Views Of Scholars Research Articles

INVESTMENT POLICY OF BRITAIN IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES IN ANGLO-AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The article shows how the view of English-speaking scholars on the reasons for the influx of British investments into the Russian economy in the late 19th - early 20th centuries changed. It is concluded that the attitude to this issue has undergone a significant evolution. If in the first half of the 20th centuryhistorians and economists considered the influx of foreign capital to be the result of the conscious efforts of the central government and especially the finance ministers I. A. Vyshnegradsky and S. Y. Witte, then from the 1960s in connection with the growing popularity of the theory of modernization in the West, the understanding of the problem has become more complicated. Modern English-speaking scholars believe that in addition to the measures taken by the Russian government, there was a whole range of other internal and external factors that influenced the dynamics of foreign investment. Scientists point out that the model of British investment did not correspond to the economic development cycle of Russia. The influx of British capital was based on previous experience of exporting British products to the Russian market. British capital was «pushed out» of Britain by low domestic incomes and enticed abroad by the promise of high profits in less developed countries. The British government was interested in the economic development of the new resource-rich regions of the Caucasus, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. Within the framework of the discussion on the role of British capital in Russian industry, the dispute between economists that erupted in the 1970s stands out. The dispute revolved around the impact of the introduction of the gold standard in Russia on the inflow of foreign investment.

Similarities Between Cycles in China's Hog Futures Market and Cycles in the Labor Market

Labor markets and commodity futures markets have been important areas of study in economics over the past few decades. However, most scholars view them as two separate fields. This article attempts to fill this gap by examining the relationship between hog futures cycles and labor market cycles, exploring similarities between them. Hog futures are one of the most active contracts in the agricultural product futures market. The labor market is an important part of economic activity, directly affecting the financial situation of households, businesses and governments. The cycles that exist in these two markets can be seen as the result of fluctuations in supply and demand. By analyzing the hog futures cycle and the labor market cycle, this article explores the Chinese government's intervention methods and intervention purposes and finds similarities.

The state-led platformisation of financial services: Frictionless ecosystems and an expansive logic of “smartness” in Singapore

This article explores the role of the state in driving the platformisation of industry, and in doing so offers a counterpoint to scholarship that focusses on the exploitative effects of private sector-led platformisation. That scholarship views platformisation as the latest incarnation of neoliberal urbanism, with the profit-maximising tendencies of the private sector driving the proliferation of platforms throughout everyday life. Notwithstanding, there remains a need to consider alternative models of platformisation. Drawing on 31 interviews with architects of Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative, we consider the state-led platformisation of financial services. We argue that state-led platformisation can open up marketplaces to new forms of innovation, customer value creation, and competition through the creation of data ecosystems that are built on openness, trust and transparency. This flattens the distinctions between regulator and regulated, and between competitor and collaborator, and foregrounds the role of platforms in driving the transformation of industry.

Ways of being Palestinian: autobiography as critical emplotment in the work of Fawaz Turki

ABSTRACT Autobiography has become an increasingly prominent form of Palestinian literature since the 1980s, giving rise to scholarly discussions about how best to read, interpret, and analyze Palestinian life narratives. Using the memoirs of Palestinian poet Fawaz Turki as an illustrative example, this article challenges a prevailing scholarly view that Palestinian narratives should be read and understood, before all else, as “counterdiscourse” to Zionism. However much this framework illuminates the colonial backdrop and testimonial potential of Palestinian life-writing, it risks flattening Palestinian autobiographies into a single national mold and framing Zionism as the central locus of Palestinian self-expression. Mindful of these dangers, this article draws on the work of David Scott to argue that Palestinian autobiographies can be more fruitfully interpreted as exercises in “critical emplotment” and analyzed as narrative undertakings by which Palestinians creatively (re)interpret their pasts and identities in light of the always-shifting circumstances in which they find themselves.

