Satisfaction With Life Scale Research Articles

Validation of an ultra-short global quality of life scale in a large population-based health survey.

Quality of life (QoL) assessment is essential in health-related research and clinical settings, offering insights into individuals' well-being and functioning. This study validated the Essential QoL-3 (EQoL-3), an ultra-short scale assessing essential dimensions of QoL, for use in epidemiological research and clinical settings. Data from a 2021 national survey in Norway (N = 17,487) were used. Three items on the EQoL-3 assess life satisfaction, happiness, and meaningfulness on a 0-10 scale. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the EQoL-3 with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and by examining latent mean differences between individuals with adverse life experiences (ALE+) and those without such experiences (ALE-). Convergent validity was evaluated through latent regression analyses comparing the EQoL-3 with a perceived mastery scale and a mental distress scale. The discriminant validity of the EQoL-3 was less than optimal when compared with the SWLS. Nonetheless, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the EQoL-3 score was 1.42 (95% CI = 1.33-1.50, p < 0.001) lower in the ALE+ group compared to the ALE- group, providing support for discriminant validity. Convergent validity was established with a positive association between EQoL-3 and mastery (β = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.70-1.80, p < 0.001) and a negative association between the EQoL-3 and mental distress (β = -2.64, 95% CI = -2.71/-2.59, p < 0.001). The EQoL-3 is a reliable measure of QoL. Its streamlined nature facilitates quick administration, making it a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers in diverse settings. Its inclusion of the eudaimonic dimension, as well as its exclusion of health items in the measure itself, distinguishes it from traditional HQoL measures, making it suitable for mental health and substance use disorder research.

General self-efficacy as a moderator between severity of menopausal symptoms and satisfaction with life in menopausal women.

The study aimed to determine whether self-efficacy acts as a moderator between the severity of menopausal symptoms and life satisfaction. The research tools were: The Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) The Menopause - Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL), and a standardized questionnaire comprising questions on the participants' characteristics. 516 women using health care services who had menopausal symptoms took part in the study. Self-efficacy (GSES) (r = -0.176; p < 0.001) and life satisfaction (SWLS) (r = -0.106; p = 0.016) were negatively correlated with the severity of menopausal symptoms (MENQOL). The self-efficacy correlated positively with satisfaction with life (r = 0.278; p < 0.001). A low level of self-efficacy was associated with a significant and negative relationship between the severity of menopausal symptoms and satisfaction with life (p = 0.005), while at a high and moderate level of self-efficacy, the severity of menopausal symptoms was not associated with life satisfaction (p > 0.05). Self-efficacy moderates the relationship between the severity of menopausal symptoms and life satisfaction in menopausal women. The moderating function of self-efficacy is that, at its low level, an increase in the severity of menopausal symptoms reduces life satisfaction, while at medium and high levels, an increase in the severity of menopausal symptoms does not reduce life satisfaction.

Assessment of physicians' career satisfaction in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

Aim: To assess the career satisfaction of physician's in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, in relation to selected factors. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire survey was conducted among 701 physicians and dentists from the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, in the period from January to December 2018, using the PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) method. Physicians' Career Satisfaction was measured and basic socio-demographic, economic and occupational data, concerning lifestyle and health, and also the level of life satisfaction according to the SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale) were collected. Moreover, the occurrence of anxiety and/or depressive symptoms according to the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were included in the analyses. Results: The career satisfaction of the surveyed Silesian physicians and dentists was moderate. Wages and combining personal life with work were rated the lowest, while interpersonal opportunities were rated the highest. The predictors: age, economic status and body mass index (BMI) were significant; in addition, in younger age group (25-49 years) - practicing sports and chronic fatigue, and in older age group (50-80 years) - the presence of a chronic disease. A moderate correlation between the level of career satisfaction and life satisfaction was revealed, as well as a lower score in people with the occurrence of anxiety and/or depression symptoms. Conclusions: The diversified level of career satisfaction of physicians in separated aspects makes it necessary to verify them both at the level of health care units and at higher levels.

