Satisfaction With Life Scale Research Articles

Academic Stress and Subjective Well-Being among Adolescents on Islamic Boarding School in Rural Aceh

Subjective well-being (SWB) is something that is directly related to what a person thinks and how they feel about their life. SWB is one of the important things for adolescents, it could influence the learning process, social, and emotional relationships. However, adolescents who have low SWB will easily experience depression, fatigue and anxiety. This research aims to determine the relationship between subjective well-being and academic stress in adolescents at one of the Islamic boarding schools in Aceh, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescents in an Islamic boarding school in Aceh Province, Indonesia. There were 169 respondents were taken by using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA). The results of the Chi-square test analysis showed a relationship between academic stress and subjective well-being in adolescents (p-value 0.030). Therefore, academic stress is an important aspect to pay attention because it can affect adolescents' subjective well-being. It is suggested that community health centers and Islamic boarding schools to increase the involvement of adolescents in peer counsellor programs so that adolescents can have good stress management and improve stressors through health promotion.

Interrelation of mental toughness, religiosity, and happiness of elite adolescent athletes based on gender, type of sport, and level of education

There are no studies that comprehensively discuss mental toughness, religiosity, and satisfaction based on gender, type of sport, and different school levels, especially in the context of elite youth athletes. In fact, this variable is believed to be a very important construct in relation to athletes' performance and achievements on the field. The purpose of this research is to explore athlete’s mental toughness, religiosity, and life happiness based on gender, type of sport, and school level. A total of 97 elite youth athletes were included in the study (age = 15.22 ± 1.34; F = 36, M = 61). Research data were collected using standard instruments used by scientists around the world, namely the Mental Toughness Index (MTI), Spirituality in Sports Test (SIST), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Analysis of variance, correlation, and path analysis were used to understand more deeply the three research variables based on the athlete’s gender, type of sport, and school level. This study found that there was a significant difference only in the athlete's religiosity variable based on school level (F = 6.212, p ≤ .01). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship with religiosity (r = .343; ρ = .323; p ≤ .01) and happiness in life (r = .340; ρ = .200; p ≤ .01). Apart from that, it also appears that religiosity has a significant relationship with happiness in life (r = .475; ρ = .406; p ≤ .01) and athlete age is significantly correlated with religiosity (r = .233; ρ = .200; p ≤ .05). Athletes' mental toughness has a significant relationship directly to satisfaction and indirectly through religiosity. These three variables have an important role in competitive sports so coaches or athlete coaches need to provide psychological intervention to improve these three variables. Keywords: elite youth athletes, mental toughness, religiosity, satisfaction.

Self-Compassion, Resilience and Mental Health in Community Adults.

To investigate the associations among self-compassion, resilience and mental health of community residents. Cross-sectional study. Voluntary survey of web-based, posters-based platform. 453 community residents. Participants living in Kaohsiung, Taiwan were recruited from posters, online advertisements based platforms and were assessed with the self-compassion scale (SCS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and The Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH-scale) measures during the period from March 1 to October 31, 2023. After adjusting for age, gender and education, stepwise regression analysis revealed that isolation, self-judgment, and control accounted for 14% of the variance in depressive symptoms (CES-D) (adjusted R2 = .149, P < .05). Over-identification, self-kindness and control accounted for 26% of the variance in satisfaction with life (SWLS) (adjusted R2 = .263, P < .001). Over-identification, self-kindness, isolation, control and personal competence and tenacity accounted for 37% of the variance in positive mental health (PMH-scale) (adjusted R2 = .375, P < .05). Findings suggested that components of self-compassion and resilience may be important factors that promote positive mental health and provide potential interventions for professionals to increase the well-being of community residents.