A Constructivist Perspective on Empirical Discrimination Research

Contemporary scholars view race as a constructed social category, not a biological fact. Yet most empirical discrimination research treats race no differently than other individual characteristics typically observed in data. This article considers the implications of adopting a constructivist perspective instead. I develop a simple model where agents use observable characteristics to both interpret membership in racial social categories and make decisions. Discrimination is the result of acting based on perceived social identity. The model highlights the need to measure the racial “first stage”—the social identity contrast between individuals—instead of relying on race as coded in data, and draws a novel distinction between race-based and direct statistical discrimination. I illustrate some implications using data on wages, speech patterns, and skin color and conclude with strategies for future research that build on the constructivist model. (JEL J15, J31, J71, K38)

Doing business and contributing to conflict prevention and development in Ghana

While some scholars argue that companies implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) for altruistic reasons, to gain an advantage over rivals in the industry, to enhance corporate reputation, and to be seen as ethical for addressing environmental and socio-economic difficulties, other scholars view CSR as unnecessary. These scholars argue that CSR initiatives adversely affect corporate profits. The understanding of this phenomenon remains incomplete, especially with the lack of empirical understanding about why corporate bodies execute CSR in spite of their primary goal of maximizing profits. To better understand this gap in knowledge, this case study of the Newmont Ghana Gold Limited (NGGL) ascertains why the company implements CSR in the mining communities they operate. This study contributes to the debates on CSR and the global call for businesses to address societal problems. Navigating the qualitative research approach and human-needs conflict theory, this study discovered that despite its voluntary application, failing to implement CSR would have prevented NGGL to have the social license to operate, and violent and nonviolent conflicts would have occurred. The study also found that CSR was implemented to address the fundamental needs of host communities adversely affected by mining. Together, these results suggest that CSR is treated as a conflict prevention and development initiative. Therefore, the study recommends that CSR be made mandatory.

Social Media Scholarship in Sport Studies and the State of Cultural Studies

This commentary provides a brief critique of current research on social media from a critical pedagogical and sociological perspective. It discusses how social media has become important for communities to congregate and share views, beliefs, and culture. Then, it describes how social media research in sport studies has developed in recent years, paying particular attention to how critical sport scholars view and evaluate this form of communication differently than traditional sport management academics. Following this, the commentary describes the ways that marginalized and privileged subcultures have utilized social media in ways that serve to amplify their voices in the crowded social mediascape and how the progressive possibilities of the two subcultures are in constant conflict with each other. Finally, the commentary describes theoretical, methodological, and empirical possibilities for future research by making the suggestion that more nuanced reception studies and/or praxical social media, as it pertains to sport, can be utilized toward progressive ends, despite the fact that those in power (read: upper class, heterosexual, White, and male) will incessantly fight to maintain their hegemonic position in society in and through the social medium.

