Saturation Of Sites Research Articles

How the Solid/Liquid Ratio Affects the Cation Exchange Process and Porosity in the Case of Dioctahedral Smectite: Structural Analysis?

The performance of a clay mineral geomembrane used in the context of a geological barrier for industrial and radioactive waste confinement must pass through the understanding of its hydrous response as well as the limits of the cation exchange process which are closely related to the solid/liquid ratio constraint. The Na-rich montmorillonite is used, as starting material, to evaluate the link between the applied external constraint (variable solid/liquid ratio) and the structural response of the material. The geochemical constraint is realized at the laboratory scale, and the possible effects are investigated in the cases of Ba2+ and Ni2+ heavy metal cations. The structural analysis is achieved using the XRD profile modeling approach to quantify the interlayer space (IS) deformation. The quantitative XRD analysis, which consists of the comparison of experimental 001 reflections with the calculated ones deduced from structural models, allowed us to determine the optimal structural parameters describing IS configuration along the [Formula: see text] axis. The obtained result showed an interstratified hydration character, for both studied exchangeable cations, regardless of the solid/liquid ratio being described probably by a partial cation exchange process. The theoretical mixed layer structure (MLS) suggests the coexistence of more one cristallite species saturated by more than one exchangeable cations, indicating a partial saturation of all exchangeable sites. The optimum structural parameter values, from the theoretical model, allowed us to follow the evolution of several intrinsic properties versus the applied constraint strength. The variable solid/liquid ratio effect on the material porosity is examined by the BET-specific surface area and BJH pore size distribution (PSD) analyses. The adsorption measurement outcomes confirm XRD results concerning mainly the link between several intrinsic clay properties and the constraint strength.

Characterization and use of a lignin sample extracted from Eucalyptus grandis sawdust for the removal of methylene blue dye

A lignin sample was extracted from Eucalyptus grandis sawdust, by the Klason method, and used as adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. By using a set of complementary analytical tools, the lignin appeared to be constituted of oxygenated functional groups and aromatic moieties, while showing a specific surface area of 20 m2 g−1 and polydisperse particles. Different experimental conditions with various solid to liquid ratio, pH, as well as other external experimental parameters were investigated for the removal of MB by the lignin sample. The experimental adsorption data at the equilibrium were properly fitted by Langmuir model, while adsorption kinetical isotherms were correctly adjusted by the pseudo-second order model. The MB removal by lignin was spontaneous involving physisorption mechanisms leading to a saturation of the adsorption sites with a maximum adsorbed amount of about 32 mg g−1. The data acquired in this study also emphasized the interests to use lignin as potential adsorbent in the light of its properties for the removal of cationic dyes, including MB, with possible recycling and reuse cycles of lignin without any significant loss of its properties.

Stoichiometry of irreversible ligand binding to a one-dimensional lattice

In this paper we investigate the problem of irreversible binding of a ligand that covers several identical binding sites on a macromolecule with a one-dimensional lattice. Due to steric constraints, irreversible binding or binding with slow kinetics results in partial saturation of the binding sites thus impacting the stoichiometry of the interaction. Here we present a recursive formula to calculate the exact fraction of the occupied binding sites for a ligand and macromolecule of arbitrary lengths. We also provide an analytical result for the exact fraction of the occupied sites in case of an infinitely long lattice. We conclude with a simplified empirical formula for the exact fraction of the occupied sites in case of an infinitely long lattice.

Computational investigation of sugar fermentation inhibition by bergenin at the pyruvate decarboxylate isoenzyme 1 target of <em>Scharomyces cervisiae</em>

The powdered bark of Sacoglottis gabonensis has been used over the years to improve the shelve life of palm wine. The inhibition of sugar fermentation by bergenin a major phytochemical extract from the bark of this plant at the pyruvate decarboxylate isoenzyme 1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied using in silico methods. The binding affinity of glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, and the natural product bergenin were –3.5 Kcal/mol, –3.4 Kcal/mol, –4.0 Kcal/mol, –4.6 Kcal/mol, and –4.5 Kcal/mol, respectively. Maltose fermentation cannot occur without its hydrolysis to glucose molecules. Since the binding affinity of bergenin is much higher than those of glucose and fructose, then the saturation of the fermentative active sites in pyruvate decarboxylate isoenzyme 1 by this molecule would prevent the occurrence of this reaction. The findings from this study support the age-long practice of increasing the shelf life of freshly tapped palm wine by adding the pulverized bark of S. gabonensis into it.

