Proportion Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Diet modification reduces pain and improves function in adults with osteoarthritis: a systematic review.

The effect of dietary modifications on pain and joint function in adults with osteoarthritis (OA) is an emerging area of study. This systematic review aimed to evaluate if adults with OA who consume diets with a higher proportion of plant phenols and omega-3 fatty acids would have less pain and improved joint function than those with a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids and refined carbohydrates. Database searches of CINAHL (EBSCO), Clinical Trials (NIH-NLM), Cochrane Library (Wiley), Dissertation & Thesis Global (ProQuest), Embase (Elsevier), Medline (OVID), PubMed (NLM), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Sciences (Clarivate) for clinical trials identified 7763 articles published between January 2015 and May 2023. After an independent review of the articles, seven randomised clinical trials and one nonrandomised clinical trial were included in the analysis. Because of the heterogeneity of the outcome measures, a meta-analysis was not possible. Participants who were instructed to consume high-phenol/high-omega-3 fatty acid diets reported significant improvements in pain and physical function scores. The greatest improvement was reported by those who consumed a diet that had the most omega-3 fatty acids. Because of the high risk of bias, the strength of the evidence is limited. However, there is evidence that counselling adults with OA to replace refined grains and processed foods with whole plant foods, fish and plant oils may have a favourable effect on pain and physical function. Routine follow-up care regarding these diet modifications may be necessary to ensure adherence to this therapy.

Enhancing the biodiesel production in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris by heavy metal stress and prediction of fuel properties from fatty acid profiles

The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris was used as a test organism during this study for evaluation of the impact of different heavy metal stress, Mn2+, Co2+, and Zn2+, on enhancing the biodiesel production. The algal cultures were grown for 13 days under heavy metal stress after which were subjected to estimation of growth, some primary metabolites, lipid, and fatty acid profiles. The maximum lipid accumulation (283.30 mg/g CDW) was recorded in the algal culture treated with 3 µM cobalt nitrate. Application of 2 mM manganese chloride; 1, 2, and 3 μM cobalt nitrate; and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mM zinc sulfate caused highly significant increases in the lipid contents amounting to 183.8, 191.4, 230.6, 283.3, 176.3, 226.0, and 212.1 mg/g CDW, respectively, in comparison to control (153.4 mg/g CDW). The maximum proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (64.44%) was noted in the culture treated with 6 mM MnCl2 due to the existence of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and pentadecylic acid (C15:0) which are represented by 53.59%, 5.96%, and 1.37%, respectively, of the total FAs. Relative increase in energy compound (REEC) showed that 1, 2, and 3 µM Co2+ lead to the highest stimulation in lipid and carbohydrate contents to 0.207, 0.352, and 0.329 × 103%, respectively. Empirical formulas were used for the assessment of biodiesel fuel properties based on FAME composition. The estimated properties met the prescribed international standard criteria.

Growth, nutrient removal, and lipid productivity promotion of Chlorella sorokiniana by phosphate solubilizing bacteria Bacillus megatherium in swine wastewater: Performances and mechanisms

Effects of a phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Bacillus megatherium on growth and lipid production of Chlorella sorokiniana were investigated in synthesized swine wastewater with dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), insoluble inorganic phosphorus (IIP), and organic phosphorus (OP). The results showed that the PSB significantly promoted the algal growth in OP and IIP, by 1.10 and 1.78-fold, respectively. The algal lipid accumulation was also greatly triggered, respectively by 4.39, 1.68, and 1.38-fold in DIP, IIP, and OP. Moreover, compared with DIP, OP improved the oxidation stability of algal lipid by increasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids (43.8 % vs 27.9 %), while the PSB tended to adjust it to moderate ranges (30.2–41.6 %). Further, the transcriptome analysis verified the OP and/or PSB-induced up-regulated genes involving photosynthesis, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, etc. This study provided novel insights to enhance microalgae-based nutrient removal combined with biofuel production in practical wastewater, especially with complex forms of phosphorus.