日本の漢學塾の學術傾向と近代日本の敎育

Japan’s modernization, which began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868, was modelled on the Western powers, and its modernization was virtually synonymous with Westernization. However, the situation was slightly different in the case of education. The education measures of the Meiji government were not fixed, and while it aimed for Westernization with respect to the education system, it vacillated between centralized standardization and laissez-faire principles. With regard to the content of education, too, it did not necessarily completely adhere to the modern education of the West, which was founded on individualism and a pragmatic view of education and scholarship, and it attempted to continue with the cultural and educational traditions of the Edo period. Within these traditions, Chinese learning was of great importance and occupied an important position, and private academies of Chinese learning held a leading position in education and society, alongside government schools. But even though private academies of Chinese learning enjoyed a golden age from the Bakumatsu period to immediately after the Meiji Restoration, they were buffeted by the education measures of the Meiji government and were unable to find a place for themselves within modern education. One of the few academies of Chinese learning that managed to survive in these circumstances was the Hakuen Academy (Hakuen Shoin 泊園書院). Why did it survive? In this paper I examine this question by analyzing the academic trends of the Hakuen Academy while also taking into account the context of education in modern Japan, which underwent repeated changes.
 1868年の明治維新に始まる日本の近代化は, 欧米列强を模範とし, 近代化は 欧米化もしくは西洋化とほぼ同義であったが, 敎育においては, 些か事情は異 なる. 明治政府の敎育施策は一定せず, 制度の面では欧米化を指向しながらも, 中央集權的画一化と自由放任主義の間で揺れ動き, 内容の面でも個人主義, 実 学主義の敎育観, 学問観に立脚した欧米の近代敎育を必ずしも全面的には追従 せず, 江戸時代の文化と敎育の伝統をも継承しようとした. その伝統において 漢学は大きな比重と重要な地位を占め, 漢学塾は官立学校と並んで敎育と社会 の主導的立場にあった. だが, 漢学塾は幕末から維新直後に最盛期を迎えなが らも, 明治政府の敎育施策に翻弄され, 近代敎育の中に自らの地位を見出せな いでいた. その中にあって, 存続した数少ない漢学塾の一つが泊園書院である. 泊園書院はなぜ生き延びたのか. 変遷を繰り返した近代日本の敎育の文脈を踏 まえながら, その学術傾向を分析することを通じて, この問題を考究する.

FUQAROLIK PROTSESSIDA ODIL SUDLOVNI AMALGA OSHIRISHGA KOʻMAKLASHUVCHI SHAXS SIFATIDA GUVOHNING ISHTIROKI BILAN BOGʻLIQ AYRIM MASALALAR

This article analyzes some of the issues related to the participation of a witness as a person assisting in the administration of justice in a civil process. In particular, the scientific and theoretical views of legal scholars on the concept of a witness in civil proceedings and civil procedural law and the theory of the science of civil procedural law on its procedural rights and obligations are analyzed. As well as the circumstances under which they cannot be summoned and interrogated as witnesses, the civil procedural legislation of foreign states in this area, in particular the civil procedural legislation of Germany, the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Belarus, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, is subjected to a comparative analysis with the national civil procedural legislation, and relevant conclusions and proposals have been developed. The article also explores the scientific and theoretical views of legal scholars on the right of a witness to refuse to testify, immunity, and the immunity of a witness. In addition, this article examines the security of witnesses as well as the legislation of foreign countries in this area. In conclusion, scientific and theoretical conclusions, proposals, and recommendations are put forward aimed at improving the Civil Procedure Legislation to improve the procedural and legal status of a witness in legal proceedings, expanding the circle of circumstances under which he cannot be called and interrogated as a witness, based on the experience of foreign countries, ensuring the rights of witnesses to privacy, and strengthening measures to ensure their safety.

(S)Talking women: portrayal of females in online discourse of social media in Albania

The aim of this paper is to explore Albanian social media discussion threads, prioritizing the way women are portrayed. The development of social media discourse has been empowered through the increasing influence of digital media, permeating all areas of life recently. ‘Privacy is no longer a social norm’, and intentional abuse of media-derived power has led to malicious intentions infiltrating online social media discourse, threatening loyal and straightforward communication, and giving rise to denigration, negativity, and dismay. Based on the current view of scholars in the field of language and digital communication that text-based studies need to move forward by incorporating other modes of communication and the fact that all human communication is, after all, multimodal, we intend to bring examples to illustrate the choice of language and images by Albanians in online social media in reaction to current popular events. The common thread that unites all examples is related to the depiction of females, unfortunately, in derogatory terms, and gendered culpability. It is hoped that the paper will raise awareness about such dominating problematic approaches toward females in Albania, as manifested in the language used.

