Comprehensive evaluation of gradient controlled anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis integration processes: A case study of Sargassum treatment

We used the habitat suitability index (HSI) model to determine the habitat suitability of Sargassum muticum in Lidao bay, Shandong Province. Eight environmental factors, including temperature, salinity, depth, turbidity, sediment, inorganic nitrogen concentration, phosphate concentration, distance from seaweed bed, were used as input variables for HSI model. The weight of each factor was defined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). We implemented the distribution of S. muticum suitable habitat along the coast of Lidao bay with the HSI model, based on the investigation of the environmental factors in spring and autumn 2018. The results showed that most of the S. muticum natural habitats were identified as excellent habitat and suitable habitat, accounting for 14.2% in spring and 18.6% in autumn. The distribution of habitat hierarchies varied across seasons, while habitat hierarchies showed spatial intersections in different seasons. There were significant seasonal differences in the factor suitability indices of temperature and phosphate concentration, which accounted for the seasonal HSI variations of S. muticum in Lidao bay. The S. muticum HSI model could be used to detect the habitat hierarchies distribution of S. muticum, and also to find its potential suitable habitat, which could provide a reference for future resource conservation and artificial proliferation of S. muticum.

Chromium (Cr) is one of the heavy metals with high toxicities and can be dangerous if it is thrown up directly into waters. One of the techniques to reduce heavy metal content with inexpensive, simple, effective and efficient is through adsorption process utilizing brown seaweed (algae) Sargassum sp. as adsorbent. The purpose of this study is to describe the isotherm adsorption and adsorption kinetics model of Sargassum sp. to Cr(III) by Sargassum sp. with various treatments. A dsorption treatments carried out in this research include treatment variations of the adsorbent Sargassum sp. without protonation, Sargassum sp. protonated with H 2 SO 4 0.1 M and Sargassum sp. protonated with H 2 SO 4 0.2 M; variations of contact time are 0 . 5 , 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours; and variations of initial concentration of ion Cr(III) 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 300 mg/L, and 700 mg/L. The result showed that the adsorption model fitted with the Freundlich isotherm equation with coefficient correlation (R 2 ) > 0.9. The adsorption capacity of protonated Sargassum sp. with sulfuric acid 0.1 M was 3.464 x 10 -3 mol/g. It is higher than Sargassum sp. without protonation and Sargassum sp. protonated with sulfuric acid 0.2 M. The application of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics model yielded the constant of adsorption rate for each adsorbent were 1.1 x 10 -3 min -1 , 2 . 0 x 10 -4 min -1 and 7.0 x 10 -4 min -1 , respectively. Keywords: adsorption, chromium, isoterm, kinetics, Sargassum sp. ABSTRAK Kromium (Cr) merupakan salah satu jenis logam berat yang memiliki tingkat toksisitas yang sangat tinggi dan dapat menimbulkan bahaya apabila dibuang secara langsung ke perairan. Salah satu teknik untuk mengurangi kadar logam berat dengan proses yang relatif lebih murah, sederhana dan memberikan efektifitas serta efisiensi yang relatif tinggi adalah melalui proses adsorpsi dengan memanfaatkan rumput laut (alga cokelat Sargassum sp .) sebagai adsorben. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan model isotherm adsorpsi dan kinetika adsorpsi ion Cr(III) oleh Sargassum sp. dengan berbagai variasi perlakuan. P erlakuan adsorpsi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini antara lain variasi perlakuan terhadap adsorben yang digunakan yaitu Sargassum sp . tanpa protonasi , Sargassum sp . terprotonasi H 2 SO 4 0,1 M dan Sargassum sp . terprotonasi H 2 SO 4 0,2 M; variasi waktu kontak adsorpsi yaitu 0,5; 1, 3, 6 dan 12 jam , dan variasi konsentrasi awal ion Cr(III) yaitu 50 mg/L, 100mg/L, 300 mg/L, 500 mg/L dan 700 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adsorpsi mengikuti persamaan isoterm Freundlich dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (R 2 )> 0,9. Kapasitas adsorpsi ion Cr(III) oleh Sargassum sp. terprotonasi asam sulfat 0,1 M sebesar 3,464 x 10 -3 mol/g . Nilai tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan kapasitas adsorpsi ion Cr(III) oleh adsorben Sargassum sp. tanpa protonasi dan Sargassum sp. terprotonasi asam sulfat 0,2 M. Penerapan model kinetika Langmuir-Hinshelwood menghasilkan harga konstanta kinetika adsorpsi Cr(III) dari ketiga jenis adsorben berturut-turut sebesar 1,1 x 10 -3 menit -1 , 2,0 x 10 -4 menit -1 dan 7,0 x 10 -4 menit -1 . Kata kunci: adsorpsi, kinetika, kromium, isoterm, Sargassum sp.