The effect of spiritual support on life satisfaction in Iranian patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

The diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer not only impose significant physical challenges but also deeply affect patients emotionally and psychologically, significantly influencing their overall quality of life. Among the various factors that can positively impact life satisfaction in individuals facing gastrointestinal cancer, spirituality emerges as a crucial aspect. This study aimed to determine the effect of a spiritual intervention on life satisfaction in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with two groups of 85 gastrointestinal cancer patients from two major hospitals in Tehran. The intervention group received spiritual support through social media for six sessions over three weeks to learn how to effectively improve their spiritual state. The control group received routine medical visits and care. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was used before and after the spiritual support in both the intervention and control groups. The research was approved by the institutional ethics committee. In the pre-test stage, there was no significant difference in average life satisfaction between the intervention and control groups (t = 1.887, d = 0.30, p > 0.05). However, positive changes occurred in the post-test stage. Notably, the disparity in average life satisfaction between the intervention and control groups was significant in the post-test stage (t = 13.118, d = 0.95, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the result showed that the changes in life satisfaction in the intervention group were statistically significant (t = 11.854, d = 0.84, p < 0.001). Changes in life satisfaction in the control group were not statistically significant in the pre-test stage compared to the post-test stage (t = 1.113, d = 0.10, p > 0.05). The results can guide health care providers in dealing with the problems of cancer patients. Assessing patients' spiritual needs and empowering them to promote their spiritual recovery and find meaning in their suffering can lead to improved quality of life and satisfaction with holistic care.

Coping strategies and adherence in people with mood disorder: a cross-sectional study.

Non-adherence to treatment recommendations is a significant problem, as it contributes to the progression of the disease and to the exacerbation of distressing symptoms. Failure to cope with the disease and elevated levels of stress, in turn, influence the choice of strategy for coping with a difficult situation, and thus adherence to recommendations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of the subjects' stress coping styles on therapeutic adherence, life satisfaction, disease acceptance and quality of life (QoL) in people with mood disorders. This survey-based study included 102 respondents diagnosed with mood disorders, living in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It was performed using the sociodemographic questionnaire and standardized tools: The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), The Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey, The Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale (ARMS), and The Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS). Some 47.06% of the respondents suffered from depressive disorders, while 34.31% had depression or mixed anxiety disorder. Patients who made greater use of an emotion-focused style were found to have significantly lower life satisfaction than other patients. Moreover, this style was related to such SF-36 domains as general health, social functioning, role emotional, vitality, and mental health, as well as to physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS). Treatment non-adherence is a serious challenge in the treatment of patients with mood disorders. Individuals who do not adequately follow treatment recommendations often resort to alternative activities as a mechanism for coping with difficult situations. Patients who predominantly adopt an emotion-oriented coping style tend to experience lower life satisfaction and greater difficulty accepting their condition compared to their peers. Conversely, patients who adopt a task-oriented coping style report better quality of life than those who rely on emotion-oriented coping or alternative activities.

Influence of Social Comparison on Life Satisfaction in Young Adults: A Study amongst the Indian Population

The study delves into intricate relationship between social comparison and life satisfaction among young adults within the Indian population. Social comparison plays a significant role in shaping individuals' perceptions of their own lives relative to others'. Young adulthood, marked by developmental transitions and identity formation, presents a crucial period where individuals are particularly susceptible to the influences of social comparisons. Employing both the Social Comparison Scale (SCS) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), this research investigates extent to which social comparison impacts life satisfaction. A sample size of 120 young adults was selected using convenience and stratified random sampling techniques. The findings reveal a robust positive correlation between social comparison and life satisfaction (r= 0.560, p &lt; 0.01), shedding light on the nuanced dynamics of social comparison processes and their implications for subjective well-being among young adults in Indian context. This study highlights the critical role of understanding social comparison dynamics within the unique cultural and developmental landscape of the Indian population, providing valuable insights for interventions aimed at fostering the subjective well-being of young adults.

Urban regrets (Unhappy metros: Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS))

This is the first study of urban-rural happiness gradient using multi-item Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). A new finding is that urbanites fail especially on “If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing”–urban way of life tends to result in regrets. Effect sizes of urbanicity on subjective wellbeing (SWB) are substantial–about half of health–living in a metro depresses one's happiness as much as going half way from fair health to poor health, for instance.

The Effects of Prescribed Physical and Cognitive Exercise on Life Satisfaction, Self-Efficacy and Mood States in Adults with Down Syndrome: The MinDSets Study.

