Sargassum Research Articles

Comprehensive evaluation of gradient controlled anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis integration processes: A case study of Sargassum treatment

In this study, an integrated process of gradient controlled anaerobic digestion (AD) and pyrolysis (PY) was proposed for energy recovery of Sargassum (SA). The methanogenic performance of SA and the PY performance of subsequent digestate were investigated. And the energy flow of the integrated process was comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that two methanogenic peaks occurred, which were appeared on the 7th day (9.57 mL/g VS) and the 17th day (15.74 mL/g VS), respectively. The structure and toughness of SA were destroyed by AD, which altered the subsequent PY performance. For the energy flow, the AD (lasted for 14 days) integrated PY process showed a superior performance compared with direct PY, as the total energy recovery increased from 5.88 to 6.42 MJ/kg TS. This study laid a foundation for the successful integration of AD and PY, which provided a guidance for the clean treatment and energy recovery of biomass.

Habitat hierarchies distribution of Sargassum muticum in Lidao bay, Shandong, China based on habitat suitability index model.

We used the habitat suitability index (HSI) model to determine the habitat suitability of Sargassum muticum in Lidao bay, Shandong Province. Eight environmental factors, including temperature, salinity, depth, turbidity, sediment, inorganic nitrogen concentration, phosphate concentration, distance from seaweed bed, were used as input variables for HSI model. The weight of each factor was defined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). We implemented the distribution of S. muticum suitable habitat along the coast of Lidao bay with the HSI model, based on the investigation of the environmental factors in spring and autumn 2018. The results showed that most of the S. muticum natural habitats were identified as excellent habitat and suitable habitat, accounting for 14.2% in spring and 18.6% in autumn. The distribution of habitat hierarchies varied across seasons, while habitat hierarchies showed spatial intersections in different seasons. There were significant seasonal differences in the factor suitability indices of temperature and phosphate concentration, which accounted for the seasonal HSI variations of S. muticum in Lidao bay. The S. muticum HSI model could be used to detect the habitat hierarchies distribution of S. muticum, and also to find its potential suitable habitat, which could provide a reference for future resource conservation and artificial proliferation of S. muticum.

ISOTERM ADSORPSI KROMIUM(III) OLEH BIOMASSA Sargassum sp. (Isoterm Adsorption of Cromium(III) by Non-Living Sargassum sp.)

Chromium (Cr) is one of the heavy metals with high toxicities and can be dangerous if it is thrown up directly into waters. One of the techniques to reduce heavy metal content with inexpensive, simple, effective and efficient is through adsorption process utilizing brown seaweed (algae) Sargassum sp. as adsorbent. The purpose of this study is to describe the isotherm adsorption and adsorption kinetics model of Sargassum sp. to Cr(III) by Sargassum sp. with various treatments. A dsorption treatments carried out in this research include treatment variations of the adsorbent Sargassum sp. without protonation, Sargassum sp. protonated with H 2 SO 4 0.1 M and Sargassum sp. protonated with H 2 SO 4 0.2 M; variations of contact time are 0 . 5 , 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours; and variations of initial concentration of ion Cr(III) 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 300 mg/L, and 700 mg/L. The result showed that the adsorption model fitted with the Freundlich isotherm equation with coefficient correlation (R 2 ) > 0.9. The adsorption capacity of protonated Sargassum sp. with sulfuric acid 0.1 M was 3.464 x 10 -3 mol/g. It is higher than Sargassum sp. without protonation and Sargassum sp. protonated with sulfuric acid 0.2 M. The application of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics model yielded the constant of adsorption rate for each adsorbent were 1.1 x 10 -3 min -1 , 2 . 0 x 10 -4 min -1 and 7.0 x 10 -4 min -1 , respectively. Keywords: adsorption, chromium, isoterm, kinetics, Sargassum sp. ABSTRAK Kromium (Cr) merupakan salah satu jenis logam berat yang memiliki tingkat toksisitas yang sangat tinggi dan dapat menimbulkan bahaya apabila dibuang secara langsung ke perairan. Salah satu teknik untuk mengurangi kadar logam berat dengan proses yang relatif lebih murah, sederhana dan memberikan efektifitas serta efisiensi yang relatif tinggi adalah melalui proses adsorpsi dengan memanfaatkan rumput laut (alga cokelat Sargassum sp .) sebagai adsorben. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan model isotherm adsorpsi dan kinetika adsorpsi ion Cr(III) oleh Sargassum sp. dengan berbagai variasi perlakuan. P erlakuan adsorpsi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini antara lain variasi perlakuan terhadap adsorben yang digunakan yaitu Sargassum sp . tanpa protonasi , Sargassum sp . terprotonasi H 2 SO 4 0,1 M dan Sargassum sp . terprotonasi H 2 SO 4 0,2 M; variasi waktu kontak adsorpsi yaitu 0,5; 1, 3, 6 dan 12 jam , dan variasi konsentrasi awal ion Cr(III) yaitu 50 mg/L, 100mg/L, 300 mg/L, 500 mg/L dan 700 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adsorpsi mengikuti persamaan isoterm Freundlich dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (R 2 )> 0,9. Kapasitas adsorpsi ion Cr(III) oleh Sargassum sp. terprotonasi asam sulfat 0,1 M sebesar 3,464 x 10 -3 mol/g . Nilai tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan kapasitas adsorpsi ion Cr(III) oleh adsorben Sargassum sp. tanpa protonasi dan Sargassum sp. terprotonasi asam sulfat 0,2 M. Penerapan model kinetika Langmuir-Hinshelwood menghasilkan harga konstanta kinetika adsorpsi Cr(III) dari ketiga jenis adsorben berturut-turut sebesar 1,1 x 10 -3 menit -1 , 2,0 x 10 -4 menit -1 dan 7,0 x 10 -4 menit -1 . Kata kunci: adsorpsi, kinetika, kromium, isoterm, Sargassum sp.