Specialty Satisfaction of Senior Specialists of a Tertiary Level Medical Teaching Institution

Introduction: Like any other professions specialty satisfaction is an important factor for quality service in the healthcare institutions also. There are different reasons of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in different age group, gender and types of specialties. Aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of the senior specialists on their own specialties. Methodology: It was a questionnaire based survey. Sample size was 45. Specialists have more than 5-year experience were included in this study. Reasons of selecting the specialty, causes of satisfaction or dissatisfaction were included in the questionnaire. Level of satisfaction was documented by Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) guideline. Non-judgmental or neutral participants were excluded from the study. Chi-square test was done for the significance tests for categorical data. Result: Satisfaction level was very high (93%) and was equally distributed in both the genders. Among the participants 29 (65%) were male and 16 (35%) were female. Key reasons of selecting the specialty were scope to teach (44.44%), scope to treat patients (33.33%) and duration of the course (26.67%). Main causes of satisfaction were less physical / mental stress (21.92%), student / patient satisfaction (17.81%) and scope of job / family time balance (16.44%). The most important fator for specialist dissatisfaction was less time to work-family imbalance (26.09%). Conclusion: Selecting the specialty is an important decision of life. Spending time with family is desirable for the specialists and lack of work-family imbalance can lead to high level of dissatisfaction.

Boosting happiness in left-behind children: Unveiling the power of physical activity through cognitive reappraisal and psychological resilience.

This study examines the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal (CR) and psychological resilience (PR) in the relationship between physical activity (PA) and subjective well-being (SWB) among left-behind children in China. A cross-sectional design was employed to collect data from 606 students in grades 4-9. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and Adolescent Resilience Scale were used to collect data. The findings revealed a significant direct effect of PA on SWB and identified CR and PR as significant mediators in this relationship. In particular, the findings indicated that PA was associated with enhanced CR and PR, which in turn, were positively linked to SWB. The study elucidated the chain mediation pathway "PA → CR → PR → SWB," thereby underscoring the pivotal roles of CR and PR in the positive impact of PA on SWB among left-behind children. The findings indicate that PA plays a significant role in the SWB of left-behind children, with CR and PR identified as key mediators in this relationship. The study highlights the necessity of promoting PA, in conjunction with strategies to enhance CR and PR, as efficacious interventions for the enhancement of the mental health and well-being of left-behind children.

The Effectiveness of Group Psychodrama on Life Satisfaction, Self-Compassion, and Positive Emotions in Depressed Patients

Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group psychodrama on improving life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive affects in depressed patients. Given the complexity of depression and the need for multifaceted treatment approaches, this research aimed to provide empirical evidence on the efficacy of psychodrama as a therapeutic intervention. Methods and Materials: This study employed a randomized controlled trial design. The sample consisted of 30 depressed patients selected from a clinic in Tehran and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=15) receiving group psychodrama therapy or the control group (n=15) receiving no intervention. The intervention comprised ten 75-minute sessions conducted over five months. Data were collected using standardized tools: the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, with the software SPSS-27. Findings: The results indicated a significant improvement in life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive affects among participants in the experimental group compared to the control group. Specifically, life satisfaction scores increased from a mean of 19.43 (SD=3.67) at pre-test to 26.89 (SD=3.21) at post-test and 25.73 (SD=3.45) at follow-up. Self-compassion scores rose from 18.24 (SD=2.98) to 24.13 (SD=2.67) at post-test and 23.35 (SD=2.89) at follow-up. Positive affect scores also showed a significant increase from 21.57 (SD=3.11) to 28.74 (SD=3.01) at post-test and 27.89 (SD=3.19) at follow-up. The ANOVA results confirmed significant effects for group, time, and the interaction between group and time (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The findings support the efficacy of group psychodrama in enhancing life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive affects in depressed patients. These improvements were sustained over a five-month follow-up period, suggesting that psychodrama can be a valuable therapeutic approach for depression. Future research should explore long-term effects and compare psychodrama with other therapeutic modalities.

