Proportion Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Dietary utilization of mealworm frass in rabbit feeding regimes and its effect on growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality.

This study aimed to shed light on the use of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) frass (TMF) in rabbit diets and its effects on growth performance, blood profiles, rabbit meat quality, and fatty acid profiles. A total of 48 Gabali rabbits were divided equally and randomly into four groups to be fed one of four dietary treatments: a control (T0) group and three TMF groups, which included TMF meal at 1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 3 (T3) %, respectively. The rabbits were fed on isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets for 11 weeks, and the growth performance data were recorded. Six rabbits per group were slaughtered at the end of the 11th week, then the pharmacochemical parameters and carcass traits were measured, and meat quality and fatty acid profiles were analyzed. The results indicated that the growth performance of different groups was similar (P > 0.05). The levels of globulin, glucose, and alanine transaminase (ALT) were lower in the mealworm frass groups compared with the control group. Carcass traits were not affected by experimental regimes. Fat was higher in the TMF treatment groups, while moisture was lower compared with the control group. The shear force had a lower value in the treatment groups T3 and T2 compared with the control group. The highest values of redness and chroma (color parameter) of rabbit meat were observed in the treatment groups vs. the control group. Moreover, the proportion of total saturated fatty acids in the meat of rabbits that were fed on the T2 and T3 diets was higher compared to those fed on the control (i.e., T0) and T1 diets. Furthermore, the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid was higher in the T2, T3, and T1 groups vs. T0 rabbits, whereas the PUFA proportions were lower. It could be concluded that frass has great potential to be used as a partial substitute for rabbit diets.

Growth Rates, Carcass Traits, Meat Yield, and Fatty Acid Composition in Growing Lambs under Different Feeding Regimes.

A total of 75 male Awassi (mean BW 23.5 ± 2.0 kg; 3 months old) were used in an 84-day trial to investigate the effects of different feeding regimes on productive performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality, and the fatty acid profile of growing lambs. Animals were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 25 lambs each. The dietary treatments were as follows: (1) whole barley grain (60%) plus alfalfa hay (40%; GB-AH; the basal diet); (2) a concentrate pelleted diet plus alfalfa hay (CP-AH); and (3) a complete pelleted diet (CPD). Feed intake was measured weekly, and all lambs were weighed every two weeks for an evaluation of the productive parameters. Blood samples were collected from all lambs for the measurement of biochemical and enzymatic variables. At the end of the experiment, 13 lambs from each treatment were slaughtered to evaluate the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition. The final body weight, body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of lambs were lowest (p < 0.05) in lambs on the grain and alfalfa diet compared with the other groups. Feeding lambs either the CP-AH or CPD diets resulted (p < 0.05) in increases in slaughter weight, carcass weights (hot and cold), the percentage of liver and shoulder, carcass length, back fat thickness, and the area of longissimus thoracis muscle compared with those lambs on the GB-AF diet. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in meat was greater (p = 0.04) in lambs fed on the GA-AH diet than in those of lambs fed on the pelleted diets. Lambs on the CP-AH diet had (p < 0.05) the highest ratios of PUFA to SFA and omega 6 to omega 3, and the proportion of omega 6. The atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were lower (p < 0.05) in the CP-AH group compared with the GB-AH group. In conclusion, the results indicate that feeding growing lambs on concentrate pellets instead of whole barley grain improves the growth rate, traits, meat quality, and fatty acid profile, which have important implications for productivity, efficiency, and profitability in the livestock industry.

Assessment of nutrition and risks of development of the main general pathological syndromes in workers at industrial enterprises