Views of African higher education scholars about effective leadership

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the views of African higher education scholars about effective leadership and if those views reflect a unique, African meaning of leadership.Design/methodology/approachThe study sought to explore the views of African higher education scholars about leadership in general and if those views reflect a unique, African meaning, that does not necessarily fit the widely accepted western theories. Using a researcher-designed questionnaire, higher education faculty and administrators were asked their understanding and beliefs about leadership. Data from quantitative responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test. In addition, qualitative answers, from one open ended question, were utilized to possibly triangulate with quantitative responses.FindingsThis study found that most research participants believe that the widely used western leadership theories are not fully applicable to Africa's context. However, the list of qualities of effective leadership, these participants suggest to be unique to Africa, included mixed attributes from Western, Non-Western and Culture-Neutral theories.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has some limitations. First, the data for this study was collected electronically which might have affected the potential responses from those with limited Internet connection or who have not updated their current email addresses. Second, the participants of the study are higher education professionals whose insight about leadership may not necessarily reflect the views of others from different background.Practical implicationsBy examining leadership effectiveness in Africa's context, this study adds to the body of literature on the ongoing discussion on the topic of culture and leadership. It is hoped that the findings of the study provide important insights regarding the debate on “western vs non-western” leadership theories.Originality/valueThe universal understanding of leadership and the application of leadership theories across cultures have been an issue of debate for leadership scholars and practitioners around the globe. Many authors argue that the widely used leadership theories are “too western” in value and character (Bass, 1990; Hofstede, 1993; House and Aditya, 1997). This study adds the perspectives of African scholars to the ongoing debate and expands the understanding about leadership across culture.

Relevansi Kaidah Al-A’dah Muhakkamah Pernikahan dalam Islam Pada Tradisi Rompak Page di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota

One of the hallmarks of the indigenous custom of luhak Limo Puluh Kota in West Sumatra, Indonesia, is the rompak page custom. This custom involves the marriage of a couple who comes from a different area or far from the bride's nagari location. The groom by custom must deliver to the woman's family some money or gold as a sign of respect and recognition for the bride. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the view of al-'adah muhakkamah (objective law) regarding the rompak page tradition in the context of the life of the indigenous community in luhak Limo Puluh Koto. This principle of Islamic law states that if a custom or action does not conflict with Islamic law and is considered clear and valid, then this custom may be preserved. In this study, researchers analyzed the views of Islamic scholars and scholars regarding the rompak page tradition in the context of al-'adah muhakkamah. In this analysis, we examined whether the rompak page tradition is following Islamic teachings or whether there are aspects that need to be adapted to the principles of Islamic law. This study has relevance and significance in understanding the suitability of the rompak page tradition with Islamic teachings in luhak Lima Puluh Kota.

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Mantan Direktur Perusahaan Yang Tagihannya Ditolak Dalam Pencocokan Piutang

Abstract
 The journal entitled Legal protection for former directors whose wages are not paid and whose bills are rejected in bill matching discusses the issue of whether legal protection is for ex-directors whose wages are not paid and whose bills are rejected in matching bills. The research method uses conceptual approach which means solves problems using literature and views of legal scholars and also using statue approach which means solves problems using applicable laws and regulations. The results of the study stated that the refusal to submit a bill submitted by the former director for unpaid wages is a debt because it will not erase a debt if there is no fulfillment by paying the owed wages to the former director according to what was agreed. Then Legal protection for former directors whose wages are not paid and whose bills are rejected in bill matching can be obtained through 2 (two) forms, namely preventive legal protection accommodated by the Civil Code, the Bankruptcy Law and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, the Labor Law and Constitutional Court Decision Number 67/PUU-XI/2013. Then repressive legal protection can be carried out in the form of other lawsuits based on the explanation of Article 3 paragraph (1) UUK-PKPU, which is filing a lawsuit against the board relating to the debtor's assets.