IMPACT OF FRIENDSHIP NETWORK SATISFACTION ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG FEMALE ADULTS

This study investigates the impact of friendship network satisfaction on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction among female university students. Conducted at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, the research involved 200 participants, utilizing the Friendship Network Satisfaction Scale (FNSS), Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to assess key variables. The study adopted a cross-sectional design, employing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression modeling for data analysis. Results revealed a significant positive relationship between friendship network satisfaction and both emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Higher levels of friendship satisfaction were associated with enhanced emotional intelligence, suggesting that fulfilling social connections play a crucial role in developing emotional competencies. Similarly, students reporting greater satisfaction with their friendship networks exhibited higher life satisfaction, underscoring the importance of supportive peer relationships for overall well-being. The findings indicate that fostering satisfying friendships can be an effective strategy for enhancing emotional and life outcomes among university students.

Examining measurement invariance of different SWLS measurement models according to gender

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), a popular and widely used measurement tool in cross-cultural research, evaluates life satisfaction. Even though numerous studies have demonstrated factorial validity across a range of samples and cultures, the topic of factorial invariance across various subgroups is still up for debate. There are inconsistencies regarding the structure of the life satisfaction scale in descriptive and relational studies. This study aimed to combine these contentious models' (Model 1: single-factor model, Model 2: modified single-factor model and Model 3: twofactor model) measurement invariance with the findings of Multi Group Confirmatory Factor Analyses (MGCFA) carried out among various gender subgroups in Turkish culture with a sample of 690 participants. As a result of the research, all models met the model data goodness of fit according to the gender subgroup. But measurement-invariance decisions carried out according to different models differed.

Psychological determinants of the effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in overweight and obese women-a randomized controlled trial.

Previous studies investigating the effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in body weight reduction provided unequivocal results. We hypothesized that psychological factors such as self-efficacy, locus of control or dispositional optimism can affect the success of the intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the psychological factors that modulate the effectiveness of CLA supplementation in overweight or obese women and affect the ability to successfully complete the study. In total, 74 subjects were recruited into this three-month randomized trial and divided into intervention and control groups receiving, respectively, capsules containing 3 g 80% CLA per day and capsules containing 3 g of sunflower oil. The following psychological tests were performed before the intervention: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, Acceptance of Illness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES), Health Behavior Inventory scale and Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). A total of 60 women completed the study and the subjects who dropped out obtained higher scores in the GSES (p = 0.0490) and the LOT-R (p = 0.0087) tests than subjects who completed the trial. Besides, multivariate linear regression demonstrated that the SWLS test (p = 0.0345) results were independent predictors of body weight changes. In conclusion, psychological factors like self-efficacy and optimism may be associated with a higher risk of withdrawal from the study, while satisfaction with life may have an impact on the effectiveness of body weight reduction.Clinical trial registration: [https://drks.de/search/en], identifier [DRKS00010462].

Mediating Effect of Social Support Between Existential Gratitude and Life Satisfaction Among Young Adults

This study determined the impact of social support and existential gratitude on life satisfaction among young adults affected by parental substance use and whether social support mediates the relationship between existential gratitude and life satisfaction. It utilized a quantitative research design, specifically mediation analysis, to address its objective. The study was conducted in Calamba City and used simple random sampling to gather individuals aged 18-25 affected by parental substance use. The study used three adopted survey questionnaires, namely the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Existential Gratitude Scale (EGS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Regression analysis discovered that existential gratitude has a calculated r-square of 0.386 that predicts social support; a computed r-square of 0.340 indicates that social support predicts life satisfaction; a computed r-square of 0.334 indicates that existential gratitude predicts life satisfaction. Moreover, the bootstrap method and Sobel test were employed to determine whether social support mediated between existential gratitude and life satisfaction. After data analysis, it was found that social support only partially mediated the relationship between existential gratitude and life satisfaction by 39.2%. Existential gratitude still affected life satisfaction, with or without the presence of social support. This implies that existential gratitude directly impacts life satisfaction and can indirectly enhance it by fostering social support. With this, future programs aiming to enhance the life satisfaction of young adults affected by PSU may focus on enhancing existential gratitude and life satisfaction, as both were found to improve life satisfaction.