Down syndrome (DS) is characterised by a duplication of chromosome-21 and is linked to co-occurring physical and mental health conditions, including low self-efficacy and disturbed mood states. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an eight-week prescribed physical and/or cognitive training intervention on measures of mood disturbance, life satisfaction and self-efficacy in a population of adults with DS. Eighty-three participants (age 27.1 ± 8.0 years) from across five continents volunteered. Participants were assigned using matched groups based upon performance in a modified six-minute walk test to either an exercise (EXE) 3 × 30 min of walking/jogging per week, cognitive training (COG) 6 × 20 min per week, a combined group (COM) or the control (CON) who did not complete any intervention. Profile of Mood States (POMS) were assessed using a five-point scale across 65 categories pre- and post-study as well as upon completion of each week of the intervention. In addition, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and self-efficacy using the Generalised Self-Efficacy scale (GSE) were recorded before and after the intervention. GSE increased for all participants by 1.9 ± 5.2 (p = 0.002) from pre- to post-intervention, while POMS showed significant changes for the whole group from pre- to post-intervention for tension (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001) and for anger (p < 0.001). In addition, significant correlations were observed between SWLS and ΔTMD, Δtension, Δanger, and Δfatigue (p < 0.05) for EXE. Both COG and EXE provide a framework for empowering enhancements in life satisfaction, self-efficacy and mood states fostering improvements in quality of life.

Burnout and Life Satisfaction among Healthcare Workers Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic (Silesia, Poland).

The phenomenon of burnout among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic is a widespread problem with several negative consequences for the healthcare system. The many stressors of the pandemic have led to an increased development of anxiety and depressive disorders in many healthcare workers. In addition, some manifested symptoms of the so-called postpandemic stress syndrome and the emergence of occupational burnout syndrome, commonly referred to as "COVID-19 burnout." The aim of this study was to assess the burnout and life satisfaction of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted in 2020-2022 among medical staff working in hospitals in Silesia, Poland. The instruments used to assess life satisfaction and burnout were the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which assesses three dimensions: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DEP), and sense of reduced professional accomplishment (SRPA). The study group included 900 participants. There were 300 physicians (mean age 38 ± 7 years), 300 nurses (mean age 35 ± 6 years), and 300 paramedics (mean age 31 ± 5 years). Life satisfaction as measured by the SWLS was lowest among nurses and paramedics in 2021 and among doctors in 2022. Male respondents and those with fewer years of work had higher levels of life satisfaction. People with more years of work had higher scores in EE and DEP and lower scores in SRPA (p = 0.001). We found a negative correlation between life satisfaction and EE (p = 0.001), DEP (p = 0.001), and SRPA (p = 0.002). The results highlight the need for further research into the causes of burnout among medical professionals and the need for effective interventions to promote well-being and prevent burnout in this group.

Effect of an Optimistic Approach on Individual Life Satisfaction

The study explores the impact of an optimistic approach on an individual’s life satisfaction. The study aims to understand the relationships between variables and determine whether they align with previous research findings showing that an optimistic approach benefits greater life satisfaction. The study was conducted in Pakistan. Two hundred participants were taken through purposive sampling, belonging to different socio-economic backgrounds. They were administered The Life Orientation Test (LOT) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). To establish inter-item consistency, Cronbach alpha value was found for LOT as (α = .69-.72) and for SWLS as (α = .83-.92). Results showed a positive &amp; relatively strong correlation (r=.473, n=200, p=.000) between the two variables through Pearson correlation test. Further, Regression was applied, resulting in a highly significant relationship f (1, 98) = p&lt;0.05, R2=.552. Despite low optimism scores, a high level of life satisfaction was determined, and when optimism increases by 1 point, the life satisfaction score increases by 2,141 points. Based on the results of the study, the influence of optimism on life satisfaction in the context of Pakistan is discussed.