Fatty acid composition of two small fish in the Gyda River (Kara Sea Basin, Northwestern Siberia, Russia)

The fatty acid composition of the flesh of rainbow smelt (RS, Osmerus mordax) and ruffe (RF, Gymnocephalus cernuus), two small fish species inhabiting the Gyda River (Siberia, Russia), was assayed using a gas-liquid chromatographic method with an ionization detection system and high efficiency capillary columns. RS was found to be richer in the total fatty acid content than RF (21.5 vs. 7.07 mg g–1). The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was similar in the fish studied (29.2 % in RS and 29.6 % in RF) whereas the flesh of RS contained a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA (42.2 vs. 13.9 %), and a lower proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA (28.6 vs. 56.5 %) than RF. RS is rich in essential n-3 PUFAs (2610 and 2390 μg g–1 for docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids, respectively). In RF, the atherogenic index (0.39) and thrombogenic (0.20) index were lower than in RS (0.59 and 0.27, respectively). The fatty acid profile of RS in the study area differed from that reported for the flesh of this species from a Canadian estuary probably due to substantial differences in the diet of RS in these habitats. A comparison among fish species from the Gyda River indicated that in terms of nutrition indices, RS has the highest similarity with the muksun Coregonus muksun while RF is closely related to the northern pike Esox lucius. Based on the results from this study, both RF and RS can be recommended for human consumption. In particular, RS may be used as a replacement for muksun, an overfished species, in the traditional diet of indigenous peoples in northwestern Siberia.

Effects of postharvest piling up in bulk on qualities of Camellia oleifera seeds

The study investigated the effects of postharvest piling up in bulk on Camellia oleifera seed qualities, including moisture content, oil content, fatty acid composition, soluble sugar, soluble protein content, acid value, peroxide value, lipase activity, lipoxygenase activity, and mold colony, under varying relative humidity (60%, 80%, 98%) and time durations (1–8 days). Additionally, it examined the impact of piling temperature and diverse postharvest treatments. The results revealed that piling up in bulk promoted the post-ripening of Camellia oleifera seeds, leading to a gradual decrease in seed moisture content while initially increasing oil content before stabilizing. After 2 days of piling, seed oil content increased by 5.65%, 4.40%, and 1.06% under RH conditions of 60%, 80%, and 98%, respectively. However, after 4 days, the oil content declined by 8.36%, 6.06%, and 4.14%, respectively. The proportions of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids declined gradually, while monounsaturated fatty acids increased significantly. The acid value decreased, correlating positively with lipase activity. Mold colonies on seeds increased minimally with piling duration, while those on fruit shells increased sharply by 1–4 logarithmic units after the 4th day. When examining the effect of temperature, higher piling temperatures were found to gradually increase the seed oil content. Based on the order of oil content, the different treatment methods were ranked as follows: piling up in bulk-sun drying > piling up in bulk-drying > shelling-sun drying > direct sun drying > shelling-drying. Therefore, these findings advance our understanding of postharvest piling up in bulk of Camellia oleifera seeds and provide valuable insights for selecting treatment methods and parameters.

Early Low-Grade Inflammation Induced by High-Salt Diet in Sprague Dawley Rats Involves Th17/Treg Axis Dysregulation, Vascular Wall Remodeling, and a Shift in the Fatty Acid Profile.

Unrestricted increased table salt (NaCl) intake is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, data on salt-induced immunomodulatory effects in the earliest phase of salt loading are scarce. In the present study, an animal model of short-term salt loading was employed, including male Sprague Dawley rats consuming a high-salt diet (HSD; 4% NaCl) or standard laboratory chow (low-salt; LSD; 0.4% NaCl) during a 7-day period. The contribution of angiotensin II (ANGII) suppression was tested by adding a group of rats on a high-salt diet receiving ANGII infusions. Samples of peripheral blood/mesenteric lymph node leukocytes, brain blood vessels, and serum samples were processed for flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR, total proteome analysis, and multiplex immunoassay. Data analysis revealed the up-regulation of Il 6 gene in the microcirculation of high-salt-fed rats, accompanied by an increased serum level of TNF-alpha cytokine. The high-salt diet resulted in increased proportion of serum mono-unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, reduced levels of linoleic (C18:2 ω-6) and α-linolenic (C18:3 ω-3) acid, and increased levels of palmitoleic acid (C16:1 ω-7). The high-salt diet had distinct, lymphoid compartment-specific effects on leukocyte subpopulations, which could be attributed to the increased expression of salt-sensitive SGK-1 kinase. Complete proteome analysis revealed high-salt-diet-induced vascular tissue remodeling and perturbations in energy metabolism. Interestingly, many of the observed effects were reversed by ANGII supplementation. Low-grade systemic inflammation induced by a HSD could be related to suppressed ANGII levels. The effects of HSD involved changes in Th17 and Treg cell distribution, vascular wall remodeling, and a shift in lipid and arachidonic acid metabolism.