Culture Shock with Subjective Well-Being in Overseas Students

Environmental differences are one of the difficulties faced by overseas students. Individuals need to adapt hard to be able to compensate. When the conditions in the new environment are not successful, it will cause many negative responses, such as being dissatisfied with life, experiencing high negative emotions, and experiencing low positive emotions. The response to this situation is known as culture shock. This negative response can lower the level of subjective well-being in individuals. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between culture shock and the subjective well-being of overseas students. This research involved 174 overseas students aged 18-25 years. This research uses the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), positive effect negative affect schedule (PANAS) scale, and culture shock scale. The research data were analyzed using the data collection method based on the Likert scale and analyzed using the product-moment correlation. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a negative relationship between culture shock and subjective well-being in overseas students, with a correlation value (rxy) of r=0.228 and p=0.002 (p &lt;0.05). This shows that the hypothesis in the study is accepted. These findings indicate that culture shock can affect the subjective well-being of overseas students.

Correlation Between Satisfaction with Life, Self-esteem, and Flourishing among Educated Working Women of Leh

Background: The constructive perception of educated working women about themselves helps them perform dual responsibilities at the workplace and home effectively. Objective: The present piece of study is intended to discover the correlation between Satisfaction with Life, Self-Esteem and Flourishing among educated working Method: The present piece of study comprises a sample of educated working women (N = 150) which was collected through the Non-probability (Purposive) sampling method. The following psychological tools administered include Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener et al., 1985), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) (Rosenberg, 1965) and Flourishing Scale (FS) (Diener et al., 2009). Results: The outcomes of the study showed a statistically significant correlation between Satisfaction with Life and Self-Esteem. However, Satisfaction with Life shows no statistically significant relationship with Flourishing. A statistically significant correlation has been observed between Self-Esteem and Flourishing. g women of Leh.

The Factor Structure of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): A Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling

This study aims to determine the most appropriate factor structure for the life satisfaction scale by using the meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) approach. For this purpose, we extracted 41 correlation matrices from 33 primary studies (N = 49316) in accordance with the inclusion criteria. In the first step of MASEM, we created the total correlation matrix according to the random-effects model. At this stage, we determined that there was a large and significant relationship between the scale items. In the second phase of MASEM, we established four models of SWLS (original single-factor model, modified single-factor model, two-factor model, and the first three-item model). As a result of the analysis, we determined that although the goodness-of-fit indices of the original single-factor model were at a “good” level, the model-data fit of modified-single-factor model and the two-factor model was better. However, we determined that the modified-single factor model was the most appropriate one since there was a high correlation (r = 0.92, p &lt; .01) between the factors in the two-factor model, and its divergent validity could not be ensured. We determined that the first three-item model is a saturated model.

Psychological Inflexibility and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) Behavior among Emerging Adults: Life Satisfaction as Moderator

This study aims to examine the role of life satisfaction level as a moderator in the correlation between psychological inflexibility and NSSI behavior. Self-harm behavior without any intention to commit suicide (non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)) is now widely practiced by adolescents and young adults. Participants in this study were 224 participants aged 18-29 years (average age 22.21 years, 81.3% female). Life satisfaction levels were measured using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), psychological inflexibility was measured using the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and NSSI behavior was measured using the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Function Scale (NSSI-FS). Moderation analysis was done using Hayes 4.0. The results of the moderation analysis show that level of life satisfaction significantly moderates the relationship between psychological inflexibility and NSSI behavior. This is consistent with the research hypothesis, namely the level of life satisfaction can weaken the relationship between psychological inflexibility and NSSI behavior. Therefore it can be concluded that individuals can weaken the effects of psychological inflexibility by increasing their life satisfaction.