INDONESIAN VERSION OF SATISFACTION WITH LIFE SCALE, A PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION WITH RASCH MODEL

Previous studies on The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) showed inconsistency, primarily related to the justice principle based on gender when using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the psychometric property of the Indonesian version of SWLS using the Rasch model. This model can be used as an evaluation technique for psychological instruments. The Rasch model showed a more detailed analysis than CFA, explaining person-item fit statistics, rating scale diagnosis, item calibration, and differential item functioning. The total participants after person fit checking were 1,154 university students who completed an online survey consisting of demographic data and a five-item Indonesian version of SWLS. The Rasch Rating Scale Analysis (RSM) showed that the Indonesian version of SWLS fulfilled unidimensional and local independence assumptions. The items delivered a good item fit index with a five-point rating scale, and there were no gender biases in moderate level and high differential item functioning (DIF). Therefore, the Indonesian version of SWLS is recommended for further research measuring life satisfaction. This research implies that using the Indonesian version of SWLS, especially in Indonesia, can use a five-point rating scale for future research.

Pemaafan dan Subjective Well-Being Pada Remaja Suku Timor di NTT yang Hamil di Luar Nikah

Experiencing pregnancy problems as an adolescent is not easy in everyday life. Likewise, Timornese adolescents who are pregnant out of wedlock have to accept the condition of extramarital pregnancy with various impacts. Therefore, forgiveness is needed in Timornese adolescents who experience pregnancy out of wedlock to improve their subjective well-being, so that they can get through and live their lives. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between forgiveness and subjective well-being of Timornese adolescents in NTT who are pregnant out of wedlock. The research method used was quantitative correlation. A total of 104 Timornese adolescents who are pregnant out of wedlock were used as participants in this study using purposive sampling technique. The scales used in this study were Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM-18), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). The results of the Pearson Correlation hypothesis test value is -0.157 with sig.=0.056 (p&gt;0.05), which means that the hypothesis is rejected. This indicates that forgiveness is not one of the factors associated with subjective well-being in Timornese adolescents who are pregnant out of wedlock. This means that when there is an increase or decrease in forgiveness, there is no relationship with subjective well-being.

Rejection Sensitivity, Adult Self-Expression, and Life Satisfaction in Single Child

Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to assess the role of rejection sensitivity, adult self-expression and life satisfaction in single child. The study also assesses whether there is significant relationship between rejection sensitivity, self-expression, and life satisfaction and also assess if there is any significant difference in gender with respect to rejection sensitivity, selfexpression, and life satisfaction. A sample of 152 single child young adults aged between 18-26 years participated in the study. The Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire-Adult Version (A-RSQ) by Downey, Berenson and Kang, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin and Adult Self-Expression Scale (ASES) by Melvin L. Gay, James G. Hollandsworth and John P. Galassi were used to measure the variables in the study. The data were statistically analyzed using the independent sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. According to the results, all the variables are correlated to each other and rejection sensitivity, self-expression, and life satisfaction does not significantly differ based on gender.

Comparative Study of Life Satisfaction, Adversity Quotient and Self-concept in Working and Non-working Women

This ex-post facto study examines the relationship between employment status and psychological variables - life satisfaction, adversity quotient, and self-concept - among married women aged 35-45 in semi-urban and urban areas of India. Utilizing purposive sampling with the snowball method, data were collected from 76 working women and 76 non-working women who met specific inclusion criteria. Assessment tools included the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) for life satisfaction, the Adversity Response Profile (ARP) for adversity quotient, and the Mohsin Self-Concept Inventory (MSCI) for self-concept. Analysis involved one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results revealed significant differences in both life satisfaction and self-concept between working and non-working women, with employed individuals reporting higher levels of satisfaction and self-concept. However, no significant difference was observed in adversity quotient between the two groups. These findings suggest that employment status may influence various aspects of psychological well-being differently among women in India. Implications for policy and intervention strategies aimed at enhancing women's overall well-being are discussed.