Growth of Scenedesmus obliquus in anaerobically digested swine wastewater from different cleaning processes for pollutants removal and biomass production

Anaerobically digested swine wastewater (ASW) purification by microalgae provides a promising strategy for nutrients recovery, biomass production and CO2 capture. However, the characteristics of ASW from different cleaning processes vary greatly. At present, the cultivation of microalgae in ASW from different manure cleaning processes is rarely investigated and compared. That may bring uncertainty for microalgae growth using different ASW in large-scale application. Thus, the ASW from three cleaning processes were tested for cultivating microalgae, including manure dry collection (I), water flushing (II) and water submerging processes (III). The characteristics of ASW from three manure cleaning processes varied greatly such as nutrient and heavy metals levels. High concentration of ammonia and copper in ASW significantly inhibited microalgae growth. Fortunately, the supply of high CO2 (10%) effectively alleviated negative influences, ensuring microalgal growth at low dilution ratio. The characteristics of three ASW resulted in significant differences in microalgae growth and biomass components. The maximal biomass production in optimal diluted ASW-I, II and III reached 1.46 g L−1, 2.19 g L−1 and 2.47 g L−1, respectively. The removal of organic compounds, ammonia and phosphorus by optimal microalgae growth in diluted ASW-I, II and III was 50.6%/94.2%/64.7%, 63.7%/82.3%/57.6% and 83.2%/91.7%/59.7%, respectively.The culture in diluted ASW-I, II and III obtained the highest lipids production of 12.1 mg L−1·d−1, 16.5 mg L−1·d−1 and 19.4 mg L−1·d−1, respectively. The analysis of lipids compositions revealed that the proportion of saturated fatty acids accounted for 36.4%, 32.4% and 27.9 % in optimal diluted ASW-I, II and III, as ideal raw materials for biodiesel production.

Liver X receptor agonist upregulates LPCAT3 in human aortic endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis. Recently, EC lipid metabolism has emerged as a regulator of EC function. The liver X receptors (LXRs) are involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and have been identified as a potential target in cardiovascular disease. We aimed to decipher the role of LXRs in the regulation of lipid metabolism in human aortic endothelial cells. Lipid composition analysis of endothelial cells treated with the LXR agonist T0901317 revealed that LXR activation increased the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and decreased the proportion of saturated fatty acids. The LXR agonist decreased the uptake of fatty acids (FAs) by ECs. This effect was abolished by LXRα silencing. LXR activation increased the activity and the expression of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, LPCAT3, which is involved in the turnover of FAs at the sn-2 position of phospholipids. Transcriptomic analysis also revealed that LXRs increased the expression of key genes involved in the synthesis of PUFAs, including FA desaturase one and 2, FA elongase 5 and fatty acid synthase. Subsequently, the LXR agonist increased PUFA synthesis and enhanced arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid content in the EC phospholipids. Modification of the FA composition of ECs by LXRs led to a decrease of arachidonate and linoleate derived prostaglandins synthesis and release. No change on markers of inflammation induced by plasma from sickle cell patient were observed in presence of LXR agonist. These results identify LXR as a key regulator of lipid metabolism in human aortic endothelial cells and a direct effect of LXR agonist on lysophosphatidylacyl transferase (LPCAT3).

Comparison of Antibacterial Activities of Korean Pine (Pinus densiflora) Needle Steam Distillation Extract on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Focusing on Membrane Fluidity and Genes Involved in Membrane Lipids and Stress.