MADURA ULAMA VIEWS ON HALAL LABELIZATION IN TOURISM OBJECTS IN MADURA PERSPECTIVE MASLAHAH MURSALAH

This article aims to find out the views of Madurese scholars regarding halal labeling oftourist attractions in Madura, by focusing the analysis on the concept of maslahahmursalah. Understanding this concept is very important in describing the extent towhich tourist attractions can be considered halal and meet the moral and ethicalaspects of Islam. The research method used was an in-depth interview with a numberof Madurese scholars who have expertise in the field of sharia studies and public policy.The study also delved into related religious literature and Islamic law to strengthen theanalysis of scholarly views. The results showed that Madurese scholars tend to viewhalal labels on tourist attractions as a must to ensure the fulfillment of aspects of shariaand maslahah mursalah. They argue that tourist attractions that are in accordance withIslamic principles can provide wider social and economic benefits for the people ofMadura. But the research also revealed a variation in views among scholars regardingthe criteria for halal labels, as well as the role of stakeholders in making them happen.Some experts stress the need for community involvement in the labeling process, whileothers emphasize the role of religious authorities. This research contributes tounderstanding how Madurese scholars perceive halal labels on tourist attractions, byintegrating the perspective of maslahah mursalah as a legal basis. The implications ofthis research can be used as a guide in developing policies that are more inclusive andin accordance with Islamic values in the management of tourist attractions in Madura.Keywords : Madura Ulama, Siring Kemuning Beach, Camplong Beach, Halal Tourism Labeling,Maslahah Mursalah

Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Tentang Teknologi dan Inovasi Dalam Al-Qur’an: Implikasi Untuk Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan di Era Modern

This study aims to examine and understand the verses of the Koran related to technology and innovation and to analyze the implications of these interpretations for the development of science in the modern era. Al-Qur’an as a holy book for Muslims is considered as a source of law and a way of life that covers various aspects of life, including the development of science and technology. The research method used is analysis of the contents of the Koran, namely by identifying and studying verses that talk about technological developments and innovations. Interpretation of these verses will be carried out through contextual and historical interpretation approaches, and taking into account the views of religious scholars and experts. The results of this research are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the Qur’an’s views on technology and innovation, and how these views can be applied in the context of science in the modern era. The implications of the interpretation of these verses will help direct the development of science and technology in accordance with Islamic values, uphold ethics, provide benefits for humanity as a whole, and invite people to develop their own creative thinking ideas. It is hoped that the results of this research can contribute to strengthening the integration between religion and science, as well as providing guidance for scientists and researchers in developing technology and innovation that are responsible and in accordance with the moral values in the Koran.

Does populist voting rise where representative democracy is systemically failing?

Recent scholarship views populist voting as a reaction to systemic failures in political representation. This argument is however controversial due to a lack of empirical evidence. Does this explanation of populist support simply mirror the strategic campaign messaging of populist parties, and should thus be discounted? This study leverages state-of-the-art measures of systemic and non-systemic (i.e. individual-level) representation failures, adopting the constructs of sociotropic and egocentric incongruence. It uses data from the CSES, IPU, the POPPA dataset and the World Bank, covering 64 elections from 2001 and 2018 in 24 Western and Eastern European countries. The study finds that populism owes its success primarily to individual-level representation gaps, and not systemic ones. However, system-level failures in representation do matter in the margins, and for specific subsets of citizens. Furthermore, failures in pluralist representation have more bearing on populist support than majoritarian representation failures.

Judicial Discretion: The Concept and Essential Features

The modern Russian legal doctrine has not yet developed a unified approach to understanding judicial discretion. The content of this term seems to be very complex and ambiguous. The analysis of the legislation shows that the discretion of the law enforcement officer (investigator, prosecutor or person in charge of an inquiry) is possible when applying the norms of various branches of law. The importance of defining the most complete and precise concept of judicial discretion is dictated by the complexity of establishing its boundaries.The objectives of the study are to derive the definition of judicial discretion based on a critical assessment of doctrinal definitions and to identify its essential features. The results reflected in this paper show that a considerable number of authors understand judicial discretion in different ways; at the same time, the points of view of scholars still have common ground. The result of the study provides the author’s definition of judicial discretion and the allocation of its essential features.