Screening psychological symptoms in Filipino university students during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Translation and structural validation of the Filipino version of the DASS‐21

AbstractCulturally appropriate tools are necessary to aid in objective screening for psychological symptoms among students in university settings. This study aimed to translate and validate the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21). The instrument underwent forward translation and was reviewed by representatives from the target population, field experts, and an external auditor. The translated version of the DASS‐21, together with the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (I‐PANAS‐SF), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), was administered to 681 university students. Through confirmatory factor analysis, results supported the intercorrelated three‐factor model with correlated errors for the DASS‐21 Filipino. Results also demonstrated the criterion validity of the depression and anxiety subscales through significant correlations with PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7, respectively, and a stringent z‐score test to examine the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common. The convergent validity of all three subscales was established through significant correlations with I‐PANAS‐SF and SWLS. All DASS‐21 Filipino subscales which includes depression (α = .89), anxiety (α = .84), and stress (α = .85), showed high internal consistency. The current findings offer initial evidence on the structural validity of the DASS‐21 Filipino, which can be utilized as a tool to screen for depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Filipino speakers during a global health crisis. Implications for psychological assessment and school and clinical interventions are discussed.

Redefining possibilities: a journey into personality traits, serious leisure, and life satisfaction among athletes with physical disabilities

ABSTRACT This study explores the correlation between personality traits, serious leisure, and life satisfaction among amateur athletes with physical disabilities in Fars province, Iran. Using G*Power software, 132 participants were selected through cluster random sampling. Data was collected through the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Serious Leisure questionnaire (SLQ), and a shortened NEO-FFI questionnaire. Analysis via multiple regressions unveiled a significant positive link between personality traits and serious leisure (p<0.001), as well as a significant correlation between personality traits and life satisfaction (p<0.002). However, no significant relationship between serious leisure dimensions and life satisfaction was found (p<0.05). These results emphasize the impact of personality traits on life satisfaction and engagement in serious leisure among physically disabled athletes. Future studies can delve deeper into specific personality traits affecting life satisfaction and leisure activities among individuals with physical disabilities. Further exploration of cultural and socioeconomic influences in diverse communities could provide comprehensive insights.

Attitudes to ageing mediates the relationship between perception of age-friendly city and life satisfaction among middle-aged and older people in Macao: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundSocietal attitudes toward ageing play a significant role in shaping one’s ageing experience, and an age-friendly environment can potentially enhance the life satisfaction of older individuals. The objective of this study is to examine the role of attitudes to ageing as mediators in the association between the perception of an age-friendly city and life satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults.MethodsUsing the tools of Age-Friendly City (AFC) criteria, Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) to measure psychosocial loss, psychological growth, and physical change, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to assess the level of life satisfaction among community-dwelling middle-aged and older people in Macao. Multiple mediation analysis was performed to test the mediation effect.ResultsA total of 543 participants were included in this study. The average score of AFC was 4.25, the total scores of psychosocial loss, physical change, and psychological growth were 24.06, 29.00, and 26.94 respectively. The total score of SWLS was 24.06. There was a partial mediation of attitudes to ageing in the relationship between perception of age-friendly city and life satisfaction. The mediation effect explained 56.1% of the total effect of AFC to life satisfaction.ConclusionThe development of an age-friendly city can help improve the public’s view on ageing, and thus improve their life satisfaction. It is important for government to consider the improvement of people’s attitudes to ageing when developing policies regarding AFC.

564 Adults with Head and Neck Burns Have Worse Long-Term Psychosocial Outcomes

Abstract Introduction People living with burns of the head and neck (H&amp;N) often experience serious physical (e.g., microstomia, ectropion) and psychological sequelae (e.g., adjustment and mood disorders). We aimed to compare long-term outcomes in key psychosocial domains between adults with and without H&amp;N burns. Methods Adults with burn injuries after 2014 enrolled in the Burn Model System national longitudinal, multicenter database were included. Survey responses using the PROMIS-29 (Anxiety, Depression, and Participation in Social Roles), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWL), and Burn Specific Health Scale (BSHS) at 6-, 12-, and 24 months post-injury were analyzed. Differences between participants with and without H&amp;N burns were examined with non-parametric tests. Results This study included 1,247 participants: 579 had H&amp;N burns and 668 had non-H&amp;N burns. Compared to those with non-H&amp;N burns, participants with H&amp;N burns had significantly larger burn size (22.3 ±18.2 vs. 8.6 ±11.0 % total body surface area (TBSA), p&amp;lt; 0.001) and longer hospital stays (32.6 ±38.3 vs. 16.9 ±16.5 days, p&amp;lt; 0.001). At 12 months, participants with H&amp;N burns reported significantly worse anxiety (51.2 ±10.6 vs. 48.3 ±9.4, p=0.001), depression (50.4 ±10.6 vs. 47.8 ±9.4, p=0.0026), and SWL (17.9 ±7.6 vs. 19.6 ±6.5, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Participants with H&amp;N burns also reported significantly worse body image at 6 months (2.5 ±1.3 vs. 3.0 ±1.2, p&amp;lt; 0.001), 12 months (2.5 ±1.3 vs. 3.2 ±1.1, p&amp;lt; 0.001), and 24 months (2.7 ±1.3 vs. 3.1 ±1.2, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions Participants with H&amp;N burns reported significantly worse outcomes in several psychosocial domains, including anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, and body image. These findings and evidence from early psychological intervention suggest that the presence of H&amp;N burns is a potentially useful screening tool to identify an adult population who might benefit from early evaluation and treatment for psychological stress, coping and adjustment (e.g., cognitive processing therapy). Applicability of Research to Practice In addition to future studies, this study may be used when considering recommendations for psychotherapy or counseling services available to people living with H&amp;N burns.