The antibacterial activity and mechanism of Pinus densiflora extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The growth inhibition tests of paper diffusion and optical density exhibited that the extracts have potent antibacterial potentials against foodborne pathogens. The measurement of membrane fluidity by fluorescence polarization has indicated that one of the antibacterial mechanisms involves the disruption of membrane integrity resulting in an increase in the membrane fluidity in both of E. coli and S. aureus. The alteration of fatty acid composition was accompanied by the disturbance of membranes thus shifting the proportion of saturated verses unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids from 1.27:1 to 1.35:1 in E. coli and 1.47:1 to 2.31:1 in S. aureus, most likely to compensate for the increased membrane fluidity by means of a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids which is known to render rigidity in membranes. Realtime q-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of fatty acid synthetic genes and bacterial stress genes revealed that there was minimal influence of P. densiflora extracts on fatty acid genes except for fab I and the stress rpos in E. coli, and relatively greater impact on fatty acid genes and the stress sigB in S. aureus.

The fatty acid profile and the quality of breast and leg muscles in female and male pearl gray guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) profile and the quality of breast and leg muscles in male and female guinea fowl. In comparison with leg muscles, breast muscles had a higher content of dry matter and total protein, and contained less fat and total collagen (P ≤ 0.05). Sex had no effect on the chemical composition of the studied muscles or the FA profile of intramuscular fat (IMF) (P > 0.05). The IMF of breast muscles was characterized by higher proportions of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and lower proportions of total unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (P ≤ 0.05) than the IMF of leg muscles. The physicochemical properties of guinea fowl meat were significantly influenced by muscle type (P ≤ 0.05), but not by sex (P > 0.05). Leg muscles were characterized by a higher pH, higher cooking loss, lower lightness (L*), lower drip loss, a higher contribution of redness (a*), and a lower contribution of yellowness (b*) than breast muscles (P ≤ 0.05). The experimental factors had no effect on the sensory attributes or the shear force values of the analyzed muscles (P > 0.05). The unique sensory attributes, high protein content, and low fat content of the analyzed muscles indicate that guinea fowl meat can be a dietary supplement and an addition to other types of meat consumed, especially that most guinea fowl are reared in extensive farming systems that contribute to sustainable food production.

Effects of nanoselenium supplementation on lactation performance, nutrient digestion and mammary gland development in dairy cows

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of nanoselenium (NANO-Se) addition on milk production, milk fatty acid synthesis, the development and metabolism regulation of mammary gland in dairy cows. Forty-eight Holstein dairy cows averaging 720 ± 16.8 kg of body weight, 66.9 ± 3.84 d in milk (dry matter intake [DIM]) and 35.2 ± 1.66 kg/d of milk production were divided into four treatments blocked by DIM and milk yields. Treatments were control group, low-Se (LSe), medium-Se (MSe) and high-Se (HSe) with 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg Se, respectively, from NANO-Se per kg dietary dry matter (DM). Production of energy- and fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat quadratically increased (p < 0.05), while milk lactose yields linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing NANO-Se addition. The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) linearly decreased (p < 0.05), while proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) linearly increased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) quadratically increased. The digestibility of dietary DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) quadratically increased (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH quadratically decreased (p < 0.01), while total VFA linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing NANO-Se addition. The acetic to propionic ratio decreased (p < 0.05) linearly due to the unaltered acetic molar percentage and a quadratical increase in propionic molar percentage. The activity of CMCase, xylanase, cellobiase and pectinase increased linearly (p < 0.05) following NANO-Se addition. The activity of α-amylase increased linearly (p < 0.01) with an increase in NANO-Se dosage. Blood glucose, total protein, estradiol, prolactin, IGF-1 and Se linearly increased (p < 0.05), while urea nitrogen concentration quadratically decreased (p = 0.04). Moreover, the addition of Se at 0.3 mg/kg from NANO-Se promoted (p < 0.05) mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, SREBP1, ACACA, FASN, SCD, CCNA2, CCND1, PCNA, Bcl-2 and the ratios of p-ACACA/ACACA and BCL2/BAX4, but decreased (p < 0.05) mRNA and protein expressions of Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. The results suggest that milk production and milk fat synthesis increased by NANO-Se addition by stimulating rumen fermentation, nutrients digestion, gene and protein expressions concerned with milk fat synthesis and mammary gland development.