Optimal nutrition is one of the foundations of public health, but before developing and implementing effective programs to improve the nutrition of the able-bodied population at the regional and corporate level, it is important to know the nutritional situation of the target group. The study aims to assess the nutrition and risks of the development of the main general pathological syndromes in workers of industrial enterprises of the Republic of Buryatia. The study was conducted among male workers (n=251) aged 20-64 years, working at an Aircraft factory (group 1, n=71) with an average work experience of 19.72 (16.11; 23.33) years and thermal power plants (group 2, n=72) with an average work experience of 17.00 (13.68; 20.32) years. The comparison group (group 3, n=108) includes workers from the same enterprises without contact with occupational hazards, the average length of service is 19.79 (17.11; 22.48) years. Experts have carried out a nutrition assessment by the questionnaire method, followed by the use of the 24-hour power reproduction method in a computer program. The criteria for dividing into subgroups for assessing actual nutrition were based on the calculation of body mass index and age. We used an automated system for quantifying the risks of major general pathological syndromes (ASQRAS) to assess the health status of employees. Scientists analyzed the results of the study using generally accepted statistical methods. It is shown that the nutrition structure of workers in the main industries of the Republic of Buryatia is suboptimal, characterized by the predominance of the specific weight of total fats, which amounted to 41.03-45.25% of the caloric content of diets mainly due to the high proportion of saturated fatty acids 13.18-14.78%, low proportion of total carbohydrates 38.22-41.09% and critically low dietary fiber content - 2.31-2.50g per 1000 kcal. The obtained significant associations between overweight and various degrees of obesity with the risk of developing nutrition-related diseases, according to ASQRAS results in workers working in harmful conditions at thermal power plants, are probably due to a higher lipid content in their diet (χ2=7.04; p=0.001). The results of this study can be used to substantiate nutrition recommendations at the regional and corporate level. Limitations. The study had certain limitations in the form of survey opportunities, subject to the subjective opinion of respondents. Ethics. The researchers conducted a study in compliance with the Ethical principles set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association of the last revision and the approval of the Local Ethics Committee of the East Siberian Institute of Medical and Environmental Research (conclusion No. 1 of January 14, 2021).

Effect of Dietary Lipid Sources and Their Combinations on Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Larvae

Background: The success of larval rearing is greatly influenced by first feeding regimes and the nutritional quality of weaning diets, with dietary lipids being recognized as one of the most important nutritional factors that affect larval growth and survival. Reports are scanty on milkfish larval nutrition and growth and survival unlike other marine species. Methods: In this investigation during 2020, five larval diets were prepared with 40 g kg-1 of entirely fish oil (F4), corn oil (C4) or fish oil and corn oil in 3:1 (F3C1), 2:2 (F2C2) and 1:3 (F1C3) ratios. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of milkfish larvae (45 mg) in a flow-through rearing system for 42 days. Result: A growth indices were highest in the F3C1 group, followed by F2C2, F4 and other dietary treatments. The whole-body fatty acid profile was found to change significantly with increasing fish oil replacement with corn oil, i.e., the n-3 polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acid proportions decreased linearly, while the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids content increased. Overall, this study reveals that growth and survival of milkfish is dependent on dietary lipid source or combinations that meet the essential fatty acid requirements during the early life stages.

Effect of the Inclusion of Olive Cake in the Diet on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Dry-Cured Loin and Dry-Cured “Cachaço” of Bísaro Pig

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the dry-cured loin and dry-cured “cachaço” of Bísaro pork and evaluate the effect of the inclusion of olive cake in the animals’ diet on the cured products. For this purpose, forty loins and forty “cachaços” were used, followed by a process of cold curing with controlled ventilation, without adding nitrites or synthetic additives. The dry-cured loin and “cachaço” chemical compositions were significantly different in moisture, total fat, protein, chlorides, ash, and haem pigments. The “cachaço” showed a much higher value of total fat and a lower protein value. Its chloride content was lower and was related to the lower ash percentage. Neither product differed significantly in the water activity and collagen content. The proportions of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were significantly different between these products. The dry-cured “cachaço” showed higher values of SFA and PUFA, and the dry-cured loin had higher MUFA content. No significant effect of different olive cakes on diet was observed in the chemical compositions. Both products are of high quality and with good nutritional and physicochemical characteristics, and the introduction of olive cake in the diet did not affect any of the quality parameters analyzed.

Fatty Acid Profiles in the Gonads of Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) from the Barents Sea.

Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) is a large shelf species native to the Pacific Ocean. Due to its high commercial value, this species was introduced into the Barents Sea, where it has formed a new population that now supports a stable commercial fishery. Information on fatty acid profiles in different tissues of the Barents Sea P. camtschaticus is scarce. For this reason, the gonads of red king crabs collected at a coastal site in the Barents Sea during the summer were analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography. The proportions of total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ovaries of P. camtschaticus were 25.9 ± 2.0%, 22.5 ± 2.3%, and 51.6 ± 2.5%, respectively; in the testes, these levels accounted for 35.1 ± 5.7%, 19.1 ± 2.0%, and 45.8 ± 4.5%, respectively. Fatty acid profiles were similar in larger and smaller red king crabs and crabs with old and new shells. Concentrations of fatty acids were higher in ovaries compared to testes, reflecting higher reproductive efforts in female red king crabs. High levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids detected in the ovaries of red king crabs from the Barents Sea indicate that these gonads can be a good alternative source for these fatty acids in the human diet and/or for extracting important fatty acids for use in the medical and pharmaceutical industries.

Evaluating Rice Bran Oil as a Dietary Energy Source on Production Performance, Nutritional Properties and Fatty Acid Deposition of Breast Meat in Broiler Chickens.

The effects of rice bran oil (RBO) as an alternative dietary energy source on nutritional properties and fatty acid deposition in broiler chickens are scarce in the literature. One-day-old chickens (broiler Ross 308) were assigned in a completely randomized design with three treatment diets and nine replicates of four chickens per replicate. A basal control diet contained 4~5% palm oil (T1) in the starter and finisher phases, respectively. Treatments 2 to 3 were fed diets formulated with 50% (T2) and 100% (T3) of RBO as a fat source instead of palm oil (PO). Replacing dietary PO with RBO improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 6% (p = 0.017) over the total period of the experiment (1−38 d of age). The feeding of RBO (T3) showed the highest (p < 0.001) cooking loss values in the breast meat. However, compared with other groups, the blend of PO and RBO group (T2) displayed a lower cooking loss value in the thigh meat. In breast meat, the protein content was lowered (p = 0.007), while the fat content was higher (p < 0.001) in male broiler chickens fed dietary RBO (T2 and T3). Total inclusion of dietary RBO (T3) decreased (p = 0.034) the proportion of saturated fatty acids (ΣSFAs) but increased (p = 0.02) linoleic acid. In addition, α-linolenic acid (ALA) increased (p < 0.001) in male broiler chickens fed dietary RBO (T2 and T3), and the highest deposit level occurred by the total inclusion of RBO (T3). Total omega 3 fatty acids (∑n-3) increased (p = 0.013), while the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) decreased (p = 0.046) in male broiler chickens fed dietary RBO (T3) as compared with the control diet (PO; T1). In conclusion, compared with dietary PO (control diet, T1), the total inclusion of dietary RBO at 50 kg/metric ton feed (T3) increased ∑n-3, ALA, and reduced n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio in the breast meat, but cooking loss values were larger in breast and thigh meats. The blend of dietary PO and RBO (T2) was better for both production performance targets (feed intake and FCR), cooking loss values, and deposition of ALA in the breast meat. The inclusion of dietary RBO into broiler diets needs further study, but the present experiment aids in expanding research knowledge to make that possible.

Effects of composite mixture of protein sources in replacing fish meal on nutritional value and flavor quality of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of fish meal partially or totally replaced with poultry by-product meal (PBM), antarctic krill meal (AKM), corn gluten meal (CGM), cottonseed meal (CM) and rice protein concentrate meal (RPM) on amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides and volatile compounds of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Results showed that shrimps fed with partial replacement of fish meal (50 %) with AKM and PBM (1:1) significantly increased the content of inosine monophosphate (IMP), the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and significantly decreased the content of hypoxanthine (Hx), benzaldehyde, and the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Dietary fish meal totally replaced by the whole-plant protein diet resulted in a lower value of essential amino acids to total amino acids (EAA / TAA), n-3 / n-6 PUFAs, and a lower proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs). Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that shrimps fed diet with fish meal partially replaced by AKM and PBM (1:1) had the most similar volatile compounds profile to the fish meal-based diet. These results indicated that the composite mixture of PBM and AKM (1:1) is an excellent substitution for fish meal in shrimp diets.

Characterization of the Cafeteria Diet as Simulation of the Human Western Diet and Its Impact on the Lipidomic Profile and Gut Microbiota in Obese Rats.