Subjective Well-Being Population Norms and Inequalities in Hungary: A Large Cross-Sectional, Internet-Based Survey

ObjectivesThis study aimed to provide subjective well-being (SWB) population norms in Hungary and explore the contribution of explanatory factors of SWB inequality among the Hungarian adult general population. MethodsThe data originated from a large representative internet-based cross-sectional survey in Hungary, which was conducted in 2020. We applied validated multi-item instruments for measuring SWB, namely Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Multiple linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between demographic-socioeconomic-health status and both well-being instruments. The concentration index (CI) was used to measure the degree of income-related inequality in well-being. ResultsA total of 2001 respondents were enrolled with the means ± SD WHO-5 scores and SWLS scores of 0.51 ± 0.21 and 0.51 ± 0.23, respectively. Higher household income, higher educational level, better general health status, and absence of chronic morbidity were significant positive predictors for both WHO-5 and SWLS scores. The CI of WHO-5 scores was lower than that of SWLS scores in the total sample (0.0480 vs 0.0861) and in subgroups by gender (male, 0.0584 vs 0.1035; female, 0.0302 vs 0.0726). The positive CI values implied a slight pro-rich SWB inequality in this population. The regression analyses showed a positive association of SWB with having a higher household income and a better general health status. ConclusionsThis is the first representative study in Hungary to compare population norm of 2 well-being instruments and analyze well-being inequality. Slight pro-rich inequality was found consistently with both SWB measures. Our findings support the need for health and social policies that effectively tackle inequalities in Hungary.

Medical Students’ Stress Levels Are Correlated with Their Sleep Quality and Life Satisfaction

Background: Stress and sleep disturbances associated with low life satisfaction is frequently reported during medical education, intervening with the academic achievements and general well-being of medical students. We aimed to investigate the effects of stress levels on sleep quality (SQ) and life satisfaction (LS) of the students in Hacettepe University Medical Faculty (HUMF). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at HUMF between May and September 2022 after ethical approval. The participants (39 women and 48 men) completed a personal information form, State- Trait Anxiety Index (STAI)-I and II, Pittsburgh SQ Index (PSQI) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Their blood pressure, heart rate, and salivary cortisol levels were measured. Results: The men and women were comparable for age, body mass index (BMI), stress parameters and PSQI scores, except the higher LS in women (P=0.045). Gender-based analysis revealed positively correlated BMI and STAI-I (r=0.357) and II (r=0.501) scores in women (P&lt;0.05), and a similar but a weaker correlation for STAI-II scores in men (r=0.291) (P&lt;0.05). The study group exhibited poor SQ (&gt;5). The higher STAI-II scores, cortisol concentration and caffeine consumption were significantly associated with poorer SQ and LS in both genders, however, the state scores and alcohol consumption exhibited a significant relation in men, only. Higher scores for trait inventory and cortisol concentrations correlated negatively with LS in all participants. Conclusion: Awareness, a proactive approach, and sufficient support can help the relieve and/or manage the stress of medical students and improve SQ and LS.