The Fatty Acid Profile, and the Content of Vitamin A, Vitamin E and Cholesterol in Beef (M. longissimus lumborum) Stored Under Different Modified Atmospheres

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat and the content of vitamin A, vitamin E and cholesterol in samples of the longissimus lumborum (LL) beef muscles and stored for 7, 14 and 21 days under modified atmospheres (MA): vacuum, 80% O2 + 20% CO2, 60% O2 + 30% CO2 + 10% N2, 40% CO2 + 60% N2, 30% CO2 + 70% Ar). The experimental factors, i.e., storage time (ST) and MA composition, had no significant effect on the proportions of individual saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but they significantly modified the proportions of individual unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat (IMF). The study demonstrated that in order to minimize the loss of total UFAs, samples of the LL muscle should be cold-stored in MA 40% CO2 + 60% N2 for up to 14 days; MA 30% CO2 + 70% Ar also effectively prevented the loss of total PUFAs and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The losses of vitamins A and E were lowest when beef was packaged under oxygen-free MA, in particular MA 30% CO2 + 70% Ar. Prolonged storage (21 days) did not contribute to significant vitamin losses, but it induced a decrease in cholesterol concentration, which was lower in vacuum-packaged samples than in those packaged in MA containing 60% O2 and MA composed of 40% CO2 + 60% N2.

Regulatory mechanisms and cell membrane properties of Candida glycerinogenes differ under 2-phenylethanol addition or fermentation conditions.

The biosynthesis of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) at high yields and titers is often limited by its toxicity. In this study, we describe the molecular mechanisms of 2-PE tolerance in the multi-stress tolerant industrial yeast, Candida glycerinogenes. They were different under 2-PE addition or fermentation conditions. After extracellular addition of 2-PE, C. glycerinogenes cells became rounder and bigger, which reduced specific surface area. However, during 2-PE fermentation C. glycerinogenes cells were smaller, which increased specific surface area. Other differences in the tolerance mechanisms were studied by analyzing the composition and molecular parameters of the cell membrane. Extracellular 2-PE stress resulted in down-regulation of transcriptional expression of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis genes. This raised the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the cell membrane, which increased rigidity of the cell membrane and reduced 2-PE entry to the cell. However, intracellular 2-PE stress resulted in up-regulation of transcriptional expression of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis genes, and increased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane; this in turn enhanced flexibility of the cell membrane which accelerated efflux of 2-PE. These contrasting mechanisms are mediated by transcriptional factors Hog1 and Swi5. Under 2-PE addition, C. glycerinogenes activated Hog1 and repressed Swi5 to upregulate erg5 and erg4 expression, which increased cell membrane rigidity and resisted 2-PE import. During 2-PE fermentation, C. glycerinogenes activated Hog1 and repressed Swi5 to upregulate 2-PE transporter proteins cdr1 and Acyl-CoA desaturase 1 ole1 to increase 2-PE export, thus reducing 2-PE intracellular toxicity. The results provide new insights into 2-PE tolerance mechanisms at the cell membrane level and suggest a novel strategy to improve 2-PE production by engineering anti-stress genes.

Unlocking the potential of microalgae cultivated on wastewater combined with salinity stress to improve biodiesel production

Microalgae have the potential as a source of biofuels due to their high biomass productivity and ability to grow in a wide range of conditions, including wastewater. This study investigated cultivating two microalgae species, Oocystis pusilla and Chlorococcus infusionum, in wastewater for biodiesel production. Compared to Kühl medium, KC medium resulted in a significant fold increase in cellular dry weight production for both O. pusilla and C. infusionum, with an increase of 1.66 and 1.39, respectively. A concentration of 100% wastewater resulted in the highest growth for O. pusilla, with an increase in biomass and lipid content compared to the KC medium. C. infusionum could not survive in these conditions. For further increase in biomass and lipid yield of O. pusilla, different total dissolved solids (TDS) levels were used. Maximum biomass and lipid productivities were achieved at 3000 ppm TDS, resulting in a 28% increase in biomass (2.50 g/L) and a 158% increase in lipid yield (536.88 mg/g) compared to KC medium. The fatty acid profile of O. pusilla cultivated on aerated wastewater at 3000 ppm TDS showed a high proportion of desirable saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for biodiesel production. Cultivating microalgae in wastewater for biodiesel production can be cost-effective, especially for microalgae adapted to harsh conditions. It could be concluded that O. pusilla is a promising candidate for biodiesel production using wastewater as a growth medium, as it has high biomass productivity and lipid yield, and its fatty acid profile meets the standard values of American and European biodiesel standards. This approach offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for producing biofuels while reducing the environmental impact of wastewater disposal.