The obesity pandemic has been strongly associated with the Western diet, characterized by the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The Western lifestyle causes gut dysbiosis leading to impaired fatty acid metabolism. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate shifts in gut microbiota and correlate these with serum fatty acid profiles in male Wistar rats fed a cafeteria diet. Ten male rats were fed with standard diet (CTL, n = 5) and cafeteria diet (CAF, n = 5) for fifteen weeks. Body weight and food intake were recorded once and three times per week, respectively. At the end of the study, fresh fecal samples were collected, tissues were removed, and serum samples were obtained for further analyses. Gut microbiota was analyzed by sequencing the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. Serum fatty acid profiles were fractioned and quantified via gas chromatography. The CAF diet induced an obese phenotype accompanied by impaired serum fatty acids, finding significantly higher proportions of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and C20:3 n-6, and lower C18:1 n-7 and C18:3 n-3 in the phospholipid (PL) fraction. Furthermore, circulating C10:0, total n-3 and n-7 decreased and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), including oleic acid C18:1 n-9, increased in the cholesterol ester (CE) fraction. The obesity metabotype may be mediated by gut dysbiosis caused by a cafeteria diet rich in C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n-9 and C18:2 n-6 fatty acids resulting in a 34:1 omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Therefore, circulating C10:0 was associated with several genera bacteria such as Prevotella (positive) and Anaerotruncus (negative). Two classes of Firmicutes, Bacilli and Erysipelotrichi, were positively correlated with PL- C20:3 n-6 and CE- 18:1 n-9, respectively. TM7 and Bacteroidetes were inversely correlated with PL-SFAs and CE- 18:2 n-6, respectively.

Characteristics, lipogenic enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition of muscles in the Iberian pig: Effects of protein restriction and free-range feeding

In Iberian pigs, protein restriction during the final fattening period does not affect productive parameters and carcase fatness but increases the intramuscular lipid content. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a low-crude protein diet on the muscle characteristics, metabolism, lipogenic enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition of Iberian pigs fed under confinement and free-range conditions. Twenty-four castrated male Iberian pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 116.0 kg were divided into three groups (n = 8); the first and second groups were fed isoenergetic (4100 kcal ME/kg dry matter) concentrated diets with standard protein (12.8%) (SP) and low protein (6.6%) (LP) contents, respectively, under outdoor confinement; the third group was fed on natural resources (acorn and grass) under free-range conditions (FR). The pigs were slaughtered at an average BW of 174.2 kg. Compared with pigs fed the SP diet, LP and FR pigs showed significantly high intramuscular fat (IMF) contents and low muscle and fiber areas. In the muscle, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme (ME) were not affected by diet, but a slight increase in ME activity was observed in SP pigs compared to that in LP and FR pigs when the results were expressed as per g lipid. Plasma concentrations of glucose, creatinine and protein were not affected by the experimental diets, but plasma urea concentration was significantly lower in FR than in SP pigs, with intermediate values in LP. The effect of protein reduction in diets was more marked on neutral than on polar lipid contents, and higher saturated fatty acid and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions were observed in LP pigs than in SP and FR pigs. So, a reduction in protein levels in the diets of Iberian pigs during the fattening period affected muscle lipid composition, despite the slight effect observed on lipogenic enzyme activity. Furthermore, the longissimus lumborum and serratus ventralis muscles showed similar responses to diets with different protein levels but differed in their chemical compositions and metabolic activities, which suggested that serratus ventralis, with a lower commercial value, could be adequate as the muscle of choice for analysis of meat composition and quality in the Iberian pig.

Properties of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in the View of Patients (Silesia, Poland).

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe. Lifestyle plays an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, apart from pharmacotherapy and diagnostics. Numerous studies confirm that the type and quality of fat consumed in the diet have a huge impact on the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease can be helped by minimizing the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the diet and replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids. These acids and, above all, their long-chain forms have a positive effect on health. This study aims to assess the awareness of the properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the opinions of patients of the Cardiology Department of the Racibórz Medical Center. The analysis included 302 patients (113 women and 189 men) hospitalized in the Cardiology Department. The research method was the authors' questionnaire consisting of the patients' record and thirty closed questions. To answer the research questions posed and test the hypotheses, statistical analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 package. Among the respondents, the least frequently used healthy eating habit was the infrequent eating of fried foods. A total of 18.2% of respondents had such a habit. The most commonly used healthy eating habit was checking the fat content in products, which was performed by 67.2% of respondents. Among the respondents, 58.3% said that butter and margarine increase serum cholesterol. The analysis of the data shows that the place of residence, education, sex, and reason for hospitalization of the respondents did not affect the frequency of healthy eating habits. In addition, the subjects had a low amount of healthy eating habits.