Shaking table model test of immersed tunnels with different site conditions and seismic wave input directions

ABSTRACT Given the particularity of the environment of the immersed tunnel, once damage occurs by earthquake, it will cause catastrophic consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the seismic performance of immersed tunnel. To study the seismic response law of immersed tube tunnels under different site conditions and seismic wave input directions, we tested four groups of immersed tube tunnel shaking table models. In the experiment, we took three kinds of site conditions into account, including homogeneous dry sand site, homogeneous saturated sand site and heterogeneous site. The test result was as follows: When considering the different site conditions under horizontal earthquake excitations, soil liquefaction significantly influences the propagation of seismic waves, whereas the dynamic responses of the tunnel in the heterogeneous site were larger than those of the other two groups. The input directions of seismic waves have a great influence on the dynamic response of soil layer and tunnel. Furthermore, the relative displacement between tunnel sections was analysed.

ANAVIP® interaction with western pygmy rattlesnake venom: In vitro assesment of reactivity using SE-HPLC

Every year large numbers of venomous snake bites occur around the world, especially in tropical areas. The World Health Organization classifies venomous snake bites as one of their highest priority neglected tropical diseases, one of the reasons being the short supply of antivenom compared to the number of snake envenomations. The standard of care for snake envenomation is administration of antivenom. Many antivenoms are polyvalent, which are produced using venoms from multiple species of snakes. The polyvalent antivenoms can treat envenomation from snake venoms used in the production, but also show cross-reactivity against snake venoms with similar composition. Determining cross-reactivities of antivenoms could help improve the quality of treatment and provide a better understanding of venom-antivenom binding. One antivenom only has been available in the United States for treatment of North American Crotaline envenomation, with the recent introduction of an F(ab’)2 antivenom (ANAVIP®). Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was used to assess cross-reactivity of the western pygmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius streckeri (S. m. streckeri), against ANAVIP®. Estimates of venom-antivenom reactivity was measured in reaction mixtures based on the increase in elution profile area of higher molecular weight complexes (region 1) and on the decrease in elution profile area of reactants (region 2). Reaction mixtures contained ANAVIP® (1.0 mg/ml) and S. m. streckeri venom (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/ml). Controls were ANAVIP® and S. m. streckeri (1.0 mg/ml). Mixtures were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min, then stored at 4 °C (5 min) prior to SE-HPLC. Relative binding, estimated from the increase in region 1 (immune complexes) and decrease in region 2 (reactants) region areas, suggested saturation of reactive antivenom binding sites at 0.125 (and above) mg venom/mg antivenom. SE-HPLC data indicate that binding of ANAVIP® to S. m. streckeri venom does occur, consistent with protective effects observed clinically. Further studies are needed to compare the binding of S. m. streckeri venom to other commercially available antivenoms, and the binding of ANAVIP® to other venoms of clinical significance.

Assessing the influence of atherosclerosis on drug coated balloon therapy using computational modelling

Interventional therapies such as drug-eluting stents (DES) and drug-coated balloons (DCB) have significantly improved the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary occlusions in recent years. Despite this marked improvement, ischemic cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of death worldwide. To address this, research efforts are focused on improving the safety and efficacy of the next generation of these devices. However, current experimental methods are unable to account for the influence of atherosclerotic lesions on drug uptake and retention. Therefore, in this study, we used an integrated approach utilizing both in vitro and in silico methods to assess the performance of DCB therapy. This approach was validated against existing in vivo results before being used to numerically estimate the effect of the atheroma. A bolus release of sirolimus was observed with our coating matrix. This, coupled with the rapid saturation of specific and non-specific binding sites observed in our study, indicated that increasing the therapeutic dose coated onto the balloons might not necessarily result in greater uptake and/or retention. Additionally, our findings alluded to an optimal exposure time, dependent on the coating matrix, for the DCBs to be expanded against the vessel. Moreover, our findings suggest that a biphasic drug release profile might be beneficial for establishing and maintaining the saturation of bindings sites within severely occluded vessels. Ultimately, we have demonstrated that computational methods may be capable of assessing the efficacy of DCB therapy as well as predict the influence of atherosclerotic lesions on said efficacy.