Notary independence in the course of notarial acts

Based on the analysis of the scientific views of scholars and the norms of current legislation, a list of notarial acts that notaries are authorised to perform has been provided. The author’s own definition of the concept of “notarial acts” has been proposed. The importance of ensuring the independence of notaries in the course of notarial acts has been emphasised. A number of aspects confirming this thesis have been presented.
 It has been established that notarial acts are a set of legally significant acts performed by a notary with the aim of providing notarial services as defined by the current legislation. The purpose of notarial acts is to ensure, firstly, the observance and protection of legal rights, freedoms and interests of individuals and legal entities, including those of a tangible and intangible nature, and secondly, the correctness and legality of concluding contracts, confirming documents and providing other legal services as defined by current legislation.
 It has been noted that in the course of notarial acts, a notary must be an independent and impartial mediator between the parties, and act exclusively in compliance with the applicable law. This, in turn, ensures the reliability and legitimacy of transactions concluded between the parties and helps to prevent attempts at fraud and manipulation of documents.
 It has been generalised that ensuring the appropriate level of notary independence in the course of notarial acts is important: firstly, for notaries themselves, since in this case they are able to perform their activities free from any influence, which is an additional guarantee of ensuring the regime of legality in their work; secondly, for users of notaries’ services, since notary independence is a guarantee of observance of the rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities, and is also a preventive measure against any unlawful acts (fraud, document forgery, etc.).

A Review of the Rationale for Jesus’ Use of David’s Example in Matthew 12: 3-4 in Contemporary Scholarly Debate

The rationale for Jesus’ use of David’s story in Matt 12:3-4 has attracted varied views in biblical scholarship. The text records Jesus’ use of David’s example in the first Sabbath conflict in Matthew’s Gospel. This article attempted to sample prominent scholarly views on the Matt 12:3-4. This article adopted a descriptive and evaluative approach to sample views of contemporary scholars in Jesus’ use of David’s example, Matt 12:3-4, in the first Sabbath conflict. The aims were to describe and evaluate contemporary scholarly views on why Jesus used David’s story in Matthew 12:3-4. This article used the descriptive and evaluative qualitative method of research. This article surveyed the literature on the hermeneutical appraisal of David’s example in Matt 12:3-4. It centered on scholarly arguments and appraisal of the rabbinic hermeneutics of Matt 12:1-8. Two prominent views on Jesus’ methodology are identified as: (1) rabbinic hermeneutics and (2) typological hermeneutics. Scholarly arguments centered mainly on the Christological and authority approaches to the text. The authors concluded that the above postulations of scholars do not adequately explains why Jesus used the example of David in answering the Pharisaic query. Hence, a critical look at the text requires a hermeneutical review of the arguments advanced by scholars for these approaches. As such, further study to explore the possible reason why Jesus used David’s example in Matt 12:3-4 would be in order. This research has contributed to scholarship on the Sabbath controversy in Matt 12:1-8. Keywords: David’s story in Matt 12:3-4, Jesus’ Methodology, Rabbinic Hermeneutics, Typological Hermeneutics, Christology.

Cultural ecology and changes in 19th–20th century Jiangnan field landscapes

This article analyzes the cultural power of changes in the Jiangnan region’s landscape since the nineteenth century. Historically, there were two main perspectives of evaluating landscapes. One historical perspective was the view of most traditional Chinese scholars and a few Western scholars who valued traditional culture and agriculture and believed in the value of classical landscape and traditional farming techniques. The other perspective was the Western understanding of modernization, which has been dominated by Ferdinand von Richthofen’s ideas of scientific land use and the Soviet model of unifying farm management. The grid planning in the era of collectivization and urbanization in more recent years reflects an oversimplified imitation of the West. This is one reason for the increasing chaos of farming landscapes. The future of rural landscape construction lies in combining traditional pastoral scenery and modern agricultural technology.