern which include lead, manganese and copper. Therefore, with respect to WQI, WPI and sediment morphology, the water basin is significantly polluted. There is need therefore for the government and health authorities to formulate policies aimed at regulating pollution activities which may endanger the Molo water basin.

The Implementation Dilemma and Solution of Teacher Exchange Rotation in Compulsory Education

The implementation of the policy of teacher exchange rotation in the compulsory education stage can provide an exchange platform and opportunity, promote the professional development of teachers, and balance urban and rural education resources. However, there are many difficulties in the implementation of the policy of teacher exchange and job rotation, such as unclear powers and responsibilities of various administrative departments, unscientific and fair selection procedures, and low willingness of teachers to exchange. This requires clarifying the scope of authority and responsibility of each department, building a department linkage mechanism, establishing a sound scientific and fair selection procedure and supervision mechanism, and increasing the incentive measures for mobile teachers in the exchange and job rotation policy, so as to effectively enhance the sense of belonging of teachers.

Developing Student’s Comprehensive Knowledge of Physics Concepts by Using Computational Thinking Activities: Effects of a 6-Week Intervention

Computational thinking has been identified as an important approach for enabling students' better comprehension of science concepts as well as scientific procedures. Computation is useful in physics because it permits physics theories to be applied to issues that are complicated to fix analytically. Visual Python provides a 3D environment where learners may design 3D objects, apply a physical framework, and study the effects of altering parameters. The implementation and outcomes of a 6-week teacher-led computational thinking intervention with groups of 12th graders (n=60) are described in this study. Two research questions are being addressed using quantitative analysis and a quasi-experimental approach involving a pre- and post-test. The participants who received the six-week implementation on the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test than the control group, which received only standard teaching lectures. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in mean scores between the experimental group (M = 24.03, SD = 4.68) and the control group (M = 20.3, SD = 5.38). The findings indicate that implementing computational thinking activities not only improves students' knowledge of physics concepts, but it also improves visual thinking, allowing students to better cognitively comprehend the problem.