Improved Adsorption and Migration of Divalent Ions Over C4N Nanosheets: Potential Anode for Divalent Batteries

Divalent ion batteries are potential substitutes to existing rechargeable batteries because of the high-energy density, safety, and low cost. However, the applications of divalent batteries are strongly dependent on the availability of efficient electrode materials. We herein report the adsorption and migration mechanism of divalent ions like Mg+2 and Ca+2, on two-dimensional carbon nitride monolayer (C4N). The adsorption of both Mg and Ca ions are much stronegr on C4N saturated with functional groups like hydrogen (-H), hydroxyl (-OH), and carboxylic (-COOH) as compared to the pristine monolayers, which implies the improvement in metal storage caused by the functional groups. On functionalized C4N, the first Mg binds within the binding energy range of 1.5-2.2 eV having migration barrier, at the saturated sites, of around 0.5 eV, which indicates desirable binding and robust diffuse. However, the functional groups tend to act as the trapping sites for Ca ions and the diffusion might get hindered as compared to Mg ions. In addition to binding and diffusion mechanism, charge transfer, electronic structures and open circuit volatges have also been calculated for both Mg and Ca on pristine and functionalized C4N monolayers. We find that -H, -OH, and -COOH play important role for the cyclic performance of C4N as the prospective anode material for divalent ion batteries.

Earthquake response analysis of tunnels at a complex saturated site

Only a seismic analysis of tunnels at a single-phase site can be performed using the commonly used finite element software owing to the lack of a dynamic two-phase element. The seismic analysis of tunnels at a saturated site is primarily based on OpenSees or self-compiled programmes, the majority of which are limited to uniform or horizontal-layered sites owing to the related issues of the inconvenience of modelling and the limited computation scale. In this study, based on ABAQUS, a finite element model for the earthquake response analysis of twin tunnels at a complex saturated site is established by calling the user-defined element, which is developed for the dynamic analysis of two-phase media. The wave propagation towards infinity is simulated by the viscous-spring boundary, the seismic wave is inputted in the form of the equivalent nodal force, and the soil nonlinearity is considered via the equivalent linear method. Differences between the earthquake responses of tunnels at a complex saturated site and a complex single-phase site as well as those between tunnels at a complex saturated site and a horizontal-layered saturated site are investigated to emphasise the effects of dynamic solid-fluid coupling and complex topography and geology.

Development of activated carbon-impregnated alginate*β-cyclodextrin/gelatin beads for highly performance sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol from wastewater

High surface area microporous activated carbon beads were successfully prepared for removal from aqueous solutions. The polymeric beads were fabricated from sodium alginate (Alg), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), gelatin (GP) and activated carbon (AC) being used as an efficient 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) removal sorbent. The chemical and morphological analysis of the fabricated beads were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while thermal stability was estimated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The main goal of the recent work is to investigate the activated carbon effect on the sorption process. The impact of experimental parameters like original concentration, pH, and adsorption time was explored. The optimum removal of 86.05% was obtained at pH 7. One hour was sufficient for the full saturation of the active sorbent sites, reaching equilibrium. The pseudo second model was the best to describe the adsorption process. Furthermore, it can be seen from the Langmuir equation that the qm for unmodified and modified beads toward 2,4-DCP were 36.48mg/g and 39.36mg/g, respectively.