Phytoremediation is a promising elective technique to treat modern effluents, predominantly in light of its minimal effort and high metal restricting limit. In this work, Zinc and Chromium Phytoremediation process by Sargassum sp. ocean growth biomass was examined . The work considered the assurance boundaries of Zinc and Chromium sorption for example, pH, temperature, unsettling rate and biomass size. The ideal conditions were: pH3, temperature (303k) room temperature, biomass size 0.5mm and fomentation speed 150rpm. The greatest take-up of Chromium and Zinc is 65% and 53% separately. The motor examination uncovered that the adsorption of Chromium and zinc by Sargassum sp . fitted the Langmuir isotherm.

Karotenoid, fukosantin dan fenol merupakan senyawa yang terkandung pada rumput laut Sargassum duplicatum. Senyawa-senyawa ini berperan dalam menghambat radikal bebas. Namun, kemampuan penghambatan radikal bebas senyawa ini mempunyai kestabilan yang rendah, terutama terhadap perlakuan suhu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh pre-treatment suhu tinggi (blanching) dan suhu rendah (pembekuan) serta perlakuan terbaik yang dapat mempertahankan stabilitas senyawa aktif pada ekstrak metanol rumput laut selama penyimpanan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktorial 2x5 yaitu pola terbagi menjadi faktor suhu pengolahan (suhu tinggi dan suhu rendah) dan lama penyimpanan (0, 2, 4, 6, dan 8 hari). Blanching dilakukan pada suhu 95 oC sedangkan pembekuan pada suhu -27 oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karotenoid, fukosantin, dan senyawa fenol dengan perlakuan blanching lebih stabil dibandingkan perlakuan pembekuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya interaksi antara pre-treatments dan lama penyimpanan yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai total karotenoid, kandungan fukosantin, total kandungan fenol, dan nilai perubahan warna (ΔE).

Algae is a potential third-generation biofuel sources that can be used to produce high quality liquid fuel. The physio-chemical properties of algae depend on the species type, of which can also vary with climate, geography and environmental conditions. In this study, the pyrolysis behaviour of a brown macroalgae, Sargassum polycystum (SP), obtained along the coast of Desaru, Malaysia is characterised using a thermogravimeter. The thermal decomposition of the selected brown algae was carried out at the heating rate of 5, 10, 20 and 40 °Cmin-1. A model-fitting method, which includes the most common reaction mechanism in solid-state decomposition processes is being used to predict the kinetic parameters for Sargassum polycystum. The results showed that the Sargassum polycystum macroalgae decomposition process follows the third-order of reaction, F3 with a highest correlation value of 0.94, at 15-70 % of conversion level. The average activation energy from all heating rates is found to be 19.09 kJ/mol with a pre-exponential value of 0.537 s-1. An increase in heating rate results in the increase of activation energy and pre-exponential values.