Lipid metabolism, fatty acid composition and meat quality in broilers supplemented with increasing levels of defrosted black soldier fly larvae

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of feeding defrosted whole black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to broilers in increasing levels in the ration on blood metabolites, carcass characteristics (CC) and on changes in fatty acid (FA) composition in plasma, muscle and abdominal fat. Day-old chicks (Ross-308; n=252) were assigned to one of four groups each with 6 replicate pens (10-11 birds/pen). The birds were fed either a demand-oriented age-specific control (CON) diet and had no access to BSFL, or fed CON plus BSFL at 10% (L10), 20% (L20) or 30% (L30) of CON feed intake. At weeks (wk) 4 and 6, birds (2 per pen) were slaughtered to collect blood, breast muscle, and abdominal fat samples and to determine CC. Plasma triglyceride concentrations increased in a dose dependent manner with increasing levels of whole BSFL compared with CON (P&lt;0.05). The L30 and L20 had higher plasma non-esterified FA concentrations than CON (P&lt;0.05). There were no differences in slaughter weight and CC between groups (P&gt;0.05). Broilers fed 30% BSFL had the highest saturated FA proportion in plasma, muscle and abdominal fat and the lowest monounsaturated FA proportion in abdominal fat tissue (P&lt;0.05). The levels of total polyunsaturated FA in plasma and abdominal fat were lower in L30 than in CON (P&lt;0.05). In plasma, muscle and abdominal fat, the proportion of conjugated linoleic acid (isomer C18:2cis-9, trans-11) was highest in L30 followed by L20 and L10 compared with CON (P&lt;0.05). Overall, whole BSFL could be included in broiler diets up to 20% to promote sustainability in broiler farming without adverse effects on slaughter weight, meat quality and FA compositions, whereas, the highest inclusion level (i.e. 30%) of whole BSFL in the daily ration was associated with altered FA composition in plasma, fat and meat.

Production of cream with size differentiated milk fat globules—modified centrifugal separation approach

The present study was aimed to produce creams (> 25% fat) with size based fractioned fat globules by employing a modified centrifugal separation process, and to evaluate the fatty acid composition and thermal properties of fat fractions. Cream separation was conducted in two stages. First stage was employed for producing cream by partial skimming of whole milk and second stage was used for producing cream by washing of cream from first stage. Results showed that, two subsequent separation stages were able to produce creams with mean fat globules size of 4.16 μm and 4.77 μm respectively from whole cow milk with average fat globule size of 3.52 μm. Washed cream contained higher percentage (32.35%) of large fat globules (> 5 μm), significantly higher (p < 0.05) proportion (70.79%) of saturated fatty acids and greater quantity (17.73%) of solid fat at 30°C. In contrast, fully separated cream produced by unmodified separator contained higher proportion (16.14%) of small size globules (< 3 μm), significantly higher (p < 0.05) amount of short chain fatty acid (1.11%), monounsaturated fatty acid (25.06%) and greater quantity (54.55%) of fat melted at 10°C.

Effects of temperature and starvation on life history traits and fatty acid profiles of the Antarctic copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis

Changes in temperature and starvation are stressors that can modulate metabolism and fatty acid (FA) composition among zooplankton. However, studies on FA modulation have not been conducted on Antarctic zooplankton. In this study, we aimed to understand the changes in life history parameters and FA profiles associated with starvation at four temperatures (4, 8, 14, and 18 °C) in the Antarctic copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis. In our results, higher temperatures accelerated the development of T. kingsejongensis and increased total offspring. In addition, the production of reactive oxygen species increased with temperature, reflecting an increase in metabolic rate. FA analysis revealed that starvation and higher temperatures decreased the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion but increased the saturated fatty acid proportion of T. kingsejongensis. Even though the proportion of other PUFAs decreased, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid were increased by starvation and higher temperatures. Our data provide a better understanding of FA regulation in Antarctic copepods in response to external stressors.

Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oils Replacing Fish Oil on Fatty Acid Composition, Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Response in Adipose Tissue of Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vegetable oils (VOs) replacing fish oil (FO) on fatty acid composition, lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in adipose tissue (AT) of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The initial body weight of a large yellow croaker was 10.07 ± 0.13 g. Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were formulated by replacing FO with 0% (the control group), 100% soybean oil (SO) and 100% linseed oil (LO). Results showed that the contents of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were significantly increased in AT of fish fed the SO and LO diets compared with the FO diet, respectively. The proportion of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was increased in SO and LO diets, while the proportions of saturated fatty acid and n-3 LC-PUFA were decreased. Moreover, dietary SO and LO significantly induced excess fat accumulation of AT by increasing the triglyceride content and the hypertrophy of adipocytes. Dietary SO and LO significantly increased lipogenesis-related gene expressions (dagt2, fabp10, srebp1, cebpα and pparγ), while decreasing the gene expression of lpl. Meanwhile, dietary SO increased the expression of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation (cpt1 and aco), while LO showed no differences. Furthermore, dietary SO and LO increased the pro-inflammatory gene expressions and decreased the anti-inflammatory gene il10 expression. The phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and NF-κB were significantly upregulated by dietary SO and LO. In addition, there was a significant increase in macrophage infiltration and M1 polarization in AT of fish fed SO and LO diets. In conclusion, the present study revealed that dietary SO and LO replacing FO affected fatty acid composition and induced lipid dysmetabolism and inflammatory response in the adipose tissue of large yellow croaker.

Effect of dietary vegetable lipid sources on the growth performance and whole-body fatty acid profile of giant trahira, Hoplias lacerdae

Aim of study: To evaluate which vegetable lipid source promotes better growth performance, whole-body composition and fatty acid profile for juvenile giant trahira (Hoplias lacerdae). Area of study: Fish Nutrition Laboratory of the University of Viçosa (UFV), MG, Brazil. Material and methods: A 50-day feed trial with four treatments, consisting of diets containing different vegetable lipid sources (canola, linseed, soybean or olive oil), was conducted with juveniles of 4.76 ± 0.50 cm and 1.97 ± 0.20 g. Main results: There were no effects of vegetable lipid sources on growth performance. Fish fed diets containing canola oil had higher body lipid deposition and fish fed with linseed oil had lower body lipid content (up to -19.29%) than fish from other treatments. Fish fed canola oil showed lower proportions of saturated fatty acids (up to -11.27%) in the body. Fish fed diets containing soybean oil and linseed oil showed the highest percentages of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids, respectively. Fish fed diets containing soybean and linseed oils also had higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids content (up to +81.14%). Fish fed diets containing linseed oil had lower content of monounsaturated fatty acids (up to -58.59%) and higher content of docosahexaenoic (up to +175%) and eicosapentaenoic (not detectable to detectable) acids. Research highlights: Juveniles of giant thraira can alter the whole-body fatty acid profile due to their ability to desaturate and elongate the n3 and n6 series fatty acids. Linseed oil was identified as lipid source for this fish species.

Effects of Feeding Regimes and Postmortem Aging on Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Composition, and Volatile Flavor of Longissimus Thoracis Muscle in Sunit Sheep.

The effects of different feeding regimes on antioxidant activity, meat quality, fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, and volatile matter production in the longissimus thoracis (LT) of Sunit sheep at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postmortem were investigated. The results showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes, tenderness, water retention, and percentage of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in the pasture-fed sheep (PF) than in the concentrate-fed sheep (CF) (p &lt; 0.05). During postmortem aging, antioxidant activity, water retention, and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids decreased in the PF and CF (p &lt; 0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the proportion of saturated fatty acids, and the content of flavor substances resulting from fat oxidation increased. After 24 h of LT muscle aging, the pH and shear force of the meat started to increase and the color stabilized. The differences between shear force values and lipid volatile flavor substance content of sheep meat under different feeding regimes disappeared with increasing aging time. PF had better oxidative stability and fatty acid composition. Postmortem aging changed the oxidative stability of sheep meat, thus affecting meat quality and fatty acid composition and consequently meat flavor composition, while aging also eliminated to some extent the differences caused by feeding regimes.

The effect of dietary supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on reproductive variables of cadmium-challenged male Japanese quails (Coturnix Japonica).