Glucosinolates and phenolic compounds rich broccoli extract: Encapsulation by electrospraying and antitumor activity against glial tumor cells

Gliomas, intracranial malignant tumors, are aggressive, asymptomatic and difficult to treat due to their degree of infiltration, alternatives are needed to treat the disease. In this sense, natural compounds from the specialized metabolism of plants can act to control the disease. Glucosinolates and phenolic compounds, present in broccoli, have a potential to promote tumor cell death, however due to the low stability of these compounds, encapsulation becomes an alternative for their preservation. The objective was to encapsulate the broccoli extract by electrospraying and to evaluate its cytotoxicity in the primary cell culture of astrocytes and gliomas. The capsules were produced and characterized by encapsulation efficiency, functional groups, thermal stability and morphology, the capsule that presented the best parameters was used for the evaluation of cell cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Capsules with equal or less than 50 % extract showed high encapsulation efficiency, high thermal stability and uniform morphology due to non-saturation of the active zein sites, which allowed a complete encapsulation of the added extract, as well as a greater protection of the compounds. The capsule with 50 % of the extract showed good results of the efficiency, morphology and thermal stability and was used to evaluate the antitumor activity, since the addition of extract in proportions greater than 60 % promoted saturation of the active sites and lower encapsulation efficiency, and directly affects the morphology and thermal stability. The encapsulated and unencapsulated extracts showed strong selective antitumor effect against glial tumor cells without toxicity to non-tumor cells.

The Biodistribution of a CD3 and EpCAM Bispecific T-Cell Engager Is Driven by the CD3 Arm.

Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) molecules are designed to engage and activate cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. Little is known about their biodistribution in immunocompetent settings. Methods: To explore their pharmacokinetics and the role of the immune cells, BiTE molecules were radiolabeled with the PET isotope 89Zr and studied in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models. Results: PET images and ex vivo biodistribution in immunocompetent mice with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-muS110, targeting mouse CD3 (dissociation constant [KD], 2.9 nM) and mouse epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM; KD, 21 nM), and with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-hyS110, targeting only mouse CD3 (KD, 2.9 nM), showed uptake in the tumor, spleen, and other lymphoid organs, whereas the human-specific control BiTE [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-AMG 110 showed similar tumor uptake but lacked spleen uptake. [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-muS110 spleen uptake was lower in immunodeficient than in immunocompetent mice. After repeated administration of nonradiolabeled muS110 to immunocompetent mice, 89Zr-muS110 uptake in the spleen and other lymphoid tissues decreased and was comparable to uptake in immunodeficient mice, indicating saturation of CD3 binding sites. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry demonstrated colocalization of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-muS110 and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-hyS110 with CD3-positive T cells in the tumor and spleen but not with EpCAM expression. Also, uptake in the duodenum correlated with a high incidence of T cells. Conclusion: [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-muS110 biodistribution is dependent mainly on the T-cell-targeting arm, with a limited contribution from its second arm, targeting EpCAM. These findings highlight the need for extensive biodistribution studies of novel bispecific constructs, as the results might have implications for their respective drug development and clinical translation.

Technical Note: The development of a multi-physics simulation tool to estimate the background dose by systemic targeted alpha therapy.

PurposeTo predict biological effects of targeted alpha therapy (TAT) in preclinical studies, dosimetry calculations based on the micro‐level distributions of emitters are essential. Due to the saturation of the tumor antigenic sites and bonding breaks by decay, some of Alpha‐immuno‐conjugate and decay daughters may inevitably be transported by convection and diffusion along with blood or lymphatic circulation. This results in highly nonuniform and unsteady distributions of irradiation sources. Since the micro‐level distribution of emitters cannot be measured and obtained in patients with current technology, a modeling toolset to give more insight of the internal dose could be an alternative.MethodsA multi‐physics model based on a Monte Carlo microdosimetry technique and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was developed and applied to multiple internal irradiation sources. The CFD model tracks the path of the radionuclides and the dose model is capable of evaluating the time‐dependent absorbed dose to the target.ResultsThe conceptual model is capable of handling complex nonuniform irradiation sources in vasculature. The results from the simulations indicate that the assumption of homogeneous and motionless distribution of the administered activity used in the conventional dose calculation tends to significantly underestimate or overestimate the absorbed dose to the vascular system in various scenarios.ConclusionModeling the in vivo transport of radionuclides has the potential to improve the accuracy of TAT dose estimates. It could be the first step to develop a simulation tool set for assessing absorbed dose to tumor or normal tissues and predict the corresponding biological responses in the future.

