Scenic Landscape Research Articles

Picturesque Lost

William Martin Conway (1856-1937), art critic and mountaineer, made clear distinction between ‘geographical exploration’ and ‘geographical experiment’. If the former identifies ‘the investigation and record of the form of the earth’s surface in relation to man’, the latter simply refers to the practice of travelling – ‘Geographical experiment is called Travel’. In devoting himself to science, the ‘careful and observant traveller’ has to refrain himself from indulging in any picturesque appreciation of landscape scenery. The aesthetic dimension of travelling is filtered through a physical engagement with the landscape itself, elevating the body as the main instrument of both geographer and artist. In this paper, Conway’s experimental travel performances into geography is explored by looking at his approach to ‘climbing’ in his pioneering travel books, beautifully illustrated by A.D. McCormick: Climbing and Exploration in the Karakoram-Himalayas (1894), The Bolivian Andes: A Record of Climbing and Exploration in the Cordillera Real in the Years 1898 and 1900 (1901), Aconcagua and Tierra del Fuego: A Book of Climbing, Travel and Exploration (1902). In a time in which mountaineering performance was still linked to an Alpine Club ‘orthodoxy’, heavily influenced by the aesthetic stance of John Ruskin and the performative ethos of Leslie Stephen, Conway’s ‘experimental travels’ in the Andes and Himalayas were accused of challenging the ‘picturesque’ and of putting an end to the era of Romantic voyaging.

Nature scaled to body: literary adaptation, space, and genre in Terrence Malick’s The Thin Red Line (1998) and G.W. Pabst’s Westfront 1918 (1930)

ABSTRACTThe issue of filmic adaptation of literature in Terrence Malick’s The Thin Red Line (1998) has roused a wide range of responses from critics. A comparison to another important war adaptation – G.W. Pabst’s Westfront 1918, of Ernst Johannsen’s novel Four from the Infantry – reveals various issues relating to adaptation, particularly how filmmakers foreground embodied affect as a means to convey a novels’ anti-war message. Although many critics and scholars have cited F.W. Murnau’s Tabu (1931) as an influence, the comparison to Westfront yields more intriguing parallels, particularly in how the two adaptations work with, and against, the war genre. The films vary core elements of the syntax of the war genre in parallel ways, including: the diegetic distance from home; the scaling of the plot from individual to nation (and back again); and the deliberate transformation of scenic landscape into subjugated territory. These embodied and affective parallels in the adaptations complicate the visual hegemony that Paul Virilio has influentially emphasized, as well as the relationship among the perception-, movement-, and time-images in Deleuze’s Cinema model.

Calculating Cultural Ecosystem Services as part of Greenspace Management?

Lake related greenspace provides many benefits to residents and visitors, which often get unnoticed. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Project (2005) proposed the valuation of ecosystem services, defined as regulatory, provisional, ecosystem support, providing cultural services from natural resources, free of charge. The challenge here is: How can we use cultural ecosystem services derived from scenic landscapes for Greenspace management and assessment? Cultural ecosystem services received international recognition as part of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Project (2005). Also, ecosystems services encompass regulatory, provisional and ecosystem support. For this article, we are particularly concerned with cultural services, which include recreation, science and education, spiritual/historical as well as aesthetic functions. De Groot (2002) and Farber (2006) provided descriptions of cultural Ecosystem services. De Groot (2002) describes Information functions as comprising of; aesthetic information, recreation, cultural-artistic information and spiritual/historical information. Farber (2005) description of cultural services includes; aesthetic, recreation, science/education, and spiritual/historical functions. This article examines the existing literature with the objective of assessing ecosystem cultural services related to water-based scenic landscape resources and applies it to an Upstate New York lake landscape. Careful accounting of greenspace ecosystem services is presented as applied to lakeshore residents, village residents and town/watershed residents and other lake greenspace users utilizing the US Environmental Protection Agency’s user benefit calculations to yield over 10.6 million dollars of benefits per year (Smardon 2018).