Relationship Between Relative Deprivation and Well-Being of Women: Role of Gender System Justification

Subjective well-being is defined as individuals' evaluations of their happiness. Exposure to discrimination is a factor that negatively affects one's subjective well-being. Recent research indicated that women who are exposed to gender discrimination are affected negatively in terms of their subjective well-being. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between women's perception of gender-based relative deprivation and their subjective well-being and the mediator role of the tendency to justify the gender system in this relationship. The sample consisted of 328 voluntary female participants. The participants completed questionnaires, including Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Gender System Justification Scale, Relative Deprivation Scale, and Demographic Information Form. Obtained results indicated that as the gender-based relative deprivation increased, the level of subjective well-being decreased (B = -0.10, SE = 0.04). Moreover, the gender system justification mediated the relationship between gender-based relative deprivation and women's subjective well-being levels [lower limit (LL) CI: -0.1956, upper limit (UL) CI: -0.0209]. In conclusion, women who believe that they are subjected to gender-based discrimination may question the existing gender system in the society and in this framework, their subjective well-being levels are likely to decrease.

Sense of happiness in Polish patients with multiple sclerosis.

Happiness is crucial to patient well-being and their acceptance of their disease. The aim of this study was to assess the sense of happiness in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), compare it to the level of happiness in patients with other neurological conditions, and determine which factors affect the sense of happiness in PwMS. Five hundred and eighty-nine PwMS and 145 control subjects (post-stroke patients with chronic pain syndromes and neuropathies) were included in the study. Due to the differences between the groups in terms of demographic variables, an adjusted group of PwMS (n = 145) was selected from the entire group of PwMS. All patients were assessed using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS), and the Family APGAR Questionnaire. Based on regression analysis, the study examined which variables affected the level of happiness in the groups. Analysis of the OHQ scores showed that PwMS had a lower sense of happiness compared to the control group in the overall score [113.21 (25-42) vs. 119.88 (25-49), respectively; p = 0.031] and the subscales (OHQ subscale 1 - 54.52 vs. 57.84, respectively; p = 0.027; subscale 2 - 35.61 vs. 37.67; respectively; p = 0.044). Based on linear regression analysis, life satisfaction (β = 0.40; p < 0.001), positive orientation (β = 0.32; p < 0.001), and primary education (β = 0.08; p = 0.009) were the most significant predictors of a higher level of happiness in PwMS. Similar results were found in the control group. The sense of happiness in PwMS was lower than in patients with other conditions. The most important factors influencing happiness included life satisfaction and positive orientation. Influencing these predictors should be the aim of psychological interventions, especially in patients with a reduced sense of happiness.

Relationship Between Life Satisfaction and Psychological Characteristics Among Community-Dwelling Oldest-old: Focusing on Erikson's Developmental Stages and the Big Five Personality Traits

ObjectiveTo clarify the relationship between life satisfaction and the psychological characteristics of the oldest-old, and explore the factors for achieving mental health and longevity. DesignThis cross-sectional study conducted questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews as part of a larger prospective cohort study. SettingArakawa Ward, a district in Tokyo, Japan. ParticipantsA total of 247 oldest-old individuals from two age groups, 85+ (aged 85–87 years) and 95+ (aged 95 years or older). MeasurementsLife satisfaction was assessed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), developmental stages of the elderly (Erikson's 8th and 9th stages, i.e., ego integrity, and gerotranscendence), and the Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism) using the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between the SWLS scores and each assessment, controlling for age, sex, education, activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. ResultsThe SWLS scores of 85+ were positively correlated with scores of ego integrity, extraversion, and conscientiousness. Contrastingly, the SWLS scores of 95+ were positively correlated with gerotranscendence scores. ConclusionsPsychological characteristics associated with the level of life satisfaction among community-dwelling oldest-old individuals were identified, but a causal relationship between these factors and life satisfaction was not established. Ego integrity, extraversion, conscientiousness, and gerotranscendence may be associated with enhanced life satisfaction and mental health in the oldest-old. Further, the factors associated with life satisfaction in the 85+ and 95+ age groups varied, suggesting that life satisfaction among the oldest-old has different foundations in different age groups.