Unique buoyancy-force-based kinetics determination of beta to alpha phase transformation in bulk tin plates

Reliable measurements of the kinetics of β → α allotropic transformation in Sn-based solder underlie the design and development of advanced interconnects for low-temperature electronics. In this paper, a highly-accessible and buoyancy-based method, but different from common dilatometry, was developed to consistently detect a change of the transformed fraction in bulk βSn plates (10 × 10 × 1mm) with time at −20, −40, and −60 °C. Due to the concurrent effects of undercooling temperature and interfacial atomic diffusion, the β → α transformation in Sn plates at −40 °C proceeded most rapidly up to around 70% αSn fraction after 168 h. The transformed fraction versus time curves yielded excellent fits to the classic Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model with a constant nucleation rate during transformation process (Avrami exponent, n of 4). Addition of nucleation agent accelerated the transformation by shortening the incubation period, but the nucleation rate decreased to zero in the following transformation (n = 3). Furthermore, coarsening grain size depressed β → α transformation and led to the saturation of nucleation sites in the vicinity of half transformation (n decreasing from 4 to 2). The simple, convenient, and reliable method proposed showed high sensitivity with detection limits of about 2%, and it could be a promising approach to study and predict solid-state phase transformation kinetics.

Solute hydrogen and deuterium observed at the near atomic scale in high-strength steel

Observing solute hydrogen (H) in matter is a formidable challenge, yet, enabling quantitative imaging of H at the atomic-scale is critical to understand its deleterious influence on the mechanical strength of many metallic alloys that has resulted in many catastrophic failures of engineering parts and structures. Here, we report on the APT analysis of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) within the nanostructure of an ultra-high strength steel with high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Cold drawn, severely deformed pearlitic steel wires (Fe–0.98C–0.31Mn–0.20Si–0.20Cr–0.01Cu–0.006P–0.007S wt%, ε=3.1) contains cementite decomposed during the pre-deformation of the alloy and ferrite. We find H and D within the decomposed cementite, and at some interfaces with the surrounding ferrite. To ascertain the origin of the H/D signal obtained in APT, we explored a series of experimental workflows including cryogenic specimen preparation and cryogenic-vacuum transfer from the preparation into a state-of-the-art atom probe. Our study points to the critical role of the preparation, i.e. the possible saturation of H-trapping sites during electrochemical polishing, how these can be alleviated by the use of an outgassing treatment, cryogenic preparation and transfer prior to charging. Accommodation of large amounts of H in the under-stoichiometric carbide likely explains the resistance of pearlite against hydrogen embrittlement.

Molecular interactions between sex hormone–binding globulin and nonsteroidal ligands that enhance androgen activity

Molecular interactions between sex hormone–binding globulin and nonsteroidal ligands that enhance androgen activity

SYNTHESIS OF MATERIALS PRODUCED FROM SPENT BATTERIES WITH ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION

In this work, alkaline and nickel-metal hydride spent batteries were used as precursors of metals for the synthesis of polymetallic materials. These materials were synthesized via chemical reduction. Materials produced from nickel-metal hydride spent batteries (PM-NiMH) have a nanometric size, whereas the alkaline spent batteries (PM-Alk) have a micrometric size. PM-NiMH consists mainly of Ni, Co, and Cu and the PM-Alk consists mainly of Mn and Zn. The surface areas of PM-NiMH and PM-Alk were 82 m2 g-1 and 109 m2 g-1, respectively. The synthesized materials were applied in the removal of reactive blue dye 4 (RB4). Parameters such as initial pH of the system, dose of the materials, and initial concentration of the dye were optimized. For both materials, the removal capacity of RB4 was constant over a wide pH range of (4-10). The removal capacity increases with the decrease of the materials dose and increase of the dye concentration until saturation of the active sites. The RB4 removal by PM-NiMH occurs by adsorption and degradation processes, whereas PM-Alk occurs only by adsorptive processes. The RB4 removal process follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with maximum removal capacities of 331 and 127 mg g-1 for PM-NiMH and PM-Alk, respectively.