Introduction: Oral cavity contains a plethora of microorganisms. These microorganisms have shown both beneficence and maleficence. The most common disease affecting the oral cavity not only to the human being but also for the animals was dental caries that are proved to have multi-bacterial origin. Bacterial species such as Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans), S.sanguis and Lactobacillus fermentum plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, the crude extract of sargassum wightii is tested for its antibacterial efficacy against the S.mutants. Materials and Methods: The brown seaweed S. wightii was collected from the Gulf of Mannar. The samples were cut into small pieces and shade dried for five days. After drying, the samples were grounded and stored. Stock solution was prepared using soxhlet apparatus. The organic extract of the seaweed S. wightii was assayed for the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans using agar diffusion method and the result was compared with the positive control sample (Ampicillin). Results: Stock solution of S.wightii used in this study was prepared in the following grades 500, 750, and 1000 μg. It was found that zone of inhibition increased steadily as the concentration of the extract increased. Highest inhibition zone of about 23 mm was found out at the concentration of 1000 μg, whereas the control showed 38 mm. Result showed the definite antibacterial activity of S.wightii even with the crude extract. Conclusion: Majority of the treatment and preventive approaches for dental caries are based on the use of synthetic antibiotics and chemicals. Their excessive use leads to alterations in the oral and intestinal microbiome, development of resistance and other undesirable side effects. The use of natural resources or products has proven to be copious source of biologically active compounds.

Ultraviolet B로 조사한 피부각질형성세포에서 산화적 스트레스에 대한 괭생이 모자반 클로로포름 분획물의 보호 효과

Durability Performances of Concrete Produced with Recycled Bio-Polymer Based on Sargassum Honeri

What is Sargassum?

The Caribbean region has suffered a sudden increase in the influx of Sargassum seaweed since 2011, and several countries in the region have requested support to the Government of Japan and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). In response JICA with support from CRFM conducted a “Factfinding survey regarding the influx and impacts of Sargassum seaweed in the Caribbean region” in order to gather information on the scope of damages and impacts and to determine the possibility of providing further support. The target countries included: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. The objectives of this survey were to: (i) review the existing literature and initiatives in the region; (ii) summarize the scope of damages and impacts caused by Sargassum seaweed in the target countries; (iii) suggest potential countermeasures and determine the scope of support that JICA may be able to provide in the future. In order to summarize the scope of damages and impacts caused by Sargassum influxes a number of methods were utilized including: 1) virtual meetings with the target countries; 2) development and circulation of questionnaires targeted at the fisheries divisions/departments; public sector agencies with responsibility for beach clean-ups; hotel associations; and innovators/entrepreneurs using Sargassum and; 3) field missions to gather more detailed country-level data, information and knowledge.

A novel multistage water-based process was evaluated for the production of sap and other liquid fractions from frozen Sargassum muticum in an attempt to propose an integral and yearly-around utilization of this invasive alga. Three aqueous extracts including (i) the defrosting liquid phase, (ii) the sap liquid obtained by pressing and (iii) the autohydrolysis extract from the solid residue remaining after pressing were characterized for yield, phenolic content, reducing power and antiradical properties. Alginate precipitation and a further liquid–liquid extraction stage using ethyl acetate were assayed to concentrate the phenolic fraction. Alginate exhibited similar viscoelastic features to those commercial available. The aqueous extracts contained 3–12 g phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE)/100 g extract, whereas the ethyl acetate extracts contained up to 55 g PGE/100 g extract and 1 g was as potent ABTS+ radical scavenger as 0.5 g Trolox. The aqueous phase produced by autohydrolysis of the solids were cytotoxic against HCT 116 cells (IC50 < 50 µg mL) without noxious effect on normal cells.

In the present study silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using aqueous extract of Sargassum muticum. The aqueous extract (10%) treated with 1 mM silver nitrate solution resulted in the formation of AgNPs and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the formed AgNPs was recorded at 360 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The molecules involved in the formation of AgNPs were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), surface morphology was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM micrograph clearly revealed the size of the AgNPs was in the range of 40-65 nm with spherical, hexagonal in shape and poly-dispersed nature, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) was used to determine the crystalline structure. High positive Zeta potential (36.5 mV) of formed AgNPs indicates the stability and XRD pattern revealed the crystal structure of the AgNPs by showing the Bragg's peaks corresponding to (111), (200), (311) and (222) planes of facecentered cubic crystal phase of silver. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited effective anticancerous activity (at doses 25 and 50 μg/ml of AgNPs) against Breast cancer cell line (MCF7).