Pengaruh Perbedaan Pre-Treatment terhadap Stabilitas Karotenoid dan Fenol pada Ekstrak Sargassum duplicatum selama Penyimpanan

Karotenoid, fukosantin dan fenol merupakan senyawa yang terkandung pada rumput laut Sargassum duplicatum. Senyawa-senyawa ini berperan dalam menghambat radikal bebas. Namun, kemampuan penghambatan radikal bebas senyawa ini mempunyai kestabilan yang rendah, terutama terhadap perlakuan suhu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh pre-treatment suhu tinggi (blanching) dan suhu rendah (pembekuan) serta perlakuan terbaik yang dapat mempertahankan stabilitas senyawa aktif pada ekstrak metanol rumput laut selama penyimpanan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktorial 2x5 yaitu pola terbagi menjadi faktor suhu pengolahan (suhu tinggi dan suhu rendah) dan lama penyimpanan (0, 2, 4, 6, dan 8 hari). Blanching dilakukan pada suhu 95 oC sedangkan pembekuan pada suhu -27 oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karotenoid, fukosantin, dan senyawa fenol dengan perlakuan blanching lebih stabil dibandingkan perlakuan pembekuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya interaksi antara pre-treatments dan lama penyimpanan yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai total karotenoid, kandungan fukosantin, total kandungan fenol, dan nilai perubahan warna (ΔE).

Determination of the Activation Energy and Kinetics Properties of Algae (Sargassum Polycystum) via Thermogravimetric Analysis

Algae is a potential third-generation biofuel sources that can be used to produce high quality liquid fuel. The physio-chemical properties of algae depend on the species type, of which can also vary with climate, geography and environmental conditions. In this study, the pyrolysis behaviour of a brown macroalgae, Sargassum polycystum (SP), obtained along the coast of Desaru, Malaysia is characterised using a thermogravimeter. The thermal decomposition of the selected brown algae was carried out at the heating rate of 5, 10, 20 and 40 °Cmin-1. A model-fitting method, which includes the most common reaction mechanism in solid-state decomposition processes is being used to predict the kinetic parameters for Sargassum polycystum. The results showed that the Sargassum polycystum macroalgae decomposition process follows the third-order of reaction, F3 with a highest correlation value of 0.94, at 15-70 % of conversion level. The average activation energy from all heating rates is found to be 19.09 kJ/mol with a pre-exponential value of 0.537 s-1. An increase in heating rate results in the increase of activation energy and pre-exponential values.

Antibacterial Efficacy of the Extract of Sargassum Wightii Against Oral Pathogen − An In Vitro Study