Adsorption of La (III) on Chitosan-Imprinted Nano Zero-Valent Iron Nanocomposite (CS@nZVI): Process Optimization, Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Background: The recovery of rare-earth elements (REEs) like toxic lanthanides from contaminated waters is vital because of their irreversible effects on humans and the environment. Objectives: In the present research, a chitosan-imprinted nano zero-valent iron (CS@nZVI) nanocomposite was fabricated and utilized to the successful separation of Lanthanum as a model lanthanides. Methods: The morphological and structural properties of the composites were studied through BET, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and XRD techniques. The adsorption process was modeled and optimized by methodology of response surface (RSM). Then, its four important models were validated by data fitting. Afterward, they were affirmed using ANOVA test. Results: According to the outputs of the models, the reduced model was obtained as an appropriate model. Based on RSM plots, the adsorption rate at preliminary pH is low and gets better with increasing the pH value. At lower pH, there is a high concentration of H+ ion with smaller ionic radii and higher adsorption possibility, which makes it difficult to adsorb lanthanum ions by creating a competition between the excess of protons in the solution and cationic metal ions. This competitive adsorption and saturation of adsorptive sites on the surface of CS@nZVI sorbent with hydrogen ions together with repulsion forces are responsible for the La (III) less sorption. The optimum CS@nZVI removal efficiency of La (III) was 88% under the following conditions: pH = 8, 1.2 g/L CS@nZVI dosage, 5 mg/L initial La (III) concentration, and 180 min shaking time. Based on uptake kinetic models, the pseudo-second-order model is optimum in describing the rate equation of the adsorption process. Conclusions: Successfully regeneration of CS@nZVI along with its good performance for Lanthanum separation provide a promising and feasible method in order to contaminated streams purification.

Optimizing experimental binary adsorption of aniline–nitrobenzene onto granular activated carbon packed bed by Taguchi’s methodology

Herein a new statistical approach based on Taguchi’s methodology was developed for optimizing continuous simultaneous adsorption of aniline (AN) and nitrobenzene (NB) from their binary aqueous solution in a column packed with granular activated carbon (GAC). Effects of column design parameters such as feed flow rate (Q), bed height (Z) and bed diameter (D) were studied for the breakthrough curve performance using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array design. The parameters were optimized at three levels with the higher-is-better type response characteristics. Further, the Thomas model was used to predict column breakthrough curve and breakthrough time. Higher sorption affinity of NB over AN towards GAC surface implied favorable attachment of NB molecules. Quicker breakthrough attainment was observed at higher Q, lower Z and lower D owing to faster saturation of sorption sites. Maximum individual equilibrium adsorption uptake for AN and NB was found to be 0.29 mg/g and 3.91 mg/g, respectively, at Q = 0.02 L/min, Z = 60 cm and D = 2.54 cm. The average total equilibrium adsorption uptake (qtot) from the experimental runs was found to be 4.2 mg/g which is closer to the predicted qtot value of 4.17 mg/g.

Effect of gelatin protein on self-association behavior of sodium salt of ibuprofen drug in urea solution

Herein, multi-techniques approaches such as conductometry, tensiometry, fluorometry, and FT-IR were engaged to evaluate the interaction between sodium salt of ibuprofen (IB) and gelatin (GN) at 298.15 K in 250 mmol·kg−1 urea (UR) solution. The current employed drug is used for relief of pain. The employed IB drug interacts through GN protein like the interaction between surfactants and polymers. It is clear that the graph obtained from the conductometric and tensiometry methods shows two clear breaks. Urea acts as water structure breaker and their presence in solution enhance in surface charge of aggregates occurs. The obtained first break spot is labeled critical aggregation concentration (cc) which is quit beneath the usual critical micelle concentration (cmc) besides this the subsequently break spot denotes second one is regarded as polymer saturation point (pp) and this akin to cmc. The interaction between IB and GN in UR solution increases as concentration of protein increases in the solution mixtures as clear from their obtained cc value because the value of cc reduces through enhancing the concentration of GN (%w/v), in spite of this the value of pp value increases with increase in concentration of GN means more drug needed for complete saturation of binding site of protein. In UR solution, the Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔGmic) for singular IB was achieved negative exploring that micellization process is spontaneous in nature. The other different evaluated thermodynamic parameters such as free energy of aggregation (ΔGagg), free energy of transfer (ΔGt), etc. were found in favor of interaction between IB and GN. Fluorometry technique was utilized to find out the various parameters such as micropolarity, aggregation numbers (Nagg), etc. to verify the interaction amongst studied constituents and with the interaction between them were also assessed by FT-IR study.