In the present study, overcome on liver cancer and other types of cancer by foods that have bioactive chemical components is the most important trend. The marine organisms can give us this opportunity. In this study, we collected some water samples to assess the environmental impacts on the biota existed in red sea cost. The measurements demonstrated that, the habitat was healthy and not effected by any biotic or abiotic stressors. Also, we screened some methanolic extracts of some marine macro-algae on liver cancer cell line. The results showed a good impression about Jania Rubens – red algae – has LC 50 8.61 µg/mL followed by Hydroclathrus Clathratus – brown algae – 17 µg/mL, then Sargassum Cinereum – brown algae – 18.2 µg/mL. Finally, Scinaia Fascularis , – red algae – at value 43 µg/mL. We recommend that, the isolating of the bioactive compounds extracted from these algae will be needed in traditional medicinal field.

Effect of Sargassum fusiforme Polysaccharides with Different Relative Molecular Weights on Learning and Memory Ability in Mice Model of Memory Impairment Induced by Raceanisodamine

Antimicrobial effects of silver-phyconanoparticles from Sargassum vulgare against spoilage of fresh vegetables caused by Bacillus cereus, Fusarium solani and Alternaria alternata.

ABSTRACT Amylase is one of the hydrolytic enzymes which is commercially important and represent about 25–33% of the world enzyme market. Amylase production is affected by substrate for enzyme productions include particle size, initial moisture content and nutrient addition. The present study describe the effect of N-species addition on alpha amylase production by Aspergillus niger Km1, Rhizopus oligosporus Km2 and Neurospora crassa Km3 in medium contained sargasum and rice seed on solid state fermentation. Various ration of media composition contained dried sargassum and rice seed were studied. The effect of particle size of sargassum, initial water content on ?-amylase production were evaluated. The best media composition was then augmented with N-species include sodium nitrate, yeast extract, and peptone on solid state fermentation. Best media composition was 60:40 (w/w) of sargassum and rice seed respectively, with initial moisture content was 60%. Increase 5 times of amylase activity was obtained when sodium nitrate (0,5% w/w) was added to production medium. N-species significantly affect Alpha amylase production on sargassum and rice seed with maximum alpha amylase production was 36,66 unit by Rhizopus oligosporus.The economic value of Sargassum can be increased through alpha amilase production. Keywords: Amylase, Nitrogen, solid state fermentation, Rhizopus oligosporus, Neurospora crassa

Data describing changes in Sargassum density and height after manipulations mimicking storm damage. Also includes data on changes in number of holdfasts on rocks caged and exposed to herbivory over 16 weeks.

Rapid decline of Zostera marina beds in Kildonan Bay, South Arran MPA, Scotland: is Sargassum to blame?

Nowadays, the demand for natural dyes is increasing due to the fact that they are less toxic and more environmental friendly. In this study, natural dyes from C. lentillifera and Sargassum sp. seaweeds were extracted using boiling water extraction methods. Exhaustion dyeing was then performed on silk fabrics at 85°C for 60 minutes with simultaneous addition of mordant and dye in the dyebath. The dyed samples were then measured using spectrophotometer to analyse the L*a*b* values and K/S values of the shades obtained. The ability to withstand washing, perspiration, rubbing/crocking and light of the dyed fabric was compared. Cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity tests were performed on the natural dyes in the form of liquid and dyed silk fabrics. Primary cells from mouse embryonic cells and cell line from SH-SY5Y were used to investigate the cytotoxicity test. Neuro-like cells obtained from retinoic acid treated SH-SY5Y was used to conduct neurotoxicity test. MTS assay method was carried out to the entire cells to evaluate the toxicity of the dye. The results showed that the extracted dye is toxic free and the fastness properties of the dyed silk fabric gave ratings from good to excellent except light fastness which was rated as poor.