In recent decades, efforts to produce more efficient poultry products have increased due to its high demand. Meanwhile, some stressors have a negative impact on poultry efficiency and reproduction. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with a high potential for inducing reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), with antioxidant properties, exerts a free radical-neutralizing effect on biological systems under stressful conditions. This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary CoQ10 supplementation on reproductive variables of Cd-challenged male quails. Two hundred and sixteen 42-day-old Japanese quails with a male-to-female ratio of 1:3 were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n= 72) and fed by experimental diets from 9 to 13 weeks of age (woa). Treatments included a negative control (NC): feeding basal diet; positive control (PC): feeding basal diet and Cd administration (1mg per 100g body weight at 10 and 11 woa); and CdQ10: dietary supplementation of CoQ10 (900mg per kg diet) and Cd administration. At 10 and 13 woa, liver and testis, cloacal gland index, sera concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and testosterone, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), testicular histology, mRNA abundance of Hsp70 and fatty acid profile of testis, as well as hatchability and fertility, were measured. Liver and testis weights, cloacal gland index, serum concentration of testosterone, ALT, MDA, TAC, mRNA abundance of HSP70, hatchability, and fertility were not affected by the treatments. However, Cd administration decreased seminiferous tubule diameter and seminiferous epithelium thickness (SET) in the PC group compared to the NC group (p< 0.05). The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in testis tissue was increased, and the proportion of PUFA and n-3 to n-6 PUFA ratio was decreased in the PC group compared to the NC group (p< 0.05). In addition, CoQ10 supplementation ameliorated the effect of Cd on decreasing SFA and increasing n-3 to n-6 PUFA ratio proportions. In conclusion, Cd exerts several adverse effects on reproductive-associated variables; some, but not all, of them are mitigated by CoQ10 supplementation.

The potential of biodiesel production from grasses in Thailand through consolidated bioprocessing using a cellulolytic oleaginous yeast, Cyberlindnera rhodanensis CU-CV7

Biodiesel can be produced from lipids derived from the cellulolytic oleaginous yeast Cyberlindnera rhodanensis CU-CV7 when directly cultivated on undetoxified Thai-grass hydrolysates through consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). The lipid content of CU-CV7 grown on a glucose-based medium was 26.77 ± 0.56% of the cell dry weight (CDW). Strain CU-CV7 is a great CBP-enabling microbe because of its native capacity to generate lipid (22.19 ± 0.72% of CDW) while simultaneously expressing endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase activities (0.33, 0.06, and 0.20 IU/mL, respectively) on carboxymethylcellulose. Strain CU-CV7 was demonstrated to be a lipase-producing strain and could potentially be employed as a biocatalyst to produce biodiesel with a maximum extracellular lipase activity of 1.47 IU/mL. The lipid production from 13 types of grass without the need for additional cellulase was evaluated. The highest lipid yield was obtained from Napier (Lampang ecotype; 1.01 ± 0.14 g/L) and was comprised of a high proportion of saturated fatty acids. The predicted biodiesel properties were found to be suitable with respect to the biodiesel international standards. Thus, lipid production from these grasses by CU-CV7 appears to open a new path for the renewable biodiesel industry and to satisfy the SDG 7 and SDG 13 goals.

Comparative nutritional characteristics in schoolchildren with different nutritional status

Aim. To assess the state of actual nutrition of children of early and middle school age with different nutritional status in the industrial center of Eastern Siberia. Materials and methods. The study included five hundred forty children, such as 145 7-10 years children in group I, 395 11-14 years children in group II. The criteria for dividing into subgroups were based on calculating the Z-scores of the body mass index by age. Analysis of the obtained results was performed using generally accepted statistical methods. Results. Analysis of the study results indicated a suboptimal ratio of nutrient critical for population health, protein, carbohydrate, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 (ω-3), fat surplus, saturated fatty acids and added sugar. Dietary patterns of boys with high BMI had large values of the proportion of saturated fatty acids to total calories, which exceeded optimal physiological norms in group I by 52.22% and in group II by 37.68%. Girls of group I with a high BMI had a greater value of the proportion of added sugar to the calorie content of the food diet - 74.63%. Limitations of the study. Dietary information was obtained through questionnaires, all information was obtained from a one-moment examination. Conclusion. Some of the factors associated with impaired nutriome formation in the study children were imbalance in dietary patterns and surplus added sugars, which demonstrates the need to improve nutrition strategies at the regional level based on current meta-analyses.