Introduction: Oral cavity contains a plethora of microorganisms. These microorganisms have shown both beneficence and maleficence. The most common disease affecting the oral cavity not only to the human being but also for the animals was dental caries that are proved to have multi-bacterial origin. Bacterial species such as Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans), S.sanguis and Lactobacillus fermentum plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, the crude extract of sargassum wightii is tested for its antibacterial efficacy against the S.mutants. Materials and Methods: The brown seaweed S. wightii was collected from the Gulf of Mannar. The samples were cut into small pieces and shade dried for five days. After drying, the samples were grounded and stored. Stock solution was prepared using soxhlet apparatus. The organic extract of the seaweed S. wightii was assayed for the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans using agar diffusion method and the result was compared with the positive control sample (Ampicillin). Results: Stock solution of S.wightii used in this study was prepared in the following grades 500, 750, and 1000 μg. It was found that zone of inhibition increased steadily as the concentration of the extract increased. Highest inhibition zone of about 23 mm was found out at the concentration of 1000 μg, whereas the control showed 38 mm. Result showed the definite antibacterial activity of S.wightii even with the crude extract. Conclusion: Majority of the treatment and preventive approaches for dental caries are based on the use of synthetic antibiotics and chemicals. Their excessive use leads to alterations in the oral and intestinal microbiome, development of resistance and other undesirable side effects. The use of natural resources or products has proven to be copious source of biologically active compounds.

Ultraviolet B로 조사한 피부각질형성세포에서 산화적 스트레스에 대한 괭생이 모자반 클로로포름 분획물의 보호 효과

Ultraviolet B로 조사한 피부각질형성세포에서 산화적 스트레스에 대한 괭생이 모자반 클로로포름 분획물의 보호 효과

Antioxidant and Antitumoral Properties of Aqueous Fractions from Frozen Sargassum muticum

A novel multistage water-based process was evaluated for the production of sap and other liquid fractions from frozen Sargassum muticum in an attempt to propose an integral and yearly-around utilization of this invasive alga. Three aqueous extracts including (i) the defrosting liquid phase, (ii) the sap liquid obtained by pressing and (iii) the autohydrolysis extract from the solid residue remaining after pressing were characterized for yield, phenolic content, reducing power and antiradical properties. Alginate precipitation and a further liquid–liquid extraction stage using ethyl acetate were assayed to concentrate the phenolic fraction. Alginate exhibited similar viscoelastic features to those commercial available. The aqueous extracts contained 3–12 g phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE)/100 g extract, whereas the ethyl acetate extracts contained up to 55 g PGE/100 g extract and 1 g was as potent ABTS+ radical scavenger as 0.5 g Trolox. The aqueous phase produced by autohydrolysis of the solids were cytotoxic against HCT 116 cells (IC50 < 50 µg mL) without noxious effect on normal cells.

Antimicrobial effects of silver-phyconanoparticles from Sargassum vulgare against spoilage of fresh vegetables caused by Bacillus cereus, Fusarium solani and Alternaria alternata.

Antimicrobial effects of silver-phyconanoparticles from Sargassum vulgare against spoilage of fresh vegetables caused by Bacillus cereus, Fusarium solani and Alternaria alternata.

Rapid decline of Zostera marina beds in Kildonan Bay, South Arran MPA, Scotland: is Sargassum to blame?

Rapid decline of Zostera marina beds in Kildonan Bay, South Arran MPA, Scotland: is Sargassum to blame?

Characterization of the Residue from Double Alginate Extraction from Sargassum Filipendula Seaweed

Residue of alginate extraction from Sargassum filipendula brown seaweed shows high potential to be applied as bioadsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated wastewater, since it contains some constituents of the raw algae. Consequently the waste of the extraction process could be also employed as bioadsorbent, valorising the residue from alginate extraction and making the metal sorption more economically attractive. In front of this, the alginate extraction was carried out twice to verify if after the double extraction the residue presents the same constituents and the same potential to remove toxic metals. Furthermore, the double extraction was used in order to verify if the alginate extraction yield increases and if it preserves the characteristics of the residue as bioadsorbent. The yield (w/w) of alginate and residue in the first extraction was 24 ± 5.00 % and 52 ± 2.51 %, respectively. With the second extraction, the yield obtained represented 11± 1.88 % of alginate and 76 ± 3.84 % of residue. The high amount of residue encourages its use as biosorbent adding value to a waste of the process. The SEM-EDX results indicate that the materials’ surface is mainly composed by Si, Na, Mg, Al, S, K, Ca and Fe, being that the presence and reduction of some elements concentration is due the diatoms shells. The spectra obtained from FTIR of first and second residues were similar, indicating that the main functional groups involved in adsorption phenomenon are not totally removed. It suggests that even after extracting more alginate it is possible to use the residue as bioadsorbent.