Failure of Cronobacter sakazakii to acquire direct and cross-protection against lethal stresses after exposure to sublethal ethanol

Abstract Cronobacter sakazakii may encounter subinhibitory concentrations of ethanol stress over its lifecycle. Bacterial tolerance to homologous or heterologous stress agents may be altered as a result of ethanol adaptive responses. Therefore, the tolerance of ethanol-exposed and control cells to subsequent lethal stresses was evaluated in the current work. It was discovered that sublethal ethanol exposure increased the susceptibility to lethal ethanol stress in C. sakazakii as determined by the Weibull model. Furthermore, sublethal ethanol concentration exposure in C. sakazakii did not lead to any cross-tolerance against other stressors such as benzalkonium chloride (120 mg/L), heat (55 °C), cold (4 °C), simulated gastric fluid (pH 3.0), osmotic stress (sorbitol, 0.75 g/mL), and desiccation stress. Analysis of zeta potential, scanning electron microscope, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy spectra revealed that cellular injury and changes in cellular chemical composition may contribute to the reduced resistance of C. sakazakii after ethanol exposure. Furthermore, sublethal ethanol exposure resulted in an elevated proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), while reducing the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the ratio of SFA to USFA. The developed inactivation models can serve as a valuable source of data to support quantitative microbial risk assessment. Moreover, a better understanding of the response of C. sakazakii to sublethal ethanol exposure may provide valuable insights into the prevention and control of C. sakazakii.

Effects of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio and forage type on milk phospholipids and fatty acid composition of polar lipids

The effects of grass silage and red clover silage on milk fatty acid (FA) composition are extensively studied, but little is known of their effects on minor lipid constituents of milk fat globule membrane. We investigated the effects of forage:concentrate (FC) ratio in grass silage-based diets and forage type (grass silage vs. red clover silage) on selected molecular species of milk phospholipids (PL) and the FA composition of PL. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows were offered following dietary treatments: grass silage-based diets containing 70:30 (HG) or 30:70 (LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet (RC) comprising 50:50 FC ratio on a dry matter basis. The most abundant molecular species within the phosphatidylcholines was 16:0-18:1 phosphatidylcholine that was increased by 18% in HG compared with LG milk. Dietary treatments did not affect the relative proportion of 18:1-18:1+18:0-18:2 phosphatidylethanolamine that was the most prevalent species (ca. 44%-45%) in that class. We identified the d18:1-22:0 sphingomyelin as the most abundant sphingomyelin species that tended to increase in HG milk compared with LG. The FC ratio did not affect the relative proportions of saturated FA nor monounsaturated FA in PL, but the proportion of cis-9 18:1 was elevated in HG versus LG milk, whereas the proportion of 18:2n-6 was 50% higher in LG versus HG milk. The RC diet increased monounsaturated FA and 18:3n-3 levels in PL compared with grass silage-based diets and decreased the relative proportion of saturated FA. However, the RC diet did not affect the relative proportion of polyunsaturated FA in PL, although red clover silage typically increases the proportion of polyunsaturated FA in milk fat. This study provides valuable knowledge of the minor lipid components in milk on species level in relation to common feeding strategies in high-forage systems.

Effect of metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria and propionibacteria on cheese protein digestibility and fatty acid profile

This study aimed at investigating the influence of different variants of bacterial starter cultures on the metabolism of the bacteria used, cheese protein digestibility, and fatty acid profile. The results revealed that lactic acid bacteria had a significant effect on the proportions of fatty acids in cheeses, with saturated fatty acids being predominant in in all cheese variants. Fatty acid proportions are complex and depend on the type of cheese culture and monoculture used. Additionally, the analysis of fatty acid composition showed variations in the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, impacting the values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Notably, the atherogenic index was highest in samples of mature cheeses obtained from a typical mesophilic cheese culture, whereas it was lowest in samples of fresh milk and mature cheeses obtained from a mesophilic cheese culture and monocultures of Lacticaseibacillus casei and Propionibacterium. The study also highlighted the influence of lactobacilli on the content of available free lysine, glycine, and methionine in cheese proteins. Mature cheeses obtained with Propionibacterium and L. casei starter cultures exhibited higher free lysine and glycine content compared with fresh cheeses and those obtained solely with the cheese culture. Additionally, mature cheeses obtained with starter cultures of mesophilic cheese culture, Propionibacterium, and L. casei had the highest free methionine content. Based on these findings, it is evident that the choice of cheese making cultures and monocultures can significantly affect the fatty acid composition and amino acid content of cheese and fresh milk, potentially bearing important health implications.

Insight into the effect of microwave treatment on fat loss, fatty acid composition and microstructure of pork subcutaneous back fat

In this study, the effects of different microwave treatment times (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 s) on fat loss, fatty acid profile, lipid transfers, and microstructure of pork subcutaneous back fat (PSBF) were investigated. Results showed that the fat loss of PSBF after microwave treatment for 60 s was significantly increased (53.31%). Microwave treatment increased the proportion of saturated fatty acids but reduced the relative content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy, ordinary optical microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope analysis demonstrated that microwave treatment facilitated a large outflow of fat from the adipocytes, and the increasing and then decreasing changes in the size of individual adipocytes. Magnetic resonance imaging enabled the visualization of fat migration of PSBF. Overall, PSBF can be used as a biological model to evaluate the effect of microwave treatment on the change and migration mechanism of fat.

Effect of benzalkonium chloride adaptation on the tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii exposed to subsequent lethal stresses

Benzalkonium Chloride (BC) is applied in food processing, clinical settings, and households to control the spread of pathogens. However, BC adaptation may promote bacterial resistance against biocides and physical stresses. In the study, the sensitivity of non-adapted and BC-adapted C. sakazakii to subsequent lethal stresses was assessed. Results indicated that BC adaptation provided C. sakazakii direct protection against high BC concentrations, but no cross-protection against heat, acid, osmotic, desiccative, and ethanol-related stress. BC adaptation reduced the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the ratio of SFA to unsaturated fatty acids (SFA/USFA), whereas increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in C. sakazakii. Six genes related to motility, metabolism, transport, and efflux were upregulated under BC adaptation. Some Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) signal characteristics of the BC-adapted cell were significantly different from that of the non-adapted cell, which reflected the changes of intracellular proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and other cellular components. Consequently, the ability of BC-adapted C. sakazakii to withstand subsequent stresses should be taken into account when developing microbial control measures. A greater understanding of BC adaptation mechanisms in C. sakazakii will provide important insights for disease prevention.

Effects of dental age on proximate components, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of indigenous beef

The study was conducted to determine how the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of beef of indigenous cattle are affected by dental age. This experiment was conducted with five (5) treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) where T1 = 0 Permanent incisors, T2 = 2 Permanent incisors, T3 = 4 Permanent incisors, T4 = 6 Permanent incisors, T5 = 8 Permanent incisors having ten (10) replications. This study has shown that the highest CP was 84.91% having the T5 while the lowest figure was 72.94% in T4. T1 had the lowest 3.34% EE content whereas T5 had the highest 4.15%. Essential amino acids (g/100g of meat) were highest at 41.51 in T5 and lowest at 37.79 in T1. The lowest total saturated fatty acid (SFA) in Longissimus dorsi was 46.25% in T5 and the highest was 51.89% in T1. The total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportion of 66.87% in T2 was the highest and T5 had the lowest proportion of 52.07%. The lowest total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was 1.52% in T1 and the highest was at 7.49% in T5. In conclusion, CP, EE, essential amino acid, and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid proportion increased with the advancement of dental age maturity and conversely, saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion was decreased. Therefore, this research will play a vital role to characterize accurately in terms of its nutritional quality to be aware of the selection of indigenous beef in their daily diet according to dental age.