Géomorphosites, paysages géomorphologiques et représentations iconographiques : quelques exemples au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande

Nombre de grands géomorphosites des îles britanniques ont été révélés au cours du XVIIIe siècle par des voyageurs naturalistes curieux de grands paysages. L’engouement pour ces points de vue « sublimes » a attiré les touristes de la bonne société recherchant la trace de récits mythologiques et des émotions romantiques. Les récits ou les poèmes, les peintures ont initié ce mouvement, suscitant un premier développement touristique parmi les élites britanniques. Les scientifiques ont accompagné ce mouvement pour répondre aux interrogations naturalistes. Leurs observations de terrain au cours du XIXe siècle ont permis de construire des modèles explicatifs qui ont fait progresser les connaissances générales. Ces travaux s’illustrent par des cartes détaillées et des schémas dépourvus de toute fantaisie qui présentent les roches dans leur agencement structural et les formes associées. La place des modelés quaternaires est bien présente. Le développement de la photographie puis du film a fait de ces sites géomorphologiques un produit d’appel pour le tourisme de masse développé à partir de la fin du XXe siècle. La photographie propose des images assez réalistes tandis que les décors naturels du cinéma exploitent les éléments fantastiques des paysages, nourrissant leur récit d’une vision romantique retrouvée. Le déroulement de ces images animées, qui attire nombre de visiteurs, est bien loin des explications naturalistes mises en place dans le cadre des géoparcs.

Literature Survey on How Planting Composition Influence Visual Preferences: A Campus Landscape Setting

Campus landscape is a created for aesthetically pleasing, educationally satisfying and environmentally sustaining. Unlike other places, the university has a distinct characteristic. The demand for high education required more space for students living. Previous research has mentioned on viewing landscape with stress recovery and reduce mental fatigue. Furthermore, several studies also suggested to university to provide a classroom with a window for viewing the landscape. The benefits gain from that has correlated with enhance positive emotions, mental health, quality of life as well as students’ academic performance. Vegetation is an essential element in visual landscape assessment. Plants traits able to attract viewers attention. Better landscape scenery often composed of various plant properties with properly design based on principles guidelines. However, the study on planting composition seems neglected. Therefore, this study is to explore the significance of planting composition in visual interest within the campus context. Different context anticipated different composition depends on the location, concept or function. Crucially, students are exposure with a lot of stress and challenges. Moreover, less daily contact with nature, spend more time indoors and continuously technology connectedness has predicted to negative impact on student performance. Thus, this study is suggestive to encourage nature connectedness. Before that, the preferred planting composition must be reviewed to ensure the effectiveness in visual preferences. The review process then analyses using qualitative software Atlas.ti© Version 8.0. The precedents literature was recorded and categorised in coding. The result demonstrates that there are the factors that should be pursued to influence more visual interest, particularly on campus.

Tin Perovskite Solar Cells Are Back in the Game

This issue of Joule features an article by Wang et al. that demonstrates that high-efficiency tin-based solar cells can be realized by the formation of a heterostructure consisting of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) perovskites based on phenylethylammonium tin iodide (PEA2SnI4) and formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3), respectively, forming from the study of the PEA2(FA)n-1SnnI3n+1 system. The authors convincingly show that these self-assembled heterostructures can be manipulated and ordered sequentially by chemical means, thus providing a new avenue for further improving the perovskite solar cell technology.

Accommodation of buildings on slopes taking into account bioclimatic comfort and safety

Currently, the question of the adaptation and reclamation of slope areas is important and relevant. Many of these lands are valuable in terms of town planning, have good conditions for the development of infrastructure and have a great potential for formation of scenic landscape for urban development. In the territories, converted industrial enterprises have already altered the natural temperature and humidity, hydrological regimes and aeration, which inevitably effect quality of living spaces. This quality is estimated by bioclimatic comfort and safety due the sum of factors of aeration and temperature and humidity conditions. That is why, development of these areas, valuable in terms of urban lands, is impossible to use without study and restoration of their bioclimatic comfort and safety. Researches have allowed to establish a qualitative and quantitative picture of the flow patterns of the air flow depending on the shape of the quarry in terms of the parameters of the quarry cross section and its orientation in relation to the incoming flow. It is important to establish how the exposure of a slope and its topography, as well as terraced arrangement of urban development, will have effect on the bioclimatic comfort and safety, change of the aeration mode.

MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTERS ALONG A RURAL ROUTE FOR TOURISM

The scenic landscape characters along driving routes have been acknowledged by numerous studies to be important in planning for rural tourism. Landscape characters shape the setting and ambience of a place. This study focuses on mapping the landscape characters along a rural route as a way to identify potential characteristics to be conserved and enhanced for tourism. The case study area covers the Kuala Selangor to Sabak Bernam route, which is part of a federal route that runs along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Using landscape character mapping, observation and landscape character assessment (LCA), mapping was conducted to identify and analyse the landscape characters along the route based on the physical, cultural and environmental attributes. It is found that each segment along the route has its own attributes and the physical images based on their activities and environment. This study found that the rural route has a unique and distinctive rural landscape identity that needs to be integrated with the planning of infrastructure and road system, in order for it to increase tourism activities.

MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTERS ALONG A RURAL ROUTE FOR TOURISM

The scenic landscape characters along driving routes have been acknowledged by numerous studies to be important in planning for rural tourism. Landscape characters shape the setting and ambience of a place. This study focuses on mapping the landscape characters along a rural route as a way to identify potential characteristics to be conserved and enhanced for tourism. The case study area covers the Kuala Selangor to Sabak Bernam route, which is part of a federal route that runs along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Using landscape character mapping, observation and landscape character assessment (LCA), mapping was conducted to identify and analyse the landscape characters along the route based on the physical, cultural and environmental attributes. It is found that each segment along the route has its own attributes and the physical images based on their activities and environment. This study found that the rural route has a unique and distinctive rural landscape identity that needs to be integrated with the planning of infrastructure and road system, in order for it to increase tourism activities.

Linking Ecology and Service Function in Scenic Road Landscape Planning: A Spatial Analysis Approach

Abstract With the promotion of the concepts “Beautiful China” and “Green Transportation” in China, the conventional method of road landscape planning that primarily considered greening functions and visual aesthetics fell short of satisfying the current demands. The service quality provided for users of scenic roads increasingly became the major concern in landscape planning. In this article, the concept and methods of spatial and functional structure for scenic roads were introduced, focusing especially on the ecological and service value. In terms of the features of scenic roads in China, we proposed the ecological pattern analysis method based on sustainable development, the spatial structure analysis method based on different scales, and the service function method based on a point-axis system. Guided by ecological and service values, the multifunctional integrated service framework was established to form the landscape planning method system for scenic roads. Using the West Stone Forest Scenic Road (Xiqiao to Shilin) along the Stone Forest World Natural Heritage in Yunnan province of China as the case study, the landscape ecological pattern evaluation and planning, the landscape structure and spatial function planning, and the point-axis system and service extension planning were aligned with the analysis of roadside landscape types and characteristics by employing high-resolution remote sensing images and a geographic information system. By taking the multivalued service function into account, the integrated spatial analysis planning approach for West Stone Forest Scenic Road was established, which provided a theoretical reference and method guidance for establishing the theory and technology approaches for scenic road landscape planning in China.

Non-monetary valuation using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Using a strength-of-evidence approach to inform choices among alternatives

This article demonstrates an approach to Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis that compares non-monetary ecosystem service (ES) outcomes for environmental decision making. ES outcomes are often inadequately defined and characterized by imprecision and uncertainty. Outranking methods enrich our understanding of the imperfect knowledge of ES outcomes by allowing decision makers to closely examine and apply preference measures to relationships among the outcomes. We explain the methodological assumptions related to the PROMETHEE methods (Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation), and apply them to a wetland restoration planning study in Rhode Island, USA. In the study, we partnered with a watershed management organization to evaluate four wetland restoration alternatives for their abilities to supply five ES: flood water regulation, scenic landscapes, learning opportunities, recreation, and birds. Twenty-two benefit indicators were identified for the ES as well as one indicator for social equity and one indicator for reliability of ES provision. We developed preference functions to characterize the strength of evidence across estimated indicator values between pairs of alternatives. We ranked the alternatives based on these preferences and weights on ES relevant to different planning contexts. We discuss successes and challenges of implementing PROMETHEE, including feedback from our partners who utilized the methods.

Tempo, Trânsito, Subjetividade em En Construcción (José Luis Guerín, 2000) e El Cielo Gira (Mercedes Álvarez, 2004)

Pensados sobre os processos de transformação dos significados do pertencimento e da descoberta de uma estrangeiridade absoluta, o cinema-documentário dos anos 2000 na Espanha vertebra-se a partir de uma dupla emergência: a paisagem cênica é imediatamente conduzida a ser real, enquanto que a realidade é inscrita em uma personificação (desafiante) das formas fílmicas. O artigo discute as metáforas da desterritorialização na escavação do tempo, do silêncio, do vazio e seus restos em dois filmes fundamentais do cinema documentário espanhol dos 2000: En Construcción (José Luis Guerín, 2000) e El Cielo Gira (Mercedes Álvarez, 2004).

모바일 관광목적지 관광정보에 신뢰성이 관광목적지 만족도에 미치는 영향 : 관광목적지 이미지와 애착의 조절효과를 중심으로

As a precedent study on tourism destinations, there has been a study on the causal relationship between attributes and roles of tourist destination or sources of tourist destination information and causality of tourist satisfaction, but the case of tourism destination information focused on supplier (marketer) There is no situation. The purpose of this study is to develop and test a comprehensive theoretical model for the brand of destination for the purpose of branding, brand image, brand attachment, satisfaction and intention to visit again. Based on the above concept, this study hypothesized the relationship between the reliability of mobile tourism information, the image of tourist destination, the attachment of tourist destination, the satisfaction of tourist destination, and the intention to visit again, that is, the five structures. 370 questionnaires were sampled through tourists visiting Ganghwa Island, which has a history of modern history that is accessible to Jeju Island and the metropolitan area designated as seven of the world's most scenic landscapes. The results of this study are as follows.

Combining ecosystem services assessment with structured decision making to support ecological restoration planning.

Accounting for ecosystem services in environmental decision making is an emerging research topic. Modern frameworks for ecosystem services assessment emphasize evaluating the social benefits of ecosystems, in terms of who benefits and by how much, to aid in comparing multiple courses of action. Structured methods that use decision analytic-approaches are emerging for the practice of ecological restoration. In this article, we combine ecosystem services assessment with structured decision making to estimate and evaluate measures of the potential benefits of ecological restoration with a case study in the Woonasquatucket River watershed, Rhode Island, USA. We partnered with a local watershed management organization to analyze dozens of candidate wetland restoration sites for their abilities to supply five ecosystem services-flood water retention, scenic landscapes, learning opportunities, recreational opportunities, and birds. We developed 22 benefit indicators related to the ecosystem services as well as indicators for social equity and reliability that benefits will sustain in the future. We applied conceptual modeling and spatial analysis to estimate indicator values for each candidate restoration site. Lastly, we developed a decision support tool to score and aggregate the values for the organization to screen the restoration sites. Results show that restoration sites in urban areas can provide greater social benefits than sites in less urban areas. Our research approach is general and can be used to investigate other restoration planning studies that perform ecosystem services assessment and fit into a decision-making process.

Eco-Tourism and Local Residents of Gabaldon Nueva Ecija, Philippines: An Ethnographic Evaluation

This study focused on the condition of Eco- tourism in Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines as being perceived by the local residents. It attempted to identify the qualities of Gabaldon Nueva Ecija as an eco-tourist destination; the over-all rating of the local residents in terms of tourism components; the perceived impacts of tourism to local residents among the economic, the socio-cultural and environment; the level of community awareness; and the common problems encountered by the tourists. The participants of the study were chosen using a purposive random sampling, a total of 88 respondents were utilized in this study i.e. eight respondents for each ten barangays identified wherein, tourist destinations are located. Furthermore, respondents of the study were chosen by the following criteria: (1) barangay officials who were responsible in overseeing the tourist spot as well as assisting in the tourist arrival; (2) resort employees; (3) resort owners; (4) residents who reside nearby/in the tourist destination. Upon identifying the respondents, a face to face interview and observation were conducted in which the researcher uncovered trends in thoughts and opinions and dove deeper into the perception of local residents who only had a minimal knowledge about tourism. After the said procedure, questionnaires were disseminated which contained 7 parts: (1) concerned with the profile of the respondents; (2) respondent’s perception on the qualities of Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija to be considered as an eco-tourist destination; (3) the over-all rating of the local residents to different resorts and natural parks in terms of tourism component; (4) the impact of tourism to local residents in terms of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental aspects; (5) the level of community awareness; (6) the common problems encountered by the tourists; and (7) the different policies, procedures and guidelines that can be recommended to attain sustainable tourism based on the local residents’ perspectives. Frequency Distribution and Percentage; Weighted Mean and Ranking were used as a Statistical Treatment of data. The study came up with the following findings: In terms of qualities, the item “offers different recreational facilities such as the presence of resorts and natural tourist attractions” got the highest rank with a verbal interpretation of “Good” from the total response of the respondents. They perceived Gabaldon (Summer Capital of Nueva Ecija) as good in terms of climate; serves as home to NEUST Gabaldon Campus which offers farm tourism ambiance and scenic landscape, cultures and festival. Also, the respondents rated the item “positive socio-cultural and economic impacts of eco-tourism” as “Strongly Agree” while they also agreed on the negative impacts of it. On both positive and negative environmental impacts of eco-tourism, the respondents also answered “Agree” on those items. Furthermore, on the identified problems met by the tourists, the items obtained an over-all verbal interpretation of “Agree”. To sum it all, the study shows that the respondents were aware about the tourism of the municipality. The researcher found out that if the LGU will prioritize tourism more, the economic aspect of the area will grow because of the multiplier effects of tourism. In totality, the researcher fully recommends that, the LGU may strengthen the tourism of the municipality by adopting a Tourism Destination Management to achieve sustainable and competitive results.

基于DEM的崂山国家森林公园视域分析

本文利用SBE美景度评价方法，对崂山国家森林公园部分景点的景观质量进行了评价；同时基于ArcGIS软件和DEM数据对东线仰口、中线北九水和南线巨峰三条游览路线及其景点进行了视域分析，统计了可视域面积、可视范围内景点数量及相邻景点间的重叠度等指标。结果表明：仅有42%的景点的美景度在所有同类景观中处于平均值以上，大部分景观的美景度处于平均值上下。景区内景点分布较为合理，80%的景点视域面积在100 hm2以上，视野开阔，具有较好的观赏效果，可以带给游客以心胸开阔的感受。游道上相邻景点的视域重叠度均在40%以下，说明移步换景的效果较好。各景区之间游道的视域重叠面积较小，景区之间景观的互补性高。景区景观各具特色，其中，北九水以观水赏花为主，巨峰具有登高望远之特色，仰口沿海游道山海相连，海天一色。本研究可为崂山游客提供不同的游览参考，同时能够为景区现有景点的调整改建，未来对新景点的开发提供依据。 This paper evaluated the landscape quality of some scenic spots of Laoshan National Forest Park by using the SBE (Scenic Beauty evaluation) method. At the same time, viewshed analysis for routes of the eastern line Yangkou, Middle line Beijiushui and the southern line Jufeng was carried out based on the ArcGIS software and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data, and factors such as the visual area, the number of spots in the visual range and the overlapping degree between adjacent spots were calculated. The result showed that only 42% of the scenic spots reached the average scenic value of beauty in all similar landscapes, and the average scenic value of most of the landscapes fluctuated at the average. The distribution of scenic spots is reasonable, 80% of scenic spots with wide field of vision have greater than 100 hm2 sights area, which can bring tourists with open-minded feelings. The sight overlapping degree of the adjacent spots on the tourist trail is below 40%, indicating that the effect of the step-by-step change of scenery is better. The overlapping area between the tourist attractions is small, and the complementarity of the landscape between scenic areas is high. Scenic landscapes have their own characteristics, of which, Beijiushui is dominated by the view of water and beauty flowers, Jufeng has the characteristics of the high and distance, and the mountain and the sea are connected and the sea melted into the sky within Yangkou scenic spot. This study can provide tourists with different consults. At the same time, it can adjust and rebuild existing scenic spots and offer gauge for the development of new scenic spots in the future.

In Search of the Southeast: Tourism, Nationalism, and Scenic Landscape in Republican China

This paper focuses on the Southeastern Scenic Tours project, which was funded by the Nationalist government and undertaken soon after the Nationalist Party (Guomindang) had consolidated its power in the early 1930s. Drawing from newspapers, magazines, catalogs, and other material published in the Republican period, this paper looks closely at the travel routes, itineraries, and documentation that accompanied the project and examines in particular its visual representations of Chinese scenic sites, investigating how the development of transportation and the commoditization of scenic sites have been interwoven with traditional landscape aesthetics and nationalism.

Role of Media in the Development of Ecotourism in Kanyakumari District

Tourism management is an interdisciplinary approach and practice. Primarily, nature is the marketing substance in tourism – it deals with ‘nature with preservation, protection of species, and their habitats’ (Pillai, 2010). The right awareness mostly can be spread through the media only (Kumar, 2014). Only with the active collaboration with the media, the wildlife conservation movement involves common citizens, NGOs, civil society groups, research organizations, educational institutions and volunteers in protecting the endangered (Wildlife Conservation and Management in Tamil Nadu, 2016). Tourism is viewed by most governments as a means of economic development and as a result, investment in the industry is usually encouraged (Glasson, 1999). At the same time, tourism can lead to heavy damaging impacts on the environment such as increased water use, increased pollution loadings through waste and emissions, and direct and indirect disturbance to wildlife and vegetation (Fennell, 2003). This may ruin the beauty of the natural destination and the tourists reject the destinations which are polluted and natural environment is destroyed. The need of the hour is sustainable tourism that can easily be achieved through ecotourism. Therefore, tourism calls for awareness for conservation activities which can be done by the mass media. Mass media is the most powerful tool to change audience cognition, belief systems, and attitudes, as well as emotional, physiological and behavioral effects (Potter, 2012). The Government of India has taken some initiatives for the promotion of eco-tourism. Its ‘SwadeshDarshan’ under the Ministry of Tourism also funds for ecotourism. Tamil Nadu has a spectrum of scenic landscapes, pristine forests, wildlife reserves and a rich cultural heritage. Tamil Nadu has a good potentiality for the ecotourism but the steps taken by the State Government to promote ecotourism are not up to the mark. In the last three financial years, most proposed projects of Tamil Nadu had not been sanctioned due to the non-submission of utilization certificates for tourism projects sanctioned earlier. The media should properly inform the public about the funds and needs of ecotourism. It can do a lot for the economic growth and natural conservation. This paper is in an attempt to study the scope of ecotourism in modern life. Ecotourism not only supports the local communities but also deals with environmental conservation and awareness. The most important element of ecotourism is that cultural, historical and geographical information exchange through real experience. As tourism supports economic development, it has another side of environmental degradation. Negative impacts from tourism arises when the quantum of visitors is greater than the environment's ability to cope with.

БАСЕЙН РІЧКИ ЧОРНА ТИСА –ПЕРСПЕКТИВНА ТЕРИТОРІЯДЛЯ РОЗШИРЕННЯ МЕЖКАРПАТСЬКОГО БІОСФЕРНОГО ЗАПОВІДНИКА

Іn this article, we substantiate the practicability of incorporating the upper part of the Chorna Tysa river basin in to the Svydovets preservation massif (CBR). This expansion will not only increase the value of this object of protection of the natural and cultural heritage, but also will allow the introduction of semi-stationary scientific research within the practice area with the students of Taras Shevchenko National University's for the further study and monitoring of natural processes and anthropogenic influences. This territory is characterized by increased vulnerability to human impacts, therefore it is proposed to provide it with a differentiated conservation regime including planning of economic activities and implementation of constant monitoring of the state of landscapes and dangerous natural processes . We offer functional zoning based on the landscape structure of the territory with allocation of conservation, buffer and economic zones. It is proposed to include the relict subalpine glacial landscapes with mountain glacial lakes, subalpine meadows and forests that are unique to the Ukrainian Carpathians, to the protected area. The recreational potential of the territory can be realized by creating a modern European tourist and recreational infrastructure in the economic zone of Chorna Tysa village, Yasinya settlement and Rakhiv city. The restricted tourism with corresponding arrangement of a tourist and ecological routes is possible to develop in buffer and protected areas. The development of tourism infrastructure will increase the attractiveness of the area for tourists and increase the competitiveness of local communities. The unique and rare scenic landscapes of the Chorna Tysa Basin should form the basis for the creation of a The Pan European Ecological Network, since the sourses of the Tysa are a natural and cultural symbol for the countries of basin of the middle Danube. Natural conditions and resources of this region in Ukraine require special attention. In our opinion, the future ecological corridor along the whole valley of the Tysa River, which would combine the protected areas of the CBR is very relevant for all countries of the Tysa Basin. However, currently, construction of the tourist-recreation complex "Svydovets" is planned on this territory, which, judging by the detailed plan of the territory for the implementation of this project, can completely destroy the natural ecosystems of the region.

Path, place, and pace in mid-Ming Suzhou landscape painting

Path, place, and pace in mid-Ming Suzhou landscape painting