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUCOIDAN FROM SIX BROWN MACROALGAE

The content and composition of fucoidan in six brown macroalgae were investigated. The influence of different washing steps and two types of extraction methods on the yield and composition of fucoidan were assessed. The composition of the extract was determined by using a colorimetric method to measure the total sugar, sulfate, and protein contents of the fucoidan. The monosaccharide composition was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the algal polysaccharide were studied using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. The fucoidan content extracted using method I was 13.13% (of dry weight), 24.00%, and 22.67% from Sargassum glaucescens, Sargassum horneri, and Laminaria japonica, respectively. By contrast, the fucoidan content extracted using method II was 4.20%, 4.80%, and 4.64% from S. glaucescens, S. horneri, and L. japonica, respectively. The samples extracted using method II were lower in total sugar content but higher in sulfated content than those extracted using method I. Using method II yielded the highest fucose content in S. glaucescens (20.89%) and Hizikia fusiformis (15.89%). The proportion of H. fusiformis was lower than that of S. glaucescens because the biomass of the H. fusiformis was much larger in the wild. Therefore, we consider H. fusiformis to be a rich source of fucoidan for human consumption.

English

English

괭생이모자반(Sargassum horneri) 유배의 생장에 미치는 온도, 광량, 광주기의 영향

21세기 자원의 보고인 바다가 황폐화 되어가면서 연안역에 있는 해조류의 탈락, 유실로 인한 해조장의 파괴로 이를 구성 하는 대형갈조류에 관심이 높아지고 있다. 특히 모자반속 식물 은 어·패류의 산란장 및 치자어의 생육장 등 다양한 기능을 가 지고 있고, 해양생태계내의 생산자로서 중요한 역할을 맡고 있 다(Umezaki, 1984b). 갈조 모자반속 식물의 괭생이모자반(Sargassum horneri)은 1 년생으로 조하대에 군락을 형성하는 해중림 구성해조로서 우 리나라 동·남해안(Kang, 1966) 및 홋카이도 동부와 류큐섬을 제외한 일본 전 연안과 중국에도 보편적으로 분포하는 종으로 (Terawaki, 1986; Baba, 2011b), 일본의 경우 오래전부터 식용 으로 이용되고 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다(Kurogi, 1962; Ikehara, 1987; Abe et al., 2012). 그러나 우리나라의 경우 동해안 의 속초, 양양, 주문진 등지에서 식용으로 이용되고 있는 것이 관찰되고 있지만 식용유무에 대한 학술적 기록은 찾아보기 어 려운 유용해조이다. 괭생이모자반은 대개 초봄부터 성장하고 4월부터 성숙하기 시작하여 7월까지 수정을 완료하여 엽체의 상부로부터 유실되 는 해조이고, 파도가 약한 곳에서 큰 군락을 만들고 있다(Terawaki, 1986). 보통 자웅이주의 개체군만 있었지만, 드물게 자 웅동주의 개체도 나타나고 있다(Okuda, 1987). 대부분의 모자 반은 무성포자를 형성하지 않고, 암수 배우자에 의한 유성생식 만을 함으로써 잘 분화된 체제와 함께 해조류 중에서 가장 진화 된 무리로 보고 있다(Chang, 1977). 이 종의 생활사에 관하여는 Uchida (1993)가 실내배양을 통 하여 밝힌 바 있고, Okuda (1987)에 의해 추계에 성숙하는 개체 군에 대한 생리, 생태가 밝혀졌으며, Honda and Okuda (1989) 에 의해 가을에 성숙하는 조체의 난 방출, 배발생 및 광합성속 괭생이모자반(Sargassum horneri) 유배의 생장에 미치는 온도, 광량, 광주기의 영향

Phycochemistry of some Sargassum spp. and their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities

Purpose A comparative study on the chemical composition as well as cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the brown algae Sargassum asperifolium, Sargassum dentifolium, and Sargassum linifolium (family: Sargassaceae) from the Red Sea, Hurghada, Egypt, is carried out. Methods The volatile constituents obtained by hydrodistillation as well as the isolated unsaponifiable matter and the fatty acids were analyzed using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. Antitumorigenic activities of the crude extracts of the three algae have been evaluated in vitro on different human cell lines. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of the volatile constituents, successive extractives, unsaponifiable matter, and fatty acids have been tested on 11 different microorganisms. Results The analysis of the volatile fraction led to the identification of sexual pheromones, terpenes, phenolic compounds, free fatty acids, and esters. The most abundant sterols of unsaponifiable matter were fucosterol and cholesterol in all algae. Palmitic acid was found in all investigated algae as a major fatty acid. Biological screening proved that the tested algae have various cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Conclusion S. asperifolium, S. dentifolium, and S. linifolium are rich in cytotoxic and antimicrobial bioactive metabolites.

Chemical composition of some Sargassum spp. and their insecticidal evaluation on nucleopolyhedrovirus replication in vitro and in vivo

Purpose The application of natural products as well as biological control-specific bioagents, especially the nucleopolyhedrovirus, is considered a very important tool to ensure that pest control does not affect the environment. Methods Chemical constituents screening and determination of pharmacopoeial constants, and minerals and trace elements of the brown algae Sargassum asperifolium, Sargassum dentifolium, and Sargassum linifolium from the Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt) were carried out. Results and conclusion It was found that Sargassum spp. have a high ash content and were positive for subliminal matter, volatile constituents, carbohydrate content, sterols, and/or triterpenes. In addition, they had high Ca, K, Mg, and Fe contents. The protein content as well as the amino acid composition of the three algae species mentioned were assessed using the Kjeldahl method and an amino acid analyzer, respectively. The hydroalcoholic extracts (70%) of Sargassum spp. under investigation were examined for insecticidal activities in vitro on Spodoptera littoralis (Sl52 cells) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9 cells) and in vivo on S. littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus replication. The results showed that the three algae species tested had various insecticidal and antiviral activities.

Isolation and characterization of sulfated polysaccharide from the Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag. and its sedative/hypnotic activity

Sulfated polysaccharide from the Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag. was isolated, purified and structurally characterized. The 13C-NMR and IR indicated a characteristic sulfated polysaccharide with 16.4% of sulfate group. The isolated polysaccharide with the molecular range of 10~48 KDa was constituted by xylose (35.92%), mannose (21.86%), arabinose (15.26%), galactose (13.49%), glucose (9.60%) and others (3.88%). The animal experiment results suggested its potential sedative and hypnotic potential activity. Key words: Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag, polysaccharide, sedative, hypnotic.

The physicochemical characteristics of sodium alginate from Indonesian brown seaweeds

This study aimed to know the physichochemical characteristic of sodium alginate that was obtained from Sargassum crassifolium, Sargassum polycystum, Padina sp., andSargassum echinocarpum, which grew on the coral coast of Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta Indonesia. The result showed that the average of the yield was 16.93 to 30.50%. The chemical properties, that is, water, ash, Pb and Hg were 12.50 to 13.43%, 18.20 to 8.59%, 0.083±0.01 to 0.36±0.04 ppm and 0.002±0.01 to 0.3±0.05 ppm. The physical properties such as viscosity and lightness were 25 to 39 cps and 46.2 to 52.3 (the color was yellow to light brown). Key words: Sodium alginate, psychochemical, characteristic.

Antioxidant and Immune-Stimulating Activities of Hot-Water Extract from Seaweed Sargassum Hemiphyllum

The hot-water extract of seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum was evaluated antioxidant activity by using four different methods, including DPPH free radicals scavenging activity, Fe(superscript +2) chelating activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and reducing power, and the immune-stimulating activity by using HB4C5 cells and J774.1 cells. It was found that the antioxidant activity was increasing in correlating with the concentration below 3.5 mg/ml. The HB4C5 cells showed the maximum relative activities of cell proliferation (174%) and IgM secretion (132%) at 120 μg/ml of hot-water extract. Overheating slightly reduced the immune-stimulating activity of hot-water extract. At 80 μg/ml, J774.1 cells showed the maximum relative activities of cell proliferation (141%) and phagocytosis (147%). Hence, the hot-water extract of seaweed S. hemiphyllum plays the important role on antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities.

Effect of temporal variation and size of herbivorous amphipods on consumption levels of Sargassum filipendula (Phaeophyta, Fucales) and their main epiphyte, Hypnea musciformis

The impact of herbivorous amphipods on a community of macroalgae does not depend only on the species present. Two equally important factors are the relative abundance and potential consumption of herbivorous species. The aim of this study was to determine the role of temporal and size variation of herbivorous amphipods in the consumption of Sargassum filipendula and their main algal epiphyte Hypnea musciformis. Monthly collections of 15 fronds of S. filipendula were carried out between June 2000 and May 2001 at Fortaleza beach, north coast of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the size structure of the herbivorous amphipods of the families Hyalidae and Ampithoidae and the occurrence of epiphytic algae associated with S. filipendula. Ampithoidae and Hyalidae amphipods were identified, separated in size classes and counted. Choice consumption assays were performed to estimate the grazing rates of amphipods of different size classes on S. filipendula and Hypnea musciformis. The amphipods showed temporal variation in abundance and recruitment in all sampling periods. Algal consumption varied among species and size of amphipods with a tendency for increased consumption with size (from a mean daily value of 0.143 g/frond for 0.75 mm Hyale nigra to 6.757 g/frond for 4.0 mm Cymadusa filosa). Consequently, the contributions of each species for the removal of the algae were different along the year. Our results indicate that amphipod algal herbivory should be evaluated at fine taxonomic resolution considering the individual contribution of different size classes