The Relationship Between Work-Family Conflict and Subjective Well-Being in Career Women whose Husbands Work in Makassar

Working women are experiencing increasing growth from the previous decade, this creates demands for jobs and roles as wive and career women. Demands between work and family that are not always in line can lead to conflict and are vulnerable to Subjective Well-Being. This study aims to determine the relationship between Subjective Well-Being and Work-family conflict in career women whose husband is work in Makassar. There were 111 subjects in this study with criteria are career women who have children and working husbands. Data was collected using the Work-family conflict Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The data analysis method used for data processing in this research uses Spearman rank correlation. The analysis results show an R Squared value of -0,165 and significance value are 0,083. Based on the significance value, it shows that there is no relationship between Work-family conflict and Subjective Well-Being in career women whose husband is work in Makassar. This is due to the husband's support and religiosity factors. The implication in this study is that career women who are married, they can be better prepared in managing Work-family conflict and Subjective Well-Being, so that they are expected to continuously make efforts by taking into account the factors that can influence them both at work and at home.

Dimensions of personality organisation, mentalisation and evaluation of life and romantic relationship satisfaction

Introduction and objective: The Kernberg’s concept on the levels of personality organisation enables us to understand, on the one hand, the pathomechanism of personality disorders necessary for case conceptualisation in psychotherapy and, on the other hand, to predict individuals’ everyday functioning in interpersonal relationships and the experienced life satisfaction. In this study, we inquire whether dimensions of pathological personality structure are associated with negative evaluations of life satisfaction and interpersonal relationships. Additionally, we explored whether these relationships are modified by impaired mentalisation (as a mediator) and clinical group membership (as a moderator). Materials and methods: The study involved 88 participants (71 women) from both clinical (n = 45) and non-clinical groups, aged between 20 to 69 years (mean, M = 31.39; standard deviation, SD = 11.38). The participants completed the Kernberg’s Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO), the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and the Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ). Results: The results indicate that higher intensity of all dimensions of personality pathology (identity, defence mechanisms, aggression, reality testing, and moral functioning) is significantly associated with lower life satisfaction (rho = from −0.49 to −0.32) and greater difficulties in mentalisation (rho = 0.72 to 0.56). Increased intensity of defence mechanisms is also related to lower romantic relationship satisfaction (rho = −0.23). Moderated mediation analyses with 5000 bootstrap samples (where life satisfaction is an dependent variable, dimensions of personality organisation are independent variables, mentalisation disturbance is a mediator, and clinical group membership moderates all relationships) showed that disrupted mentalisation plays a mediating role in explaining life satisfaction and that clinical vs. non-clinical group membership may not moderate these relationships. Conclusion: The results help specify the relationships between the characteristics of Kernberg’s personality structure dimensions and the evaluation of everyday life satisfaction, suggesting an important role of mentalisation processes as transdiagnostic factors worth addressing in life satisfaction appraisal.

Discrimination and its impact on the quality of life of HIV-infected people in Poland on the example of the city of Białystok: a cross-sectional study

Introduction and objective: The aim of the study was to assess discriminatory behaviours towards HIV-infected people in Poland reported by patients treated in the Observation and Infection Clinic with the Subunit for HIV/AIDS Patients of the Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital. Materials and methods: A total of 147 participants, including 104 men (70.7%) and 43 women (29.3%), took part in the research. The study was conducted between May 2019 and January 2020. The study used a diagnostic survey method with a modified questionnaire “Psychosocial situation of people living with HIV/AIDS in Poland” by Dr Magdalena Ankiersztejn-Bartczak and standardised psychometric tools: the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: One in three respondents (32.7%) experienced discrimination. Healthcare professionals were reported to most frequently show discriminatory behaviour against seropositive persons (23.8%). Refusal of medical assistance and unethical treatment by medical staff were mentioned as the most common forms of discrimination (10.9% each). Conclusions: The quality of life of HIV-infected persons was moderate and was determined by the experience of stigma/discrimination due to their HIV status. Higher quality of life was presented by those who did not experience stigma/discrimination. HIV-infected respondents often experienced discrimination and stigma due to their clinical diagnosis. Since healthcare workers were the most common source of discrimination, it is important to undertake educational activities in this professional group as part of campaign against discrimination of HIV-positive people.