Scale-level Content Validity Index Research Articles

A multimedia paediatric cardiology assessment tool for medical students and general paediatric trainees: development and validation.

Understanding how cardiovascular structure and physiology guide management is critically important in paediatric cardiology. However, few validated educational tools are available to assess trainee knowledge. To address this deficit, paediatric cardiologists and fellows from four institutions collaborated to develop a multimedia assessment tool for use with medical students and paediatric residents. This tool was developed in support of a novel 3-dimensional virtual reality curriculum created by our group. Educational domains were identified, and questions were iteratively developed by a group of clinicians from multiple centres to assess understanding of key concepts. To evaluate content validity, content experts completed the assessment and reviewed items, rating item relevance to educational domains using a 4-point Likert scale. An item-level content validity index was calculated for each question, and a scale-level content validity index was calculated for the assessment tool, with scores of ≥0.78 and ≥0.90, respectively, representing excellent content validity. The mean content expert assessment score was 92% (range 88-97%). Two questions yielded ≤50% correct content expert answers. The item-level content validity index for 29 out of 32 questions was ≥0.78, and the scale-level content validity index was 0.92. Qualitative feedback included suggestions for future improvement. Questions with ≤50% content expert agreement and item-level content validity index scores <0.78 were removed, yielding a 27-question assessment tool. We describe a multi-centre effort to create and validate a multimedia assessment tool which may be implemented within paediatric trainee cardiology curricula. Future efforts may focus on content refinement and expansion to include additional educational domains.

Establishing the content validity of a new emergency department patient-reported experience measure (ED PREM): a Delphi study

BackgroundPatient-reported experience measures aim to capture the patient’s perspective of what happened during a care encounter and how it happened. However, due to a lack of guidance to support patient-reported experience measure development and reporting, the content validity of many instruments is unclear and ambiguous. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish the content validity of a newly developed Emergency Department Patient-Reported Experience Measure (ED PREM).MethodsED PREM items were developed based on the findings of a systematic mixed studies review, and qualitative interviews with Emergency Department patients that occurred during September and October, 2020. Individuals who participated in the qualitative interviews were approached again during August 2021 to participate in the ED PREM content validation study. The preliminary ED PREM comprised 37 items. A two-round modified, online Delphi study was undertaken where patient participants were asked to rate the clarity, relevance, and importance of ED PREM items on a 4-point content validity index scale. Each round lasted for two-weeks, with 1 week in between for analysis. Consensus was a priori defined as item-level content validity index scores of ≥0.80. A scale-level content validity index score was also calculated.ResultsFifteen patients participated in both rounds of the online Delphi study. At the completion of the study, two items were dropped and 13 were revised, resulting in a 35-item ED PREM. The scale-level content validity index score for the final 35-item instrument was 0.95.ConclusionsThe newly developed ED PREM demonstrates good content validity and aligns strongly with the concept of Emergency Department patient experience as described in the literature. The ED PREM will next be administered in a larger study to establish its’ construct validity and reliability. There is an imperative for clear guidance on PREM content validation methodologies. Thus, this study may inform the efforts of other researchers undertaking PREM content validation.

Evaluation of the reliability and validity of a vaccine hesitancy scale on knowledge, attitude, trust and vaccination environment (KATE-S) in Chinese parents

ObjectiveTo verify the reliability and validity of a vaccine hesitancy scale about knowledge, attitude, trust and vaccination environment (KATE-S) among the Chinese parents. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted by convenience sampling in China using the KATE-S to assess knowledge of vaccines, attitudes towards vaccines, trust in acquired information and vaccination environment and vaccination status of vaccine introduced in immunization program among children. ResultA total of 199 valid questionnaires were collected from the parents. Among those, 83 (41.7%) parents accepted all vaccines without hesitancy, 111 (55.8%) parents accepted all but had hesitancy intention, and 5 (2.5%) had hesitancy behaviour of refusing or delaying vaccination. The overall test–retest reliability, split-half reliability and Cronbach's coefficient values were 0.924, 0.885 and 0.823, respectively. The scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) of universal agreement was 0.867, and the average S-CVI was 0.978. Exploratory factor analysis extracted seven common factors from the scale, and the cumulative contribution rate was 56.8%. The correlation coefficients between the items and their dimensions ranged from 0.405 to 0.760, with a calibration success rate of 100% for convergent and discriminant validity. After adjusting for the basic characteristics, the knowledge level of hesitancy intention group and hesitancy behavior group were both lower than accept all group (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65–0.94; OR = 0.26, 95 %CI: 0.07–0.94). ConclusionThe KATE-S has good reliability and validity in Chinese parents and would be considered to expand the sample size and survey areas to obtain more representative results.

Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Environmental Health Literacy Scale.

The environmental health literacy (EHL) scale evaluates media-specific and general EHL levels in three domains: knowledge, attitude, and behavior. This study aimed to adapt the EHL scale developed by Lichtveld et al. into the Korean language (K-EHL scale) and to verify its reliability and validity. Survey data was collected from 492 adults (19–65 years) residing in Korea. The study process included translation procedures, content validity verification, pre-testing, the actual survey, and statistical analysis for validation and selection of the final items. The scale-level content validity index was 0.92, and one item was removed. Multiple exploratory factor analyses condensed the K-EHL into 2 factors and 38 items. The “Environmental health knowledge and attitude” factor (14 items) measures information, feelings, and thoughts about environmental health. The “Environmental health behavior” factor (24 items) comprises behaviors responding to environmental health. A construct validity (criterion and discriminant validity) was verified using confirmatory factor analysis for goodness of fit (CFI = 0.901, TLI = 0.863, GFI = 0.923, NFI = 0.862, and RMSEA = 0.08). Internal consistency reliability test results showed a Cronbach’s α of 0.81 for the total items. This study is the first to introduce the EHL in Korea, and it also presents a validated evaluation tool. The K-EHL is expected to elucidate EHL levels in Korea. In the future, the EHL scale can be enhanced using this tool.

Adaptation and validation of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and care practices audit tools

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the translation process and establish the validity of the three instruments in Indonesian to assess pediatric peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion and care practices. MethodsThe six-step forward and backward translation method was used to translate the adapted questionnaires. The English version questionnaires included the point prevalence audit checklist, the nurse survey consisting of the nurse PIVC knowledge questionnaire and the nurse PIVC confidence questionnaire, plus a Patient/parent Experience Survey. Data collection was conducted in Indonesia between October 2019 and February 2020. In total, there were six translators (two for each instrument), nine-panel vascular access experts (three for each instrument), and 30 participants (ten for each instrument) of the target population involved in the translation and validation of the three instruments. Three-panel experts rated the content relevance of each instrument using a four-point rating scale. Item level and scale level content validity index and kappa index were calculated. Ten-panel members of the target population evaluated each questionnaire regarding feasibility, clarity, logical sequence, and formatting. Qualitative comments from the panel were also reviewed. ResultsThe translation process indicated relatively low discrepancies between translators except for semantic equivalence. There were nine, eight, and one semantic discrepancies found in the forward translation of the point prevalence audit checklist, nurse survey, and patient/parent experience survey. The semantic discrepancies were less prevalent in the backward translation, with only one, three, and two items reported during the process. The item validity index for all of the three instruments showed relatively high agreement between experts (I-CVI > 0.78, S-CVI/Ave >0.90, S-CVI/UA > 0.70, and kappa index >0.74). The face validity was established with the panel reporting that the three instruments were easy to understand and presented logically. However, some re-formatting of the nurse survey and patient/parent experience survey were needed to avoid ambiguity and confusion for the participants. ConclusionsThe results indicate that the translated three survey instruments that had been widely used in other developed countries show good content validity in the Indonesian context. They can be used as a reference for further testing in different countries and contribute to understanding the pediatric PIVC audit tools used in future clinical research.

Adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of palliative care difficulties scale

ObjectiveThe Palliative Care Difficulties Scale (PCDS) is the most popular tool in developed countries for the assessment of difficulties perceived by clinical professionals in palliative care practice. This study aimed to culturally adapt the PCDS into a Chinese version and validate the psychometric properties of the adapted Chinese version of the PCDS. MethodsThe study was carried out in two major phases: (1) translation and cultural adaption of the PCDS into a Chinese version according to the corresponding guidelines, and (2) evaluation of the psychometric properties of the adapted Chinese version of the PCDS by consulting experts and performing a cross-sectional survey among 284 nurses and physicians. Floor and ceiling effects were estimated by the percentage of participants obtaining the lowest or highest possible scores. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using the Cronbach's α coefficient. Test–retest reliability was evaluated by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Content validity was evaluated by the content validity index (CVI). Construct validity was calculated by applying the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). ResultsThe PCDS was translated and culturally adapted into a Chinese version. Neither floor nor ceiling effects were observed. The scale-level Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.94 with each dimension ranging from 0.84 to 0.92. The scale-level ICC was 0.66 with each dimension ranging from 0.41 to 0.65. Both the item-level and scale-level CVIs were equal to 1. The CFA verified the five-factor structure of the original PCDS with factor loadings for each item ranging from 0.62 to 0.96. ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the PCDS showed satisfactory psychometric properties. It is a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of difficulties perceived by clinical staff in palliative care practice.

Translation of the quality of life questionnaire for primary ciliary dyskinesia (QOL‐PCD) into Hebrew: The Israeli experience

BackgroundPatients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) have chronic morbidities affecting their quality of life (QOL). Health‐related QOL (HRQOL) has been recognized as an important tool for assessing the burden of PCD on patients and their families. A PCD‐specific HRQOL questionnaire (QOL‐PCD) was developed and validated for the English‐speaking populations. Still, it has not yet been translated into Hebrew or adapted for Israeli PCD patients.MethodsThis describes our translation of the original English version of QOL‐PCD into a Hebrew version. The process involved forward translation by independent translators, construction of a consensus version, back‐translation into the original English version, analysis by the expert committee, and a pretest. The pretest was administered to 20 participants with PCD (the patients and the parents of minor patients) to assess the feasibility and practicality of the tool. Scale and item indices (scale‐level content validity index [S‐CVI] and item‐level content validity index [I‐CVI]) were calculated for content validity.ResultsAll study participants understood the final Hebrew version that the expert committee had approved with no difficulty. The instrument had satisfactory (>0.80) content validity, with S‐CVI indexes of 0.99 for the adult version, 0.86 for the parental version, 0.95 for the adolescent version, and 1.00 for the child version.ConclusionThe English version of a QOL‐PCD was translated into Hebrew and adapted in Israel. This translation is a valid instrument to assess HRQOL in Hebrew‐speaking patients with PCD and their family members. It may be helpful for PCD patient management and research in Israel.

Development and Validity Testing of an Assessment Tool for Oncofertility Barriers in Multidisciplinary Healthcare Providers on the Breast Cancer Team.

Multidisciplinary healthcare providers, especially clinical nurses, lack a valid tool to assess the comprehensive barriers affecting oncofertility care in breast cancer treatment. The aims of the research were to develop a self-assessment scale on oncofertility barriers and test its validity and reliability. This was a methodological study. The initial 36 items of the developed Oncofertility Barrier Scale (OBS) were generated through qualitative study and a review of the literature. This scale was further refined using expert validity (n = 10), face validity (n = 10), and item analysis (n = 184). Exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factoring and direct oblimin rotation was used to determine the construct validity. The reliability of the OBS was evaluated using internal consistency and test-retest analyses. The mean item-level and scale-level content validity indices of the initial OBS were higher than .96. The data were shown to be feasible for the factor analysis, and a six-factor solution was chosen that accounted for approximately 57.6% of the total variance. These factors included (a) lack of information and education, (b) rigid thinking toward oncofertility care, (c) cancer patient stereotypes, (d) fertility risk, (e) insufficient support, and (f) interrupted oncofertility care. The Cronbach's alpha of the 27-item OBS was .91, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was .55. The final version of the developed OBS has acceptable reliability, content validity, and construct validity. This scale is appropriate for use in research and clinical practice settings to identify the barriers to fertility cancer care that should be resolved by the breast cancer care team.

Translation and Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Self-care of Hypertension Inventory for Thais With Hypertension.

Self-care is essential for treating hypertension by lowering and controlling blood pressure, to ultimately reduce cardiovascular disease. A valid and reliable hypertension self-care measure is needed for the Thai population. The aim of this study was to translate a cross-cultural adaptation of the Self-care of Hypertension Inventory (SC-HI) into Thai and conduct a pretest of the Thai SC-HI (version 2.0). We performed a methodological study. The stepped approach included translation of the original version of the SC-HI into Thai (forward), synthesis of translation, translation of the Thai version back to English, expert committee review, and pretesting. Pretest phase for feasibility, interobserver agreement, and temporal stability tests were performed in 140 patients with hypertension. Translation equivalence was obtained between the Thai and the original US versions. The item-level content validity index was rated by 9 experts; the relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity criteria were all 1.00. Similarly, the scale-level content validity indices were 1.00 for the overall instrument and the self-care maintenance, self-care management, and self-care confidence scales. The item-level intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) had a range of 0.97 to 1.00 for interobserver agreement and 0.95 to 1.00 for test-retest, respectively. The interobserver ICCs were 0.99 for the total scale and 3 separate scales. The test-retest ICCs were 0.99 for the total scale, with a range of 0.97 to 0.99 for the three separate scales. The process of cross-cultural adaptation warranted validity and reliability testing of the Thai SC-HI. Psychometric testing of this instrument is needed for evaluation in a large sample of individuals with hypertension.

Translation and validation of Chinese version of sense of competence in dementia care staff scale in healthcare providers: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHealthcare providers’ dementia-care competence is crucial for quality dementia care. A reliable and valid instrument is needed to assess the gaps in their dementia-care competence, and thereby identifying their educational needs. Therefore, this study aims to translate the 17-item Sense of Competence in Dementia Care Staff (SCIDS) scale into Chinese (SCIDS-C) and to validate the SCIDS-C among Chinese healthcare providers.MethodsThe translation procedure followed the modified Brislin’s translation model. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the translated version. The validity, including content validity, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity and known-groups validity, was tested. Reliability in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability with a 2-week interval was evaluated.ResultsA total of 290 healthcare providers in 12 nursing homes and a hospital completed the survey. The scale-level content validity index was .99. The confirmatory factor analysis model marginally supported the original 4-factor structure. Positive but weak correlations were noted between the total score of the SCIDS-C and that of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (r = .17, p = .005) and Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire (r = .22, p < .001), suggesting acceptable concurrent validity. Differences between health professionals and care assistants were significant in two subscales scores. The internal consistency of the scale was high, with Cronbach’s α of .87. Test-retest reliability was demonstrated with intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.88.ConclusionsThe SCIDS-C demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity although the known-groups validity between health professionals and care assistants was not fully established. It can be used to measure the level of sense of competence and as an outcome measure in educational intervention aiming at improving dementia care among Chinese healthcare providers.

Translation, Validity, and Reliability of Mental Health Literacy and Help-Seeking Behavior Questionnaires in Indonesia.

Background and Aim: Mental health is an integral part of adolescent wellbeing. However, only few adolescents understand the importance of mental health and are aware of the right time to seek help. Lack of knowledge and stigma may impede help-seeking behavior. To assess these aspects, three questionnaires have been developed in the English language. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of an Indonesian version of the Mental Health Literacy and Help-Seeking Behavior set of questionnaires among adolescents in Indonesia.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that used The Mental Health Literacy and Help-Seeking Behavior set of questionnaires developed by Kutcher and Wei. The set consists of three questionnaires: the Mental Health Knowledge, Attitude Toward Mental Health, and Help-Seeking Behavior questionnaire. The study was conducted between October 2020 and January 2021 with 68 first-year medical students at the University of Indonesia, who represented adolescents in a transitional phase. The questionnaires were translated into the Indonesian language by a bilingual psychiatrist and reviewed by 10 expert psychiatrists to determine content validity [Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-Level Content Validity Index (S-CVI)]. Cronbach's alpha values were used to assess internal consistency (reliability).Results: The content validity test produced positive results with an I-CVI scores of 0.7–1.0 and S-CVI scores of 0.87, 0.90, and 0.99 for the knowledge, attitude, and help-seeking behavior questionnaires, respectively. For the reliability test, Cronbach's alpha values were 0.780 for the attitude questionnaire and 0.852 for the help-seeking behavior questionnaire, while the value for the knowledge questionnaire was 0.521.Conclusion: The ability to properly measure mental health through the availability of accessible, valid, and understandable tools plays an important role in addressing mental health issues among adolescents. In the current study, the Indonesian translations of all three questionnaires examining knowledge, attitude, and help-seeking behavior were considered to be valid and reliable.

Development and validation of a novel Middle childhood oral health impact scale (MCOHIS).

The study was planned to develop and validate a novel middle childhood oral health impact scale (MCOHIS) for 6- to 9-year-old children in India. A cross-sectional study design was employed to develop and validate MCOHIS in the sequential phases. A panel of ten pediatric dentists evaluated a pool of 36 items corresponding to the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children. MCOHIS with 20 items under five domains was formulated and content validation was done. Cohen's kappa statistics was employed to measure the concordance between the child's self-report and the caregiver's proxy report. Concurrent validation was done among 130 participants from 13 districts of Tamil Nadu state, India. Discriminant validity was checked among another sample of 60 participants. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of MCOHIS were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and Kappa statistics respectively. MCOHIS had adequate content validation with Scale Level Content Validity Index / Average score of 0.94 for relevance. There was a statistically significant inter-rater reliability observed between the child's self-report and caregivers' proxy report in all items with a moderate to substantial agreement. Concurrent validation showed a statistically significant positive correlation with a Rho value of 0.712. There was a statistically significant difference noted in overall discriminant validity (P < 0.001). Acceptable internal consistency reliability was observed with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.75. Test-retest reliability showed a high stability coefficient of 0.98. MCOHIS was found to be a valid and reliable age-specific tool for assessing the OHRQoL of Indian children aged 6-9 years.

Development and Test of Reliability and Validity of Post Competency Evaluation Questionnaire for Specialized Anesthesia Nurses

<p id="p00005"><strong>Objective:</strong> To develop a competency evaluation questionnaire for specialized anesthesia nurses and test its reliability and validity. <p id="p00010"><strong>Methods:</strong> Based on the post competency model, the preliminary questionnaire was drawn up through literature analysis, group discussion and Delphi method. 210 nurses who had obtained nurse qualification certificates in anesthesiology department were selected by convenience sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. <p id="p00015"><strong>Results:</strong> There were 38 items in the final questionnaire, including 5 dimensions of professional knowledge, professional technology, professional ability, management ability and personal characteristics. Exploratory factor analysis identified five principal factors, which explained 69.853% of total variance. The scale-level content validity index was 0.869, and the item-level content validity index ranged from 0.855 to 1.000. Cronbach's α coefficients was 0.898, test- retest reliability was 0.867, split half reliability was 0.923. <p id="p00020"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The good reliability of questionnaire made it possible to evaluate post competency of specialized anesthesia nurses.

Development and Psychometric Testing of a Knowledge Instrument on Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis for Clinicians: The Know-IAD.

The purpose of this study was to describe the development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of an instrument used to assess clinician knowledge of Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD). The instrument was developed in three phases: Phase 1 involved item development; Phase 2 evaluated content validity of the instrument by surveying clinicians and stakeholders within a single state of Australia and, Phase 3 used a pilot multisite cross-sectional survey design to determine composite reliability and evaluate scores of the knowledge tool. In Phase 1, the instrument was developed by five persons with clinical and research subject expertise in the area of IAD. In Phase 2, content validity was evaluated by a group of 13 clinicians (nurses, physicians, occupational therapists, dietitians, and physiotherapists) working in acute care across one Australian state, New South Wales, along with two consumer representatives. In Phase 3, clinicians, working across six hospitals in New South Wales and on wards with patients diagnosed with incontinence-associated dermatitis, participated in pilot-testing the instrument. During Phase 1, a group of local and international experts developed items for a draft tool based on an international consensus document, our prior research evaluating incontinence-associated dermatitis knowledge, and agreement among an expert panel of clinicians and researchers. Phase 2 used a survey design to determine content validity of the knowledge tool. Specifically, we calculated item- and scale-level content validity ratios and content validity indices for all questions within the draft instrument. Phase 3 comprised pilot-testing of the knowledge tool using a cross-sectional survey. Analysis involved confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the hypothesized model structure of the knowledge tool, as measured by model goodness-of-fit. Composite reliability testing was undertaken to determine the extent of internal consistency between constituent items of each construct. During Phase 1, a draft version of the Barakat-Johnson Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis Knowledge tool (Know-IAD), comprising 19 items and divided into three domains of IAD-related knowledge: 1) Etiology and Risk, 2) Classification and Diagnosis, and 3) Prevention and Management was developed. In Phase 2, 18 of the 19 items demonstrated high scale content validity ratios scores on relevance (0.75) and clarity (0.82); and high scale-content validity indices scores on relevance (0.87) and clarity (0.91). In Phase 3, the final 18-item Know-IAD tool demonstrated construct validity by a model goodness-of-fit. Construct validity was excellent for the Etiology and Risk domain (root mean squared error=0.02) and Prevention and Management domain (root mean squared error=0.02); it was good for the Classification and Diagnosis domain (root mean squared error=0.04). Composite reliability (CR) was good in the Etiology and Risk domain (CR=0.76), Prevention and Management domains (CR=0.75), and adequate in the Classification and Diagnosis domain (CR=0.64). Respondents had good understanding of etiology and risk (72.6% correct responses); fairly good understanding of prevention and management of IAD (64.0% correct responses) and moderate understanding of classification and diagnosis (40.2% correct responses). The Know-IAD demonstrated good psychometric properties and provides preliminary evidence that it can be applied to evaluate clinician knowledge on IAD.

Development and Content Validity of the Personal-Professional Development Tool for Occupational Therapy Students During Community-Based Service Learning

As community-based service-learning becomes more widely used in occupational therapy (OT) education, valid and reliable outcome measures are needed to ensure that student learning outcomes are meaningfully and consistently measured. Currently, educators may use instructor-developed questionnaires that have not been validated or employ narrowly focused or overly prescriptive surveys borrowed from other disciplines that may not fully capture the skills that are necessary for competent entry-level practice. Grounded in the Occupational Adaptation Model, the Personal-Professional Development Tool (PPDT) was developed to meet this need. The PPDT was designed as a non-normative, self-referential rating scale that OT students use to set their own learning goals and to self-rate and reflect on their relative mastery of selected skills before and after participation in service-learning. To establish content validity of the PPDT, six experts rated the relevance of each of the 29 test items for measuring the central construct of student personal-professional development. Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) was calculated for each item and adjusted for chance agreements. Twenty-seven items had excellent I-CVI (≥ 0.8) and were retained. Two items had fair I-CVI (0.67) and were revised. With acceptable Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI = 0.91), pilot testing of the revised PPDT in the field is warranted. The PPDT may be a powerful tool to help guide OT students through a community-based service-learning experience by facilitating their setting learning goals, rating their performance, and reflecting on their personal-professional development.

Psychometric properties of a simplified Chinese version of the cancer predisposition perception scale

ObjectiveCancer predisposition perception refers to the subjective estimation of the likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer in the future. It affects people's behavior concerning cancer screening and prevention. At present, there is no available tool to evaluate cancer predisposition perception. The aim of this study was to translate the cancer predisposition perception scale into simplified Chinese (C-CPPS), and then test its psychometric properties among Chinese patients. MethodsIn phase I, the CPPS was translated into Chinese, and validated by an expert panel. In phase II, data on reliability and validity was evaluated in terms of construct validity, criterion validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and item-total correlations, with a convenience sample of 208 patients recruited from the colorectal cancer surgical ward. ResultsThe C-CPPS had desirable validity and reliability. The scale-level content validity index was 0.96. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the six-factor structure of the C-CPPS was good fit to the data. Correlation between the C-CPPS and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire was statistically significant. Cronbach's α for the entire scale was 0.90 and 0.71–0.95 for five of the six subscales. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.309 to 0.775, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97. ConclusionsThe C-CPPS appears to be culturally appropriate, reliable, and valid for assessing cancer predisposition perception among patients with colorectal cancer in China.

Revision and Validation of the Chinese Version of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire for ICU End-of-Life Patients.

Hospice care for end-of-life patients in the ICU should focus on quality of life. Currently, there are no specific quality-of-life measures for ICU end-of-life patients in China. The aim of this study was to revise and culturally adapt the Taiwanese version of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL-Taiwan) and to test its reliability and validity to provide an effective instrument for assessing the quality of life of ICU patients at the end of life. The revision and cultural adaptation of the MQOL-Taiwan were performed to develop a Chinese version of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire for ICU end-of-life patients (MQOL-ICU). A total of 156 ICU doctors, 286 ICU nurses and 120 ICU family members of end-of-life patients were surveyed with the revised scale to evaluate the quality of life of ICU patients at the end of life. The content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency of the scale were measured after the revision. The Chinese version of the MQOL-ICU scale was formed based on the MQOL-Taiwan scale, which includes 8 items. For the Chinese version of the MQOL-ICU, the item-content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.789 to 0.905, and the average scale-level content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.845. After exploratory factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.700, and 3 dominant factors were extracted: physical and psychological symptoms, existential well-being, and support. In addition, 70.385% of the total variance was explained. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) coefficient of the whole MQOL-ICU was 0.804, and the coefficients for the 3 domains ranged from 0.779 to 0.833. The Chinese version of the MQOL-ICU showed good reliability and validity, and it can be used to assess the quality of life of ICU patients at the end of life.

Measuring personalized learning through the Lens of UDL: Development and content validation of a student self-report instrument

The purpose of this study was to develop and content validate a student self-report instrument that could be used to measure whether a learning environment supports personalized learning (PL) experiences of students in middle and high schools (i.e., Grades 6 through 12). This instrument, the Personalized Learning Supporting Instrument (PLSI), was developed according to an inclusive instructional design framework called Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Seven experts in UDL were recruited to evaluate whether PLSI consists of appropriate items for the constructs developed to measure student perceptions of three core UDL instructional design elements and two desired outcomes of UDL implementation. Preliminary evidence from this study showed that PLSI yielded an excellent level of item-level content validity index (I-CVI) for relevance across all items. Additionally, PLSI yielded an average scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) of 0.97 for relevance and an average S-CVI of 0.99 for clarity across all constructs.

Content Validity of a Questionnaire Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior to Assess the Psychosocial Determinants of Insulin Adherence

ObjectivesTo verify the content validity of questions of an insulin adherence questionnaire based on the Theory Planned Behavior in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MethodsThe instrument was derived from a tool created to evaluate psychosocial determinants of adherence to oral antidiabetics medications in the Brazilian context, and was submitted for evaluation by a committee of experts and members of the target population. The item-level content validity index, the scale-level content validity index averaging calculation method, and the modified kappa coefficient were used to evaluate agreement among specialists. The comprehensibility of the instrument by members of the target population was qualitatively analyzed. ResultsThe item-level content validity index was found to be lower than desired in 6 of the 20 items analyzed. Of these, one item was modified and 5 were excluded after the comprehensibility evaluation by members of the target population; one item from the perceived control scale was excluded. Content validation resulted in an instrument with 14 items, distributed in the domains intention (4 items), attitude (3 items), perceived norm (4 items), and perceived control (4 items) scales. ConclusionsThe findings support good evidence of the content validity of the instrument for use among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin therapy.

Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Smoking Habits, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Needs among University Students: A Pilot Study among Obstetrics Students.

In Italy, smoking is still widespread among a relatively high percentage of young people. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess smoking habits, passive smoke exposure, electronic cigarette (e-cig) and heated tobacco product (HTP) use, attitudes, knowledge, and needs among undergraduates. A questionnaire consisting of 84 items was developed starting from a literature review and existing questionnaires. A two-round validation was performed by a team of 10 experts. The item-level content validity index (I-CVI), the scale-level content validity index (S-CVI), and the kappa statistics k, taking into account chance agreement, were calculated from the experts’ rating. The questionnaire was emailed to 114 students from the Obstetrics Degree of the University of Milan (Italy) to be pilot tested. After the second round of validation, all indexes were above the respective acceptability criteria: the I-CVI was 1.00 for all but three items, k was >0.74 (“excellent”) for all items, and the S-CVI was 0.964. Eighty-nine students participated in the survey: 17 classified themselves as smokers, eight as new product users, and four as former smokers, 72% students declared to routinely spend free time with smokers, while almost all students believed that healthcare professionals play a pivotal role in preventing smoking towards their patients and society. This questionnaire will be used in a survey among students from the University of Milan as a first step for future campaigns